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Wilderness Visitors and Recreation Impacts: Baseline Data Available for Twentieth Century Conditions
United States Department of Agriculture Wilderness Visitors and Forest Service Recreation Impacts: Baseline Rocky Mountain Research Station Data Available for Twentieth General Technical Report RMRS-GTR-117 Century Conditions September 2003 David N. Cole Vita Wright Abstract __________________________________________ Cole, David N.; Wright, Vita. 2003. Wilderness visitors and recreation impacts: baseline data available for twentieth century conditions. Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-117. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station. 52 p. This report provides an assessment and compilation of recreation-related monitoring data sources across the National Wilderness Preservation System (NWPS). Telephone interviews with managers of all units of the NWPS and a literature search were conducted to locate studies that provide campsite impact data, trail impact data, and information about visitor characteristics. Of the 628 wildernesses that comprised the NWPS in January 2000, 51 percent had baseline campsite data, 9 percent had trail condition data and 24 percent had data on visitor characteristics. Wildernesses managed by the Forest Service and National Park Service were much more likely to have data than wildernesses managed by the Bureau of Land Management and Fish and Wildlife Service. Both unpublished data collected by the management agencies and data published in reports are included. Extensive appendices provide detailed information about available data for every study that we located. These have been organized by wilderness so that it is easy to locate all the information available for each wilderness in the NWPS. Keywords: campsite condition, monitoring, National Wilderness Preservation System, trail condition, visitor characteristics The Authors _______________________________________ David N. -
Timeline of Natural History
Timeline of natural history This timeline of natural history summarizes significant geological and Life timeline Ice Ages biological events from the formation of the 0 — Primates Quater nary Flowers ←Earliest apes Earth to the arrival of modern humans. P Birds h Mammals – Plants Dinosaurs Times are listed in millions of years, or Karo o a n ← Andean Tetrapoda megaanni (Ma). -50 0 — e Arthropods Molluscs r ←Cambrian explosion o ← Cryoge nian Ediacara biota – z ←Earliest animals o ←Earliest plants i Multicellular -1000 — c Contents life ←Sexual reproduction Dating of the Geologic record – P r The earliest Solar System -1500 — o t Precambrian Supereon – e r Eukaryotes Hadean Eon o -2000 — z o Archean Eon i Huron ian – c Eoarchean Era ←Oxygen crisis Paleoarchean Era -2500 — ←Atmospheric oxygen Mesoarchean Era – Photosynthesis Neoarchean Era Pong ola Proterozoic Eon -3000 — A r Paleoproterozoic Era c – h Siderian Period e a Rhyacian Period -3500 — n ←Earliest oxygen Orosirian Period Single-celled – life Statherian Period -4000 — ←Earliest life Mesoproterozoic Era H Calymmian Period a water – d e Ectasian Period a ←Earliest water Stenian Period -4500 — n ←Earth (−4540) (million years ago) Clickable Neoproterozoic Era ( Tonian Period Cryogenian Period Ediacaran Period Phanerozoic Eon Paleozoic Era Cambrian Period Ordovician Period Silurian Period Devonian Period Carboniferous Period Permian Period Mesozoic Era Triassic Period Jurassic Period Cretaceous Period Cenozoic Era Paleogene Period Neogene Period Quaternary Period Etymology of period names References See also External links Dating of the Geologic record The Geologic record is the strata (layers) of rock in the planet's crust and the science of geology is much concerned with the age and origin of all rocks to determine the history and formation of Earth and to understand the forces that have acted upon it. -
Assembly, Configuration, and Break-Up History of Rodinia
Author's personal copy Available online at www.sciencedirect.com Precambrian Research 160 (2008) 179–210 Assembly, configuration, and break-up history of Rodinia: A synthesis Z.X. Li a,g,∗, S.V. Bogdanova b, A.S. Collins c, A. Davidson d, B. De Waele a, R.E. Ernst e,f, I.C.W. Fitzsimons g, R.A. Fuck h, D.P. Gladkochub i, J. Jacobs j, K.E. Karlstrom k, S. Lu l, L.M. Natapov m, V. Pease n, S.A. Pisarevsky a, K. Thrane o, V. Vernikovsky p a Tectonics Special Research Centre, School of Earth and Geographical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia b Department of Geology, Lund University, Solvegatan 12, 223 62 Lund, Sweden c Continental Evolution Research Group, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia d Geological Survey of Canada (retired), 601 Booth Street, Ottawa, Canada K1A 0E8 e Ernst Geosciences, 43 Margrave Avenue, Ottawa, Canada K1T 3Y2 f Department of Earth Sciences, Carleton U., Ottawa, Canada K1S 5B6 g Tectonics Special Research Centre, Department of Applied Geology, Curtin University of Technology, GPO Box U1987, Perth, WA 6845, Australia h Universidade de Bras´ılia, 70910-000 Bras´ılia, Brazil i Institute of the Earth’s Crust SB RAS, Lermontova Street, 128, 664033 Irkutsk, Russia j Department of Earth Science, University of Bergen, Allegaten 41, N-5007 Bergen, Norway k Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Northrop Hall University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA l Tianjin Institute of Geology and Mineral Resources, CGS, No. -
Proto-Adamastor Ocean Crust (920 Ma) Described in Brasiliano Orogen from Coetaneous Zircon and Tourmaline
Geoscience Frontiers xxx (xxxx) xxx HOSTED BY Contents lists available at ScienceDirect China University of Geosciences (Beijing) Geoscience Frontiers journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/gsf Research Paper Proto-Adamastor ocean crust (920 Ma) described in Brasiliano Orogen from coetaneous zircon and tourmaline Léo A. Hartmann a,*, Mariana Werle a, Cassiana R.L. Michelin a, Cristiano Lana b, Gláucia N. Queiroga b, Marco P. Castro b, Karine R. Arena a a Instituto de Geociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Avenida Bento Gonçalves, 9500, 91501-970, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil b Departamento de Geologia, Escola de Minas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Morro do Cruzeiro, 35400-000, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil article info abstract Article history: Proto-Adamastor ocean bathed Rodinia and successor continental fragments from 1.0e0.9 Ga up to Received 25 March 2018 0.75 Ga, and evolved into world Adamastor Ocean at 0.75e0.60 Ga. Mesoproterozoic oceanic crust is Received in revised form poorly preserved on continents, only indirect evidence registered in Brasiliano Orogen. We report first 27 June 2018 evidence of ophiolite originated in proto-Adamastor. We use multi-technique U-Pb-Hf zircon and d11B Accepted 18 September 2018 tourmaline isotopic and elemental compositions. The host tourmalinite is enclosed in metaserpentinite, Available online xxx ¼þ ¼ Handling Editor: R. Damian Nance both belonging to the Bossoroca ophiolite. Zircon is 920 Ma-old, 3 Hf(920 Ma) 12, HfTDM 1.0 Ga and has ‘oceanic’ composition (e.g., U/Yb < 0.1). Tourmaline is dravite with d11B ¼þ1.8& (Tur 1), 0& (Tur 2), À & Keywords: 8.5 (Tur 3). -
Late Pleistocene Glacial History and Reconstruction of the Fish Lake Plateau, South-Central Utah: Implications for Climate at the Last Glacial Maximum
Late Pleistocene Glacial History and Reconstruction of the Fish Lake Plateau, South-Central Utah: Implications for Climate at the Last Glacial Maximum Sarah C. Bergman Senior Integrative Exercise March 9, 2007 Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a Bachelor of Arts degree from Carleton College, Northfield, Minnesota. TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION ……………………………………………………………… 1 CLIMATE HISTORY …………………………………………………………. 7 ORBITAL FORCING ………………………………………………………… 7 THE LAST GLACIAL MAXIMUM …………………………………………… 7 GLACIERS AND GLACIATION ……………………………………………... 8 ALPINE GLACIATION ………………………………………………………. 8 GEOMORPHIC INDICATORS OF GLACIATION ………………………….. 12 GLACIER DYNAMICS ………………………………………………………. 14 STUDY AREA ………………………………………………………………….. 17 GEOLOGIC SETTING ………………………………………………………... 19 COSMOGENIC 3HE EXPOSURE AGE DATING ………………………….. 19 METHODS ………………………………………………………………. 23 GLACIAL RECONSTRUCTION ……………………………………………. 24 COMPUTER MODELING ………………………………………………….. 27 Inputs ……………………………………………………………………. 28 Parameters ……………………………………………………………… 28 Outputs ………………………………………………………………….. 31 Sources of error ………………………………………………………… 31 ELA RECONSTRUCTION …………………………………………………… 33 MODERN ELA RECONSTRUCTION ………………………………………. 35 PLEISTOCENE ELA RECONSTRUCTION ………………………………… 37 Toe to headwall altitude ratio (THAR) ……………………………………. 37 Accumulation area ratio (AAR) ………………………………………….. 38 Cirque floor altitude ……………………………………………………... 38 Maximum altitude of lateral moraines (MALM) …………………………. 38 RESULTS ……………………………………………………………………….. 39 DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS -
1967, Al and Frances Randall and Ramona Hammerly
The Mountaineer I L � I The Mountaineer 1968 Cover photo: Mt. Baker from Table Mt. Bob and Ira Spring Entered as second-class matter, April 8, 1922, at Post Office, Seattle, Wash., under the Act of March 3, 1879. Published monthly and semi-monthly during March and April by The Mountaineers, P.O. Box 122, Seattle, Washington, 98111. Clubroom is at 719Y2 Pike Street, Seattle. Subscription price monthly Bulletin and Annual, $5.00 per year. The Mountaineers To explore and study the mountains, forests, and watercourses of the Northwest; To gather into permanent form the history and traditions of this region; To preserve by the encouragement of protective legislation or otherwise the natural beauty of North west America; To make expeditions into these regions m fulfill ment of the above purposes; To encourage a spirit of good fellowship among all lovers of outdoor life. EDITORIAL STAFF Betty Manning, Editor, Geraldine Chybinski, Margaret Fickeisen, Kay Oelhizer, Alice Thorn Material and photographs should be submitted to The Mountaineers, P.O. Box 122, Seattle, Washington 98111, before November 1, 1968, for consideration. Photographs must be 5x7 glossy prints, bearing caption and photographer's name on back. The Mountaineer Climbing Code A climbing party of three is the minimum, unless adequate support is available who have knowledge that the climb is in progress. On crevassed glaciers, two rope teams are recommended. Carry at all times the clothing, food and equipment necessary. Rope up on all exposed places and for all glacier travel. Keep the party together, and obey the leader or majority rule. Never climb beyond your ability and knowledge. -
Profiles of Colorado Roadless Areas
PROFILES OF COLORADO ROADLESS AREAS Prepared by the USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Region July 23, 2008 INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK 2 3 TABLE OF CONTENTS ARAPAHO-ROOSEVELT NATIONAL FOREST ......................................................................................................10 Bard Creek (23,000 acres) .......................................................................................................................................10 Byers Peak (10,200 acres)........................................................................................................................................12 Cache la Poudre Adjacent Area (3,200 acres)..........................................................................................................13 Cherokee Park (7,600 acres) ....................................................................................................................................14 Comanche Peak Adjacent Areas A - H (45,200 acres).............................................................................................15 Copper Mountain (13,500 acres) .............................................................................................................................19 Crosier Mountain (7,200 acres) ...............................................................................................................................20 Gold Run (6,600 acres) ............................................................................................................................................21 -
Data Set Listing (May 1997)
USDA Forest Service Air Resource Monitoring System Existing Data Set Listing (May 1997) Air Resource Monitoring System (ARMS) Data Set Listing May 1997 Contact Steve Boutcher USDA Forest Service National Air Program Information Manager Portland, OR (503) 808-2960 2 Table of Contents INTRODUCTION ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 9 DATA SET DESCRIPTIONS -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------10 National & Multi-Regional Data Sets EPA’S EASTERN LAKES SURVEY ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------11 EPA’S NATIONAL STREAM SURVEY ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------12 EPA WESTERN LAKES SURVEY------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------13 FOREST HEALTH MONITORING (FHM) LICHEN MONITORING-------------------------------------------------14 FOREST HEALTH MONITORING (FHM) OZONE BIOINDICATOR PLANTS ----------------------------------15 IMPROVE AEROSOL MONITORING--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------16 IMPROVE NEPHELOMETER ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------17 IMPROVE TRANSMISSOMETER ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------18 NATIONAL ATMOSPHERIC DEPOSITION PROGRAM/ NATIONAL TRENDS NETWORK----------------19 NATIONAL -
Early Paleozoic Post-Breakup Magmatism Along the Cordilleran Margin of Western North America: New Zircon U-Pb Age And
Research Paper GEOSPHERE Early Paleozoic post-breakup magmatism along the Cordilleran margin of western North America: New zircon U-Pb age and GEOSPHERE, v. 15, no. 4 whole-rock Nd- and Hf-isotope and lithogeochemical results from https://doi.org/10.1130/GES02044.1 the Kechika group, Yukon, Canada 16 figures; 1 set of supplemental files Roderick W. Campbell1, Luke P. Beranek1, Stephen J. Piercey1, and Richard Friedman2 1 CORRESPONDENCE: [email protected] Department of Earth Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, 9 Arctic Avenue, St. John’s, Newfoundland and Labrador, A1B 3X5 Canada 2Pacific Centre for Isotopic and Geochemical Research, University of British Columbia, 2207 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z4 Canada CITATION: Campbell, R.W., Beranek, L.P., Piercey, S.J., and Friedman, R., 2019, Early Paleozoic post- breakup magmatism along the Cordilleran margin of ■ ABSTRACT et al., 2002; Li et al., 2008; Macdonald et al., 2012). Despite several decades of western North America: New zircon U-Pb age and research on Cordilleran margin development, there remain many open questions whole-rock Nd- and Hf-isotope and litho geo chemical results from the Kechika group, Yukon, Canada: Geo- Post-breakup magmatic rocks are recognized features of modern and an- about the precise age and paleogeographic setting of Neo protero zoic to lower sphere, v. 15, no. 4, p. 1262–1290, https://doi.org cient passive margin successions around the globe, but their timing and sig- Paleozoic rift-related rock units that crop out in the western United States and /10.1130 /GES02044.1. nificance to non-plume-related rift evolution is generally uncertain. -
Dinosaurs.Pdf
DINOSAURS COMPILED BY HOWIE BAUM THIS IS THE FIRST OF 3 PAGES THAT HELP TO PUT THE 165 MILLION YEAR REIGN OF THE DINOSAURS, IN PERSPECTIVE. IT IS A CALENDAR THAT IS DESIGNED SO THAT ALL OF THE TIME, SINCE THE BIG BANG HAPPENED – 13.8 BILLION YEAR AGO, UP TO THE PRESENT TIME, IS COMPRESSED INTO 1 YEAR. period First Dinosaurs Dinosaurs lived for 165 million years !! Humans have only existed for 0.004% of the age of the Earth ! The rocks of the Cincinnatian series were deposited between approximately 451 and 443 million years ago, during the Ordovician period, when all the land was underwater ! BASIC DINOSAUR FACTS •Dinosaurs are a group of reptiles that have lived on Earth for about 165 million years. About 60% of dinosaurs ate plants (herbivores) and 40% ate meat (carnivores) •In 1842, the English naturalist Sir Richard Owen coined the term Dinosauria, derived from the Greek deinos, meaning “fearfully great,” and sauros, meaning “lizard.” •Dinosaur fossils have been found on all 7 continents. •All non-avian (non-bird) dinosaurs went extinct about 66 million years ago (MYA). •There are roughly 700 known species of extinct dinosaurs. •Modern birds are a kind of dinosaur because they share a common ancestor with non-avian dinosaurs. The Archosaurs consist of a diverse group of Triassic living and extinct reptiles that are subdivided into crocodiles, the 2 main types of dinosaurs, and pterosaurs. ORNITHISCHIAN AND SAURISCHIAN DINOSAURS As shown on the previous diagram, there are 2 types of Dinosaurs. Dinosaurs and reptiles have hip girdles, or pelvises, and all of them are composed of three bones: the ilium, ischium, and pubis. -
Download File
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/palaeo Pangea B and the Late Paleozoic Ice Age ⁎ D.V. Kenta,b, ,G.Muttonic a Earth and Planetary Sciences, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA b Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University, Palisades, NY 10964, USA c Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra 'Ardito Desio', Università degli Studi di Milano, via Mangiagalli 34, I-20133 Milan, Italy ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Editor: Thomas Algeo The Late Paleozoic Ice Age (LPIA) was the penultimate major glaciation of the Phanerozoic. Published compi- Keywords: lations indicate it occurred in two main phases, one centered in the Late Carboniferous (~315 Ma) and the other Late Paleozoic Ice Age in the Early Permian (~295 Ma), before waning over the rest of the Early Permian and into the Middle Permian Pangea A (~290 Ma to 275 Ma), and culminating with the final demise of Alpine-style ice sheets in eastern Australia in the Pangea B Late Permian (~260 to 255 Ma). Recent global climate modeling has drawn attention to silicate weathering CO2 Greater Variscan orogen consumption of an initially high Greater Variscan edifice residing within a static Pangea A configuration as the Equatorial humid belt leading cause of reduction of atmospheric CO2 concentrations below glaciation thresholds. Here we show that Silicate weathering CO2 consumption the best available and least-biased paleomagnetic reference poles place the collision between Laurasia and Organic carbon burial Gondwana that produced the Greater Variscan orogen in a more dynamic position within a Pangea B config- uration that had about 30% more continental area in the prime equatorial humid belt for weathering and which drifted northward into the tropical arid belt as it transformed to Pangea A by the Late Permian. -
Elevated CO2 Degassing Rates Prevented the Return of Snowball Earth During the Phanerozoic
ARTICLE DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-01456-w OPEN Elevated CO2 degassing rates prevented the return of Snowball Earth during the Phanerozoic Benjamin J.W. Mills1,2, Christopher R. Scotese3, Nicholas G. Walding2, Graham A. Shields 4 & Timothy M. Lenton2 The Cryogenian period (~720–635 Ma) is marked by extensive Snowball Earth glaciations. These have previously been linked to CO2 draw-down, but the severe cold climates of the Cryogenian have never been replicated during the Phanerozoic despite similar, and some- times more dramatic changes to carbon sinks. Here we quantify the total CO2 input rate, both by measuring the global length of subduction zones in plate tectonic reconstructions, and by sea-level inversion. Our results indicate that degassing rates were anomalously low during the Late Neoproterozoic, roughly doubled by the Early Phanerozoic, and remained com- paratively high until the Cenozoic. Our carbon cycle modelling identifies the Cryogenian as a unique period during which low surface temperature was more easily achieved, and shows that the shift towards greater CO2 input rates after the Cryogenian helped prevent severe glaciation during the Phanerozoic. Such a shift appears essential for the development of complex animal life. 1 School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK. 2 Earth System Science, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QE, UK. 3 Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60201, USA. 4 Department of Earth Sciences, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK. Correspondence and requests for materials should be addressed to B.J.W.M.