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Neuropathic Pain-Like Stimuli Change the Expression of Ribosomal Proteins in the Amygdala: Genome-Wide Search for a “Pain-Associated Anxiety-Related Factor”

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Neuropathic Pain-Like Stimuli Change the Expression of Ribosomal Proteins in the Amygdala: Genome-Wide Search for a “Pain-Associated Anxiety-Related Factor” SAISU, IGARASHI, NARITA, et al. 日本緩和医療薬学雑誌（Jpn. J. Pharm. Palliat. Care Sci.）8 : 47_57（2015） 47 ［Original Research］ Neuropathic Pain-Like Stimuli Change the Expression of Ribosomal Proteins in the Amygdala: Genome-Wide Search for a “Pain-Associated Anxiety-Related Factor” Hironori SAISU,*1, *2 Katsuhide IGARASHI,*3 Michiko NARITA,*2 *2 *2 *1 Daigo IKEGAMI, Naoko KUZUMAKI, Koichi WAJIMA, *1 *2, *3 Taneaki NAKAGAWA, and Minoru NARITA *1 Departments of Dentistry and Oral Surgery, Keio University of School of Medicine *2 Departments of Pharmacology, Hoshi University School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences *3 L ife Science Tokyo Advanced Research Center, Hoshi University School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences (Accepted November 28, 2014) Abstract: Neuropathic pain leads not only to increased chronic pain sensation but also to emotional deficits associated with this pain. These phenomena are considered to be able to explain the possible change in microendophenotypes related to the brain dysfunction associate with neuropathic pain-like stimuli. However, the molecular mechanism of such pain-induced emotional dysfunction has not yet been clarified. In a behavioral study, we observed the induction of pain-induced anxiogenic-like behavior as well as allodynia after 4 weeks of sciatic nerve ligation in BALB/c mice, whereas sciatic nerve ligation for 1 week induced only allodynia without anxiogenic-like behavior. We next performed a genome-wide analysis of the changes in the expression of mRNA and microRNA (miRNA) in the amygdala, which is the brain region that is considered to play a role in pain-associated emotional dysfunction, of mice with sciatic nerve ligation. In this genome-wide- expression study, we found that sciatic nerve ligation for both 1 and 4 weeks changed the expression of many of mRNAs and miRNAs in the amygdala. Based on a pathway analysis, sciatic nerve ligation for 4 weeks changed the expression of mRNAs and miRNAs that are related to several ribosomal proteins in the amygdala, compared to sciatic nerve ligation for 1 week. These results suggest that changes in the expression of ribosomal proteins in the amygdala may, at least in part, correspond to emotional deficits associated with pain sensation under a neuropathic pain-like state. Key words: neuropathic pain, emotional deficit (anxiety), amygdala, microRNA, ribosomal protein it projects to some brain regions that are associated with INTRODUCTION the descending pain pathway and terminates in the Pain is a complex sensory and emotional experience. It dorsal raphe nucleus and periaqueductal gray matter4). can be classified as nociceptive pain, neuropathic pain, It has been recognized that the amygdala is the brain or nonorganic pain. Among these, neuropathic pain is region that is most closely related to pain-induced the most difficult to treat in the pain clinic. Long-lasting emotional dysfunction. In a previous study, we demon- pain leads not only to increased chronic pain but also to strated that chronic pain eventually induced emotional cognitive and emotional deficits that are comorbid with disorder, such as increased anxiety, along with changes the pain1). These emotional disorders after nerve injury in brain activity5). However, the mechanism of pain- suggest that neuropathic pain-like stimuli may affect induced emotional dysfunction at the molecular level has the upper central nervous system. It has been proposed not yet been clarified. On the other hand, there is a that emotion can be controlled by mesolimbic systems growing body of evidence that genome-wide studies could such as the nucleus accumbens and amygdala. It is also be useful for elucidating the mechanisms of diseases. documented that the functional activity of the amygdala MicroRNAs (miRNAs), which are small (17-24 nucleo- is regulated by the activity of the prefrontal cortex (PFC) tides), noncoding RNA molecules that direct the post- including the anterior cingulate cortex (CG), which is the transcriptional suppression of gene expression, are terminus of the ascending pain pathway2, 3). Subsequently, believed to play an important role in regulating synaptic Correspondence: Minoru Narita, Department of Pharmacology, plasticity. miRNAs have been shown to be associated Hoshi University, 2-4-41, Ebara, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142- with cancer, cardiac disease, metabolic disease and so 6-9) 8501, Japan on . In the field of pain-related brain research, we E-mail: [email protected] previously reported that neuropathic pain-like stimuli 48 SAISU, IGARASHI, NARITA, et al. dramatically decreased the expression of miRNA200/429 All animals received just one treatment. All behavioral in the nucleus accumbens and subsequently increased experiences were carefully measured in a non-blinded the protein level of its target protein, DNMT3a, which is fashion. a DNA methyltransferase (Imai et al., 2012)10). These 4. Elevated plus maze findings suggest that neuropathic pain-like stimuli affect We used the elevated plus-maze test to measure the “mesolimbic motivation/valuation circuitry＂. How- anxiogenic-like behaviors. This test has been used exten- ever, there have been few, if any, miRNA studies under sively to identify novel anxiolytic agents and to investi- a persistent neuropathic pain-like state with emotional gate the physiological and neurochemical basis of anxiety disorders. In this study, we performed a genome-wide (Dawson and Tricklebank, 1995)13). The elevated plus- analysis on the changes in the expression of mRNA and maze consisted of two opposing open (30 × 6 × 0.3 cm2 miRNA in the amygdala of mice with nerve injury. each) and closed arms (30 × 6 × 15 cm2 each) joined by a common central platform (mice, 9 × 9 cm2). The maze MATERIALS AND METHODS was elevated 40 cm above the floor. The open and closed The present study was conducted in accordance with arms and the central platform were subjected to the Guiding Principles for the Care and Use of Laboratory approximately equal illumination. Arm entry and exit Animals, Hoshi University, as adopted by the Committee were defined as all four paws into and out of an arm, on Animal Research of Hoshi University, which is respectively. Entries into the open and closed arms were accredited by the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, also scored. Mice were used for this procedure at 7 days Science and Technology of Japan, and was approved by and 28 days after nerve ligation. the Animal Research Committee of Hoshi University. 5. Brain sample preparation for in vitro analysis 1. Animals As previously described (Narita et al., 2001)14), after Male BALB/c mice (7-8 weeks old) (Tokyo Laboratory mice were killed and the whole brain was removed, thick Animals Science Co., Ltd.) were housed with ad libitum coronal sections of the brain, including the amygdala access to food and water and maintained on a 12 h light/ (－0.9 to －2.8 mm from bregma), were initially dissected dark cycle. using Brain Blocker (NeuroScience, Inc.) on an ice-cold 2. Neuropathic pain model glass plate. The amygdala was then extracted from We produced a partial sciatic nerve ligation model by coronal sections. Brain positions were determined ac- tying a tight ligature with 8-0 silk suture ×1/3 to 1/2 the cording to an atlas of the mouse brain (Franklin and diameter of the sciatic nerve on the right side (ipsilateral Paxinos, 1997)15). side) of mice under anesthesia with 3% isoflurane as 6. Micro RNA and mRNA expression profiling described previously (Malmberg and Basbaum, 1998)11). Total RNA, including miRNAs, was extracted from the In sham-operated mice, the nerve was exposed without amygdala of mice using the mirVana miRNA Isolation ligation. We refer to these animals as ＇ligation＇ or ＇sham＇ Kit (Applied Biosystems, Inc.). mRNA expression profiles animals in this study. This model may mimic important were determined using a GeneChip Mouse Gene 2.0 ST characteristics of chronic neuropathic pain in patients Array (Filgen, Inc.). Differentially expressed genes were following peripheral nerve injury. defined as genes that showed at least a 1.5-fold change. 3. Mechanical allodynia miRNA expression profiles were determined using a To quantify the sensitivity to a tactile stimulus, paw GeneChip miRNA 4.0 Array (Filgen, Inc.). Differentially withdrawal in response to a tactile stimulus was meas- expressed miRNAs were defined as those that showed at ured using a bending force (0.16 g) applied by von Frey least a 2-fold change. Data analysis was performed with filaments (North Coast Medical, Inc., Morgan Hill, CA, GeneSpring GX software (Agilent Technologies, Inc.). USA) (Narita et al., 2005)12). A von Frey filament was The analysis was divided into 3 parts: a genome-wide applied to the plantar surface of each hind paw for 3 s, comparative analysis of changes in expression 1 week and this was repeated three times with an inter-trial after sciatic nerve ligation vs. sham operation (Factor 1), interval of at least 5 s. Paw withdrawal in response to a a genome-wide comparative analysis of changes in ex- tactile stimulus was evaluated by scoring as follows: 0, pression 4 weeks after sciatic nerve ligation vs. sham no response; 1, a slow or slight response to the stimulus; operation (Factor 2), a genome-wide comparative analy- 2, a quick withdrawal response away from the stimulus sis of changes in expression 1 week after sciatic nerve without flinching and/or licking; 3, an intense withdrawal ligation vs. 4 weeks after sciatic nerve ligation (Factor 3). response away from the stimulus with brisk flinching 7. Micro RNA and mRNA pathway analysis and/or licking. The paw withdrawal in response to each The CEL file of the miRNA summarized by Affymetrix filament was determined as the average of two scores per Expression Console™ Software and then normalized paw. Paw movements associated with locomotion or was processed using GeneSpring under the following weight-shifting were not counted as a response.
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