SOMESHWARA WILD LIFE SANCTUARY

Someshwara Wildlife Sanctuary has been named after Lord Someshwara, the presiding deity of the famous Someshwara temple located within the limits of the sanctuary

Vision

To conserve the biodiversity of Someshwara Wildlife Sanctuary with local cooperation and develop facilities for protection and habitat improvement for the survival of wildlife.

Key Objectives

 To conserve the biodiversity and wildlife of the sanctuary  To minimise the man animal conflict  To provide necessary facilities for protection and development of wildlife involving the local community participation  Encourage eco tourism for public and school children’s to create awareness on environment and forest

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Kudremukh wildlife Division lies in the heart of Western Ghats. It comprises of Kudremukh National park, Someshwara wildlife sanctuary, and Mookambika Wildlife sanctuary. Sri Ambady Madhav, IFS, the then Deputy Conservator of Forest, Kudremukh Wildlife Division, Karkala had prepared first management plan for the Someshwara Wildlife Sanctuary in the year 1996 for 5 years (1996-2001). Sri. K.N. Murthy, IFS, prepared the 2nd management plan for 6 years (2004-2010). I thank all other senior officials for contributing their ideas, information and valuable efforts for preparing the management plan.

I sincerely thank Sri. S. Shanthappa, IFS, Conservator of Forests, Mangalore Circle, Mangalore for his outstanding guidance and unstinted support in preparing the menu script.

I gratefully, acknowledge Sri P. Suresh Shetty A.C.F., Wildlife Sub division, Kundapura. and Sri Lohith RFO, Someshwara Wildlife Range, Hebri. and their staff who enthusiastically participated in this revision work by providing information and many valuable suggestions. I have a great deal to all those scientist and academicians and office staff whose hard work has contributed substantially to this management plan.

Date : 30-10-2010 ( PRAKASH. S. NETALKAR, I.F.S., ) Place : Karkala Deputy Conservator of Forests, Kudremukh Wildlife Division, KARKALA.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

VISION STATEMENT MAP OF THE SANCTUARY PART – I - THE PROTECTED AREA: THE EXISTING SITUATION

CHAPTER – I INTRODUCTION TO THE AREA - 1-2

CHAPTER – II THE TRACT DEALT WITH - 3-6

CHAPTER – III FLORA AND FAUNA - 7-12

CHAPTER – IV HISTORY OF MANAGEMENT AND - 13-21 PRESENT PRACTICES CHAPTER – V BASIS OF PROPOSALS - 22-29

PART – II- PROPOSED MANAGEMENT

CHAPTER – VI THREAT ANALYSIS - 30-32

CHAPTER – VII PLAN OBJECTIVES - 33-34

CHAPTER – VIII THE STRATEGIES - 35-41

CHAPTER – IX HABITAT PROTECTION AND - 42-46 MANAGEMENT CHAPTER – X ECO-TOURISM AND CONSERVATION - 47-50 EDUCATION CHAPTER – XI ECO-DEVELOPMENT & PUBLICITY - 51-54

CHAPTER – XII RESEARCH, MONITORING AND - 55-56 TRAINING

CHAPTER – XIII BUDGET AND PROGRAMME OF - 57-58 WORKS

ANNEXURES

ANNEXURE - I - Facsimile of the later notification of Someshwara Wildlife Sanctuary ANNEXURE – II - Village survey number wise details of lands that constitute the protected area (PA) ANNEXURE – III - List of flora found in the Sanctuary ANNEXURE – III(a) - List of species of plants found in the sanctuary Research done by Dr. G.R.Hegde, Professor and Chairman, P.G.Department of Studies in Botany, Karnataka University, Dharwad.

ANNEXURE – IV - List of all the plantations raised so far in the sanctuary ANNEXURE – V - List of fauna found in the sanctuary ANNEXURE – VI - List of Avifauna in the sanctuary ANNEXURE – VII - Description of all the blocks and compartments and their allotment to the beats and sections concerned ANNEXURE – VIII - List of patrolling tracks and trekking path ANNEXURE – IX - List of buildings pertaining in to the sanctuary ANNEXURE – X - List of ponds in side the Sanctuary ANNEXURE – XI - List of watchtowers, wireless towers, entry barriers, etc., ANNEXURE – XII - Summary of expenditure of the PA for the last 5 years ANNEXURE – XIII - List of Enclosures ANNEXURE - XIV - Abstract of licensed gun holders ANNEXURE – XV - Fire crises management ANNEXURE - XVI - List of required executive staff ANNEXURE – XVII - Demographic information of the zone Survey of the villages inside the Someshwara Wildlife Sanctuary done in the year 2002. Demographic details of such villages ANNEXURE – XVIII - List of all medicinal plants found in the Sanctuary Research done by Sri. Beguru D. Prakash, Lecturer, Alvas College, Moodabidre. ANNEXURE - XIX - List of all Ferns found in the Sanctuary A study done with the help of botanist Dr. K.G.Bhat, Rtd. Professor, Poornaprajna College, Udupi ANNEXURE - XX - The list of do’s and don’ts for the tourists while entering into the sanctuary. ANNEXURE – XXI - The programme of works indicating the year, quantity of work and their financial implications

PLATES

1. A map of the sanctuary showing different reserved forests- Plate – 1.

2. Vegetation map of the sanctuary Plate – 2

3. Organisational flow chart Plate –3

4. A miniature map of the area organisation Plate –4

5. Infrastructure map plate _5

6. A map of the existing &proposed areas is furnished in Plate -6

7. The sanctuary has been divided into zones for the purpose of management as indicated in the map in plate – 7 8. Eco sensitive zone map and section Map in plate – 8

9. Section maps showing different types of works proposed are furnished in Plates 9-10

TABLES:

1 TABLE : 1 List of Reserved Forests of Someshwara Wildlife Sanctuary:

2 TABLE: 2 List of research plots inside the sanctuary :

3 Table : 3 Statement showing the details of research conducted for the last ten years (From 1998-99 to 2007-08) at Someshwar wildlife sanctuary

4 Table :4 Offence cases in Someshwara Wildlife Sanctuary

5 Table : 5 Compensation paid details for last 5 years within the sanctuary

6 Table : 6 Weapon details

7 Table : 7 List of EDC plantations in the sanctuary

1

1.1.1 – Name, location, constitution and extent:

Someshwara Wildlife Sanctuary has been named after Lord Someshwara, the presiding deity of the famous Someshwara temple located within the limits of the sanctuary. It was notified as wildlife sanctuary by Government of Karnataka vide notification No.AFD.51.FWL.74, dated : 05-06-1974 and confirmed vide government notification no.FFD.51.FWL.76, dated : 12-10-1979. Facsimile of the later notification is furnished at ANNEXURE - I.

Someshwara Wildlife Sanctuary is situated in Karkala and Kundapur taluks of Udupi district in Karnataka state. It lies between 130 29’ and 130 36’ north latitude and 740 50’ and 750 05’ east longitude. The sanctuary is spread over 86.99 sq. kms. The sanctuary is constituted by eight reserved forests and a district forest as mentioned below :-

TABLE : 1 – List of Reserved Forests of Someshwara Wildlife Sanctuary: Sl. Name of the Extent Notification number Taluk no. reserved forest (acres) BLOCK – A 1 Ballimane RF 10756.80 G.O.No.1035 Rev, dated : Kundapur 10-10-1900 2 Old Someshwara RF 2095.23 G.O.No.22, dated : Karkala 14-02-1907 3 New Someshwara RF 2477.40 G.O.No.129 Rev, dated : Karkala 19-01-1907 4 Jatkatmale RF 1294.70 G.O.No.370 Rev, dated : Karkala 13-06-1899 5 Mavinakodlu RF 1416.40 G.O.No.664 Rev, dated : Karkala 29-09-1899 BLOCK – B 6 Thenkahola RF 2199.28 G.O.No.317 Rev, dated : Karkala 14-04-1891 7 Matkalgudde RF 291.80 G.O.No.71 Rev, dated : Karkala 26-01-1899 8 Jomblukadu RF 550.00 G.O.No.AFO 76/39/8, Karkala dated : 10-06-1984 9 Chara Block I & II 414.00 Not declared as RF Karkala Total : 21495.61 acres or 8699.15 ha.

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Ballimane and New Someshwara reserved forests belonging to ‘block – A’ in the notification provide rich green clothing to the slopes of the Western Ghats. Areas constituting Block – B are actually small and disjointed reserved forests of small hectare surrounded by heavy habitations. Local public and their animals use these areas regularly. The sanctuary consists of tropical evergreen, semi evergreen and moist mixed deciduous forests

A map of the sanctuary showing different reserved forests is furnished at Plate – 1. Village survey number wise details of lands that constitute the protected area (PA) are furnished at ANNEXURE - II

1.2.1– Approach and access: The district head quarter as well as nearest railway station is at Udupi, 35 kms away from the sanctuary. Port town of Mangalore is about 90 kms from the sanctuary. Nearest Airport is Bajpe - about 75 kms from the sanctuary. Plenty of private buses ply through the sanctuary, especially mini busses connecting Udupi and Shimoga towns via Hebri and Agumbe. All weather roads connect the sanctuary. It is about 35 kms from Karkala, the Divisional forest head quarters.

1.2.3 Statement of significance Someshwara Wildlife Sanctuary has semi-evergreen and evergreen forests. Machilus Macrantha, Lophopetalum wightianum and Artocarpus hirsuta are some of the species of flora found in this sanctuary. Mammals in the Someshwara Wildlife sanctuary include Tiger, Leopard, Wild Dog, Jungle cat, Wild Pig, Sambar, Spotted Deer, Common otter, Wild Dog, Jackal, Gaur, Barking Deer, Lion Tailed Macaque, Bonnet Macaque, Palms Civet and Common Langur. Reptiles are represented by King Cobra, Python and Monitor lizard. Someshwara Wildlife sanctuary also houses some interesting birds like Malabar trogon, Ceylon frogmouth, Malabar pied hornbill and Malabar whistling thrush

Bamboo Plant

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2.1.1 –External Boundaries: Someshwara Wildlife Sanctuary consists of two blocks of forests, the boundaries of which are fully described at Annexure - I. Boundaries are distinct and well maintained. It starts near the common boundary of Tombattu and Ballimane RF on the northwest and travels about 7 km east along the northern boundary of Ballimane RF; then turns south and travels along the ridge line up to the 7th curve in the Agumbe ghat road; then travels west almost along the state highway till very close to Hebri township and then turns towards north and passes through the western boundary of Jatkatmale, Mavinakodlu and Ballimane RFs to join the starting point.

2.1.2 – Geology, rock and soil: The sanctuary covers western slopes of Western Ghats. Terrain is hilly and very undulating. Underlying geological formation is of archaic origin. Ghat forests are principally of gneissic composition, interspersed occasionally by quartzite, mica- schist and granite, out crops of which, occur in long stretches along the sharp edges of the ghats. Upper reaches of ghats, which form eastern boundary of the sanctuary consist predominantly of rock precipices and are completely inaccessible from Agumbe up to a place called Hosaghatta, a distance of 10 kms. These rock cliffs are very steep and exposed over long stretches. Wild plantain and grass slips are nested in them.

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Peculiar feature of gneiss found here is its readiness to decompose into reddish clay, which after exposure forms into hard brittle substance known as laterite. Laterite is found along the plains and foothills of this tract. Presence of large quantities of ferruginous matter is another characteristic feature of this gneiss. Quartz is frequently identifiable in the original rocks in the foothills and to a lesser extent in the plains. It is found as separate nodules or small crystals. The foothill portions are characterized by soft laterite formed by the decomposition of original gneissic rock. This brownish friable loam, often reaches to a considerable depth and is an indication of the capacity of the soil to support good deciduous or semi-evergreen forests. The underlying rock is invariably gneiss, sometimes outcropping in the form of boulders. In the plain portions, the rock is decisively lateritic.

Soil conditions vary in quality, depth and consistency. On the ghats, soil is dark or brownish loam of moderate depth, admixed with gneissic or quartzite boulders. Humus and undecomposed vegetable matter is in plenty. Foothill portions contain fairly deep brownish friable clayey loam covered by a moderately thick layer of decomposed and undecomposed vegetable matter, which is rich in organic constituents. Surface soil in the plains and littoral portions consists of gravel or disintegrated laterite, covering a hard lateritic pan. In the neighborhood of villages, forest soils are much impoverished by the heavy demands of ryots for mulch; both dry and green, for manure. Deep reddish loamy soil, rich with humus, occurring at foothills supports fairly good deciduous and semi-evergreen forests.

2.1.3 – Terrain:

Terrain is hilly and very undulating in Ballimane and New Someshwara RFs. It is almost plain in the rest of the reserved forests. The sanctuary starts from the rocky cliffs atop the ridge of Western Ghats and flows over the foothills on to the coastal plain over a short distance.

Someshwara Wildlife Sanctuary, Management Plan January 2011 to December 2015

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2.1.4 – Rainfall and climate:

Someshwara Wildlife Sanctuary experiences the southwest monsoon to the fullest extent. It generally breaks early June and lasts till the end of September or early October. Highest rainfall is received in July and August. Breaks in monsoon, lasting 10-15 days are not uncommon.

Northeast monsoon is much less intensive than the southwest monsoon. The precipitation is chiefly confined to afternoons in October and November months. Total annual rainfall is very high, reaching its maximum at Agumbe (about 6000 - 8000 mm/annum), which is known as the “Chirrapunji of south”. The sanctuary receives slightly less amount of rainfall. Rainfall of last 10 years recorded at Seethanadi is furnished in the following bar chart:

RAIN FALL DATA OF SEETHANDI RAIN FALL DATA OF SOMESHWARA WILDLIFE SANCTUARY

6000 5417 5066 4926 5000 4678 4634

4081 4068 3886 4000 3638 3321 3000

2000

1000

0

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

2.1.5 – Temperature:

Weather is cooler during monsoon and up to December. It becomes increasingly hot and sultry from January onwards till the onset of southwest monsoons. Due to the proximity to sea, the diurnal changes in temperature are low and extremes never occur. Temperature generally varies between 200 - 350 C in the sanctuary.

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2.1.6 – Humidity: Climate is humid and warm throughout the year because of the proximity to sea. In the ghats and foothills, weather is usually misty during the early hours of the day.

2.1.7 – Wind speed: Generally wind speed is not very high except during monsoons. Occasionally pre-monsoon whirlwind causes damage to the forest. Many trees get uprooted and limbs get broken.

2.1.8 – Drought and its periodicity: The sanctuary does not face any threat of droughts. Some times scarcity of water is felt in the sanctuary due to long dry spell of about six months from November to May.

2.1.9 – Water sources: The sanctuary is drained by Seethanadi river and nalas like Narasipura hole, Golihole etc. Good number of their tributaries originate in and flow through the sanctuary in east – west direction. Seethanadi has its sources in the ghats beyond Someshwara, the upper reaches of which are clothed heavily with forest of Someshwara reserve.

There is no problem of water during rainy season as all the rivers, streams and nalas flow to full brim. Water Seethanadi River, Hebri becomes scarce from January to mid April – i.e. till pre-monsoon showers. Because of excessive logging in the past, water is one of the limiting factors, particularly in the plains of the sanctuary. A number of artificial ponds and gully checks were constructed to augment and improve the water resources especially along the foothills.

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3.1.1 – Vegetation ;

Vegetation type and its distribution vary from place to place depending on soil, its depth, elevation and the level of human interference. Hill slopes have rich evergreen and semi evergreen forests. Balige (Poeciloneuron indicum) is found gregariously at higher elevations. Semi- evergreen and mixed moist deciduous Butterflies forests are found in the logged foothills and plains. Degraded forests occur in the heavily logged Mavinakodlu RF and around habitations. There are some plantations of Ailanthus malabarica, teak and Eucalyptus at the foothills and plains, especially in Tenkahola RF.

3.1.2- Forest types : Forest types in the protected area are varied and rich. Moist deciduous forests occur at lower altitude, especially the foothills. West coast semi-evergreen and west-coast tropical evergreen forests occur at mid altitudes. Composition of these forests is as under as per Champion & Seth classification.

Different forest types found in the sanctuary are as under :

3.1.3 – Tropical wet-evergreen forests (IA/C4): This is the most significant forest type found north of Hanja enclosure and on hill slopes above 300 meters above mean sea level. Important species found in the top canopy are Calophyllum, Artocarpus, Dipterocarpus, Hopea, Lophopetalum, Poeciloneuron, Bischofia etc. Middle canopy consists of Myristica, Caryota, Elaeocarpus, Schleichera, Aporosa etc. Lower canopy is occupied by a large number of species, which are known for their medicinal value. Climbers, canes and reeds are not uncommon. Trees are very tall and majestic. Crowns are narrow. The boles and trunks are swathed by a mat of mosses, orchids, ferns etc.

Someshwara Wildlife Sanctuary, Management Plan January 2011 to December 2015

-8- 3.1.4 – West coast semi-evergreen forests (2A/C2) : These forests are found in lower slopes below 300 meter mean sea level. In this type there is a more liberal admixture of evergreen and deciduous species in the top canopy. Species generally occurring in the top canopy are Terminalia, Lagerstroemia, Machilus, Syzygium,

Lophopetalum, Mangifera, Vitex, Artocarpus, Hopea etc. Lower canopy consists of Holigarna, Fagara, Dillenia, Cinnamomum, Aporosa etc. Niligirianthus (syn. Strobilanthes), Clerodendron, reeds, canes etc., form the ground cover.

3.1.5 – Southern secondary moist mixed deciduous forests (3B/C2/2SI): It is found over 80% of the sanctuary area especially on the southern and western sides. This type occurs in plains and logged areas. Common species found are Terminalias, Bombax ceiba, Mangifera indica, Dalbergia latifolia, Schleichera oleosa, Dillenia pentagyna, Adina cordifolia, Alstonia scholaris sp etc. Lower canopy consists of Careya arborea, Emblica officinalis, Strychnos nux-vomica, Aporosa sp etc. Undergrowth consists of Clerodendron infrotunatum, Niligirianthus (syn. Strobilanthes), Eupatorium, Acacia, Ziziphus sp etc. List of flora is furnished in ANNEXURE – III. Vegetation map of the sanctuary is furnished on Plate - 2. List of species of plants are indicated in ANNEXURE III(a)

3.1.6 – Plantations: Parts of Tenkahola, Mavinakodlu, Ballimane, New Someshwara and Jatkatmale RFs were clear felled and plantations of teak and softwood species were raised in the past. Ailanthus and Eucalyptus were raised from 1946 to 1977. The sanctuary has 827.50 ha. of teak plantation. List of all the plantations raised so far is furnished in ANNEXURE–IV.

Of the softwood plantations raised in Mavinakodlu, Eucalyptus has been exploited and the remaining growth is reduced to scrub. Natural regeneration of local species such as Aporosa, Syzygium, Terminalia, Careya etc., is seen to appear in profusion in these plantations.

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3.1.7 – Weeds : Chromeolina (Syn. Eupatorium) odorata is the major weed. Its density corresponds to the continuing disturbances to the site such as fire, biotic interference, vehicular movement etc. The sanctuary has a number of Ailanthus and teak plantations, which were raised after burning. Such plantations are even today bereft of any natural woody vegetation. Grasses occupy some open areas. Consequently these places attract more cattle and wild herbivores. Increased interference fosters vigorous weed growth to the disadvantage of grasses. Where the site was left to regenerate naturally after clear felling, coppice growth has come up in profusion and occupied the canopy almost completely. Where soil was shallow and laterization intense, small openings continue to exist free of weeds. They are the favorite grazing grounds of chital.

Lantana is generally not found in the sanctuary.

3.1.8-Species and communities of conservation importance, key areas.

Fauna :

The type of animals found in a given area is the function of its existing plant communities which in turn are governed by geo- morphology of soil, climate and rainfall conditions. Someshwara Wildlife Sanctuary is home to a wide range of wild animals generally found in South India.

Fauna found in the sanctuary are as follows. Detailed list is enclosed in Annexure V.

3.1.9 Prey animals : a) Spotted deer (Axis axis) : These animals prefer somewhat open forest areas. They are found in southern and western parts of the sanctuary . They are normally seen in Mudagalpare, Chottor, Jannalane, Gundubereu, Harmannupare reserves and also in older cashew plantation areas near Alur. Normally they are noticed in groups of 5 to 8.

Someshwara Wildlife Sanctuary, Management Plan January 2011 to December 2015

-10- b) Sambar (Cervus unicolor) : Sambar is found unevenly distributed over the sanctuary. It inhabits slopes containing thick jungle mixed with open grasslands. They are found in herds of 3 to 5.

c) Gaur or Indian bison (Bos gaurus) : This animal is found all over the sanctuary. Its presence is common along the eastern boundary of the sanctuary. It is normally noticed in groups 5 to 10. during summer, they are seen in early morning or twilight hours grazing in the grasslands. Crop raids are common along the southwest. Indian Gaur (Bison) d) Indian wild boar (Sus serofa) : Wild boar is commonly seen all over the sanctuary. They are the common pests to agricultural crops.

e) Indian porcupine (Hystrix indica) : These rodents prefer rocky hill sides and are normally sighted along hill ridges and foothills. f) Indian hare (Lepus nigricelis) : Found commonly all over the sanctuary. g) Barking deer or Muntjac (Muntiacus muntjac) : This sanctuary is an ideal habitat for these animals. Normally found in dense forests, it comes out to open for grazing and browsing in the nights. It is timid and shy animal. h) Mouse deer (Tragulus meminna) : It is seldom found in forests. i) Common Langur (Presbytis entellus) : This arboreal mammal is normally seen in dense forest. Population density is very thin.

j) Bonnet macaque (Macaca radiata) : This arboreal mammal is found in the edges along roads and enclosures. They do not enter interior forests, as do the common langurs.

k) Lion tailed macaque (Macaca silenus) : This is an endangered primate found only in dense evergreen forests of mid western ghats at an altitude of 400 to 700 meters above mean sea level. It is found in groups of 5 to 10. They are reported from the Agumbe Ghats and Balmane section. As per the 2006 study report taken up by this division it is found that there are 4 groups of LTM and numbering 32 compared to their number 51 in the year 1985 (karanth)

Someshwara Wildlife Sanctuary, Management Plan January 2011 to December 2015

-11- l) King cobra is often sighted around “Someshwara” and along the banks of Seethanadi particularly during summer.Because of its common sighting the Agumbe rainforest research station has come up in Agumbe to study about its behaviour and activities.

Jackals are the chief scavengers of the sanctuary. Seethanadi, Golihole and some of the other big streams form the aquatic habitat of the sanctuary. They contain the rare Mahasheer fish and otters.

Other animals found : Gaint squirrel (Ratufa indica) : It is an arboreal mammal normally restricted to the relatively undisturbed areas of the forests. Most of the time the animal is found on the tree crowns in the dense forests. Flying squirrel (Benus hylopeteres), Land monitor lizard (Varanus grisens), Tortoises also occur in the sanctuary. Cane turtle – a rare species, which is on the verge of extinct, is seen rarely.

Avifauna : The sanctuary has a good population of a variety of birds typical to the western ghats of Karnataka. Avifauna found in the Sanctuary include Jungle myna, Peafowl, Common fowl, Common myna, Red vented bulbul, Little cormorant, Cattle egret, Little egret, Black drongo, Jungle crow, Crow pheasant, White cheeked bulbul, Brahminy kite, Grey jungle fowl, Pea fowl, White breasted water hen, Red wattled lapwinger, Spotted dove, Blue rock pigeon, White breasted king fisher, Malabar grey hornbill, Golden backed threetoed wood pecker, Scarlet minicret, Ashy swallow shrike, Paradise fly catcher, Magpie robin, Taylor bird, Purple sunbird, White backed munia, Golden oriole. Great Indian Hornbill is sighted near Seethanadi Nature Camp. List of Avifauna is furnished at ANNEXURE –VI.

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3.1.10 – Forage available:

Food and forage are available in abundance till the end of December or early January. Scarcity of fodder for the animals is felt during the dry season from February to the onset of monsoon. Most of the minor forest produce like nelli, myrobolans, leaves, fruits and flowers form the food for many wild animals and birds. Unfortunately some of these products also have commercial value and therefore extracted by locals for the market. Thus the animals and birds are deprived of their legitimate food, especially during the pinch period.

Peculiar situation of fodder scarcity prevails towards the northern part of the sanctuary. The entire area is full of thick evergreen forests and therefore totally devoid of grasses. Herbivores find it a good habitat only for the day and by night most of them pour out in to the adjoining rubber estates and areca gardens along the western boundary. Areca gardens are overgrown with fresh green grasses because of sprinkler irrigation. Floor of the rubber estates is densely covered by creeper Peuraria javanica which is a legume sown for controlling the weeds. It is very palatable. Wild herbivores are tempted to visit the rubber estates regularly and therefore the persistent complaints of crop raids especially in Shedimane and Ballimane village limits.

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4.1.1 – General: As per the information available in working plans, indiscriminate killing of tiger, guar, sambar and lion tailed macaque was in practice in the past for pleasure, skin, claws, meat, trophy and medicines. As a result, the number of wild animals dwindled and some species were on the verge of extinction. With the enactment of Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972 and increasing consciousness about nature conservation and wildlife protection, poaching activities have come down drastically. It is observed that the population of wild animals in the protected area is increasing as experienced by their frequent sighting and indirect evidence such as cattle kills, dung, scat etc.

4.1.2 – Silvicultural systems and tending operations: Both selection and clear felling systems existed in the sanctuary area in the past. Almost the entire plains and part of foothills were clear felled and plantations of teak and softwood species raised on large scale with varying degrees of success. Selection fellings for timber, sleepers and plywood were carried out in the remaining parts of the sanctuary. Although there is total cessation of commercial forestry including harvest of NTFPs in the last 7-8 years, there is heavy pressure on the sanctuary particularly for firewood, small timber and biomass requirements of the surrounding villagers. At present, people are allowed to collect dry firewood and leaf litter on head loads for domestic use.

4.1.3 – Administrative set up: The sanctuary is managed by Range Forest Officer, Wildlife Range, Someshwara supported by two foresters and five forest guards under the guidance of Assistant Conservator of Forests, Wildlife Sub Division, Kundapur. The Deputy Conservator of Forests, Kudremukh Wildlife Division, Karkala is the controlling authority of the sanctuary. Organisational flow chart is given in Plate – 3.

Someshwara Wildlife Sanctuary, Management Plan January 2011 to December 2015

-14- 4.1.4 – Organisation of forest areas:

For the purpose of this management plan, the sanctuary is divided in to ten compartments. Ballimane SF is divided in to four compartments and the remaining six RFs are constituted in to one compartment each. Natural features such as prominent streams, hill ridges, patrolling tracks and high ways have been used as compartment boundaries. The beats and sections are reconstituted so as to be co-terminus with the newly constituted compartments. Description of all the blocks and compartments and their allotment to the beats and sections concerned is furnished in ANNEXURE – VII. Maps showing the new arrangement have to be provided up to the beat levelDemarcation of compartment boundary and beat boundary has to be marked on the ground as per map. Beats and sections have been reorganized in terms of the compartments as indicated in the flow chart at Plate - 3. A miniature map of the area organisation is provided at Plate – 4.

4.1.5 – Infrastructure development:

Patrolling tracks connecting Bandimata of Old Someshwara to Madamakki (6 km) and Dulli to Jaddinagadde near Ballimane (17.5 km) have been formed and maintained. A link track from Shedimane (Menasinahadi) to Ballimane, in turn connecting the

Dulli-Jaddinagadde track has also Patrolling track at Old Someshwara been formed. These are the three major patrolling tracks, which cover almost 90% of the sanctuary. The Bandimata–Madamakki game track is meant for the use of tourists. Dulli-Jaddinagadde track is primarily for protection purpose as it cuts through the length of the sanctuary in the core area. 15 mini bridges and culverts have been constructed on these tracks so as to be motorable throughout the year but these have been damaged by the Naxalities and needs immediate repairs. List of patrolling tracks and trekking path are furnished at ANNEXURE – VIII

Someshwara Wildlife Sanctuary, Management Plan January 2011 to December 2015

-15- Living accommodation has been provided for all the staff members. However, some of the quarters require upgradation, addition of bathrooms and toilets, water supply, electrification, etc. Anti poaching camp shed is constructed at Hanja but is being destroyed by the Naxalites. A few signboards have been provided all along the highways but needs to add more to create awareness and has to be maintained regularly. Wireless network with a repeater at Haddinabare was established but again destroyed by the Naxalites and hence not working. All the executive staffs were equipped with walkie talkies however are not working without maintainance. Hence a provision has been made to provide mobile sets to all the staff up to the guards level for better communication. List of buildings pertaining in to the sanctuary is furnished at ANNEXURE – IX.

Entry barriers:

Every patrolling track is provided with entry and exit barriers (Steel gates). These are permanent structures with lock and key. Keys are deposited with officers only. They are always maintained in closed and locked condition. They should be greased and painted every year.

Vehicles:

One jeep is provided to Range Forest officer and one is provided to Assistant Conservator of Forests. The vehicles are old and in poor condition and hence needs replacements. There is no separate vehicle meant for tourists exclusively. There is need for one more vehicle for the tourists to go round the sanctuary and patrolling during the fire season. The present Jeeps are 10 to 13 years old and hence the protection works gets hampered. It is proposed to buy two new vehicles during the plan period. Watch towers:

There is one old watchtower– near the Seethanadi Nature Camp. It is not being maintained and therefore it is not in good condition. Hence needs to be maintained every year. Watch tower near Seethanadi

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List of ponds is furnished at ANNEXURE –X. List of watchtowers, wireless towers, entry barriers, etc., are furnished at ANNEXURE – XI Infrastructure map is furnished in Plate – 5.

4.1.6 – Visitor Management and Conservation Education Tourism The flow of tourists in the sanctuary has increased considerably and the need for facilities is expected by the visitors to this sanctuary. It is meant for tourist activities like wildlife viewing, nature camps, picnic spots, recreation and environmental awareness etc. The Seethanadi Nature Camp is situated on the bank of Seethanadi river and 4Kms away from the Hebri village. The Nature Camp consists of a dormitory having 12 beds and a cottage having 2 beds at Seethanadi along with 2 pergolas. Ten numbers of Tents are constructed which would be pleasure staying for tourists . Tourists will be charged with an entry fee of Rs.40 for adults and Rs.20 for children and halting fee and cost of food are separate as per the order of Chief wild life warden . From July to September river rafting will be carried out in Seethanadi river. It is located on the Udupi-Agumbe state highway and is a resting place for the travellers, and learn something about the nature during the resting time so as to develop interest in Environmental conservation. It is a special attraction for the student community and local clubs like Rotary, Lions, Jaycees etc. The following facilities are available in the nature camp viz are

1. Reception counter. 8. Bird’s trail. 2. Tents for stay 9. Activity cum dining area. 3. Antiskid path way to river. 10. Store room 4. Antiskid path way to tent 11. Children adventure activity base. games for age group 6 to 12 5. Paragola-2 year

6. Nature walk trail. 7. Herpito Trail

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The sanctuary is surrounded by locally well known tourist attractions like the Agumbe Sunset viewpoint, Kudlu theertha falls ,Jomlu Theertha falls, Vonkaobbaya falls, historical Mooda Ganapathi temple, Agumbe evergreen forests etc. The sanctuary offers good opportunities to tourists, especially bird watchers, nature lovers and trekkers. Now river rafting has also been going on in Seethanadi river for tourists.

4.1.7 – Research, monitoring and training: The Silviculturist, South zone, Madikere has the following research plots inside the sanctuary :TABLE: 2 – List of research plots inside the sanctuary :

Sl. Name of the Extent Year Species grown No. reserve forest (in ha.)

1 1976 Ballimane RF 2.00 MFP & Evergreen species

2 1977 Ballimane RF 1.00 MFP & Evergreen species

3 1978 Someshwara Old 2.00 MFP & Evergreen species

4 1978 Ballimane RF 1.00 MFP & Evergreen species

5 1979 Someshwara New 2.80 MFP & Evergreen species

6 1984 Someshwara New 3.00 Teak

7 1986 Ballimane RF 5.00 Bamboo

8 1986 Ballimane RF 3.00 MFP & Evergreen species

9 1988 New Someshwara RF 2.00 MFP & Evergreen species

10 1989 Someshwara Old RF 2.25 MFP & Evergreen species

11 1989 Someshwara Old RF 5.00 MFP & Evergreen species

12 1989 Someshwara Old RF 1.00 MFP & Evergreen species

13 1991 Ballimane RF 2.00 Hopea weightiana

14 1992 Ballimane RF 5.00 Artocarpus lakoocha

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Table : 3 Statement showing the details of research conducted for the last ten years (From 1998-99 to 2007-08) at Someshwar wildlife sanctuary

Sl. Year Subject Person/Organization Period Remark No 1 2007-08 Phyto-diversity Dr.G R Hegde,Prof 2 Years studies and Chairman, Department of Botany,Karnataka University,Dharwada (Prakash) 2 2007-08 DBT Project on Shri.Ganeshaiah, 2 Years mapping and Coordinator,DBT Quantitative Project assessment of Plant ,GKVK,Bangalore Resource 3 2007-08 Clarifying species Dr.K.Praveen 2Year status of different Karanth morphotype langurs Asst Prof:CES IISc, Bangalore 4 2007-08 DNA bar coding of Dr.K.Praveen 2Year selected species of Karanth Karnataka Asst Prof:CES IISc, Bangalore 5 2008 Survey of Biological DCF Kudremukh Wild 1 Year Studies diversity in Life Division,Karkal completed Kudremukh Forest (Karthik, Vasudevan, complex Mevasingh,V.R Singh)

6. 2004 Study on Eco- Sri T.V. Mohandas 5 Year Tourism and IFS, Conservator of Conservation with Forest and General Special reference of Manger KCDC Ltd. butterflies. Mangalore. 7. 2008 Documentry on King Mr. Romulas 10 Year Cobra and king Whitaker ICON cobra telementry FILIMS, Bristol U.k. Project. 8. 2004-05 Semnopthceus Dr. R. Krishmani, 1 Year species namely S. Director (Research) hypole ulos, S The Rain forest Dussumieri, S. Institute Coimbatore. Priam (Hanuman or common langur )of south India.

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9. 2005-06 Collection of Arctid Dr. Jagbir Singh 1 Year moths species from Kirti,Principal different localities of Investigator Karnataka. Department of Zoology Punjabi University, Patialia Punjab (Ratesh Kumar) 10 2006-07 a) An assessment of Dr, V.B. Mather, Dean 7 Months anuran deformities and Faculty of Wildlife identification of their Seciences Wildlife casual mechanism in Institute of India some protected areas of Dehardun. central Western Ghats. b) Pattern in the plant species richness and diversity in Forestry Fragments of Western Ghats in Karnataka. 11 2006 Survey of Hornbills Dr. T.R. Shankar 1 Month and endemic birds at Raman & Dr. Divya KNP, Someshwara & Muddappa, Ecologist, Mookambika Wildlife Nature Conservation Sanctuaries. Foundation, Mysore. 12 2005-06 Survey on Malabar N.V.K. Ashraf, 2 Year Civit for conservation Director, Wildlife purpose in various rescue Wildlife trust park & Sanctuaries of of India, New Delhi Karnataka. (Sidharth Rao) 13. 2007-08 DNA barcoding of Dr. Praveen Karanth 2 Years selected species of IISc, Bangalore. Karnataka 14 2007-08 Clarifying species Chetan Nag.K.S. IISc 2 Years status of different Bangaore morphotypes of langours

Population estimation of Lion tailed macaque was carried out by Sri. V.R Singh I.F.S. and others and a brief summary of the findings is given below.

The western Ghats harbours a remarkable Diversity of plant and animal life because of which the hills have been recognized as one of eight hotspots’ of biodiversity in the world (Myers et al.,2000).

The most conspicuous of the arboreal mammals are several species of non- human primates including the Lion-tailed macaque Macaca silenus, Nilgiri langur Semnopithecus johnii, bonnet macaque (Macaca radiate) and the Hanuman langur (Semnopithecus entellus entellus/priam.) While the Lion-tailed macaque and Nilgiri langur are endemic to the Western Ghats, the other two species are widespread throughout southern India.

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-20- The Lion – tailed macaque (LTM): The Lion-tailed macaque ranges through three southern Indian states : Karnataka, Tamil Nadu and Kerala. Because of its highly selective feeding habits, limited range of occupancy (about 2500 km2), delayed sexual maturity, Long inter-birth intervals, low population turnover and a small remaining wild population, this species has been classified as endangered (IUCN, 2003). The population status of the species, as a whole, however, continues to be elusive over most of its range. Karanth (1992), while outlining the conservation prospects for the Western Ghats, Emphasized the importance of the lion-tailed macaque as a flagship species of the rapidly declining rainforests of this biodiversity hotspot. The findings from recent surveys on the status of lion-tailed macaques in, Someshwara wild life Sanctuary (SWS) is as follows. Physical features of the study sites

Protected Area Altitude range Lat-Long Range Rainfall Area (km)2) (m ASL) Someshwara 13027’54”- 13030’54”N, Someshwara 88.40 4000 75-870 WS 74056’09”- 74059’45”E

RESULTS The total number of lion-tailed macaque individuals and groups sighted during the survey period. 4 group in Someshwara wildlife sanctuary. Though groups were found from a minimum altitude of 124m ASL to the maximum altitude of 1400 m ASL, 83.3% of the sightings were between 300m ASL and 900m ASL.

Sightings and estimation of lion-tailed macaque group in SWS.

KM No. of Total animal Estimated Total animals sighted Range Walked Sightings sighted groups in estimated groups Someshwara 199 11 59 4 32

Comparison of present findings with Karanth(1985) on status of lion- tailed macaques in Someshwara wild life sanctuary.Values in the brackets are percentage of the current estimation compared to the Karanth(1985).

Range Karanth (1985) Current census Someshwara 3 51 4(133.3) 32(62.7)

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Large contiguous population of the lion-tailed macaque are expected to occur only in very few regions over the entire Western Ghats and the conservation status of the species is likely to differ across these sparse Populations.

It is evident from the body of the literature that there are very few know viable population left in the nature. The Lion-tailed macaque population in Someshwara WS is the only largest viable population among the protected areas.

We suggest the population assessment in these reserve forest ever two years to compare the existing population size and they also should be monitored continuously within this protected areas network.

Recommendations:

1. Annual population monitoring of the lion-tailed macaque both at protected areas and their adjacent reserves forest are necessary to understand the population status and viability. 2. Wherever the protected area in the Western Ghats include this species, the lion-tailed macaque can be considered as a ’flagship species’ to enlist public support for conservation. 3. Precautionary steps should be taken to prevent poaching and special package should be chalked out for its Protection & conservation. 4. Steps should do be taken to retain the primary forest with continuous canopy.

4.1.8 – Past expenditure on development works:

Summary of expenditure after the declaring as PA is given is furnished at ANNEXURE –XII.

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5.1.1–Location, extent and demography of zone of influence (ZI): Someshwara Wildlife Sanctuary is surrounded by human settlements all along the periphery except on the Shimoga district border. Many rice mills and cashew factories have been established in places like Seethanadi, Someshwara, Hebri, Mudradi and Chara. Hebri township is developing fast. Proposal for formation of a new revenue taluk with head quarters at Hebri is being pursued actively. There is good employment potential here and therefore many people are migrating from the neighboring villages. As a result, demand for the fuelwood in Hebri town as well as the near by hamlets is increasing rapidly.

Villages outside and inside the PA are Hebri, Mudradi, Nadpal, Kuchur, Belanje of Karkala taluks and Madamakki, Belve, Albady, Shedimane and Amasebyle of Kundapur taluk and also Nalkur village of Udupi taluk. Inside the PA many exclosures exist. A list of enclosure is given in ANNEXURE - XIII Important among them is Hanja (includes Karimane and Yedamala), which is situated right in the center of core zone. Most of the population depends on the forests of the Someshwara Wildlife Sanctuary directly or indirectly for their biomass requirement, water for cultivation and grazing of cattle. People in the low income group (below poverty line) especially Koragas depend on the forests for their livelihood by way of collecting firewood from the neighboring sanctuary areas and sell the same at Hebri.

5.1.2 – Economic trends in and around the PA : Agriculture is the major occupation in and around the sanctuary. They grow paddy, areca and coconut. Some depend on employment provided by the cashew factories and rice mills. Almost all the villagers rear cattle of local breed and occasionally cross breeds. They depend on forests for grazing their cattle. Milk collection points have been established at Madamakki, Shedimane, Ardi, Jaddinagadde, Someshwara, Kuchur, Hebri etc. Dairy industry is being encouraged by the local bodies.

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5.1.3 – PA management practices and their implications for people:

Better and effective protection to the PA is boosting the wildlife population-giving rise to man animal conflicts in the PA. Restrictions on NTFPs collection from the PA have irked the pleasure of those who depend upon them for livelihood. The PA management faces the animosity of such people persistently.

5.1.4 – Development programmes and conservation issues:

Many developmental programmes have been carried out in the PA. A network of rural roads has been developed. Almost each and every house has an approach road connected to panchayath roads, which are in turn connected to arterial roads. Similarly almost all houses in the PA are provided with telephones and electric power supply. A number of government offices, schools, college, etc., have been established in and around the PA. A mini-hydel project on Seethanadi at Jomblu theertha was proposed but was rejected by the department at the ground level. If this was implemented, major part of Thenkahola RF would have been submerged under water and the dense forest cover would have been lost. Transmission lines for power and telephones have already lost some forest cover in PA.

5.1.5 – Summary of prevailing economic situation:

Prices of agricultural produce and industrial employment are on a downward trend. Unemployment is on the rise locally. People tend to revert frequently to old time professions to overcome distress and insufficient income. Biomass based economy affects the conservation of the PA adversely in a number of ways. So the relationship between local people and the PA management is bound to be uneasy for quite sometime. Hence Eco-development committees were formed during the year 2003 to seek public cooperation in preservation and conservation of flora and fauna of the PA.

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5.1.6 – General scenario of forest protection:

Large human and cattle population living within the sanctuary covers the southern half. Sitanadi river passes through the sanctuary. There are quite a number of settlements on either side of the Seetanadi river and most of them are now covered with areca and coconut orchards. Therefore people find it easy to invade the forest for leaf mulch, grazing cattle, gathering firewood etc. Because of close proximity to Hebri town ship, a large number of landless people settled near Jatkatmale RF are engaged in professional head loading. They switch between sale of firewood and dry leaf mulch depending upon season and market demand. Koraga population living around heavily utilizes Mathkalgudde RF for livelihood. The people in Albadi, Belanje, Horakallu and Gummara exclosures use Tenkahola RF extensively for fuelwood as well as dry leaf. Because of the honey combing nature of the habitations, it is really difficult to afford lawful protection to this part of the sanctuary. However, the northern half has a completely different story. Here the human population is very thin. There are no serious protection problems and the forest is in very good stand.

5.1.7 – Poaching:

Poaching of animals is rather rare and confined mainly to the fringes of cultivations. The crop protection arms in possession of the farmers trigger lot. Intentional poaching cannot be entirely ruled out as the sanctuary area is a mosaic of different land tenures. However the staff are vigilant 24 hours and due care is taken to take action against the culprits. Abstract of licensed gun holders within the sanctuary limits is furnished in Annexure-XIV. However during the last 7 years no poaching incident has taken place within the sanctuary. This is shown in the statement of offence cases in Table 4

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5.1.8 – Illegal removal of NWFPs:

Non-wood forest produce includes ramapatre, manthuhuli, dalchini leaves, muruganahuli, halmaddi resin etc. Prior to 1995, the territorial forest division was leasing out NTFPs to LAMP Society and other forest contractors. They used to collect NWFPs from all over the forest including the sanctuary area. The sanctuary area is now excluded from lease but superstitious collection continues. However the tendering of NWFPS by neighbouring divisions should be banned completely so as to avoid the contractors stealing from the PA.

5.1.9 – Encroachment:

There are no encroachments inside the sanctuary. But the buffer zone of 100 meters around reserved forests boundaries have already been either occupied or cultivated by the adjoining ryots. They also try to draw water from the sanctuary through pipes and open channels to irrigate their agricultural crops.This activity is also under control.

5.1.10 –Land grants in Chara :

A peculiar situation prevails in Chara village. A block of 414 acres in two bits was proposed for notification as a reserved forest in early 70’s but unfortunately it was not gazetted. Meanwhile the sanctuary notification was issued including this area also in the year 1974. Contending that the area doesn’t have the status of a reserved forest, the revenue authorities went ahead and granted land for 64 families who have settled down and taken possession of the better part of the block. A Navodaya school has also been established over 20 ha. of land on the road side. Until the recent interpretation of the word ‘forest’ by the Honorable Supreme Court, forest authorities ignored the matter but now it has become an intractable problem and needs to be resolved early. The High Court of Karnataka , single bench has given its verdict in the year 2009 favouring the villagers. The case is appealed by the Govt. to a higher bench and the case is under progress.

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However this is a situation wherein the villagers are against the departmental activities and need to be solved at the earliest. The department has suggested remedial measures to exclude the problematic area and add some vulnerable area in the PA. However a decision has to be taken by the State Wildlife Board in this regard which is awaited.

5.1.11 – Domestic livestock grazing: About 15070 cattle survive within the sanctuary as per the report collected from the local veterinary offices. Grazing is excessive around villages, foothills and gentle slopes. Dense evergreen forests do not have grasses and therefore don’t have any grazing problem. Hence stall feeding and high milching animals will be encouraged. Besides every year vaccination of the cattle with the cooperation of the veterinary department is carried out in the villages to the cattle population to avoid foot and mouth disease occurring and affecting the wild life population.

5.1.12 – Wild fires:

Wild fires are occasional in the sanctuary. General preventive measures are taken by engaging firewatchers and carrying out fire tracing works. Occasionally fires are reported in Jomblu RF and Chara block as they contain plantations of Acacia and Casuarina and are overgrown with weeds and grasses surrounding the habitations. Dry grasses on the rocky cliffs of the ghats sometimes catch fire due to negligence from honey collectors .Trainings is apiculture and awareness to the EDC members is proposed to avoid this problem. Cooperation is sought from the EDC members during fires and to check smuggling activities. A fire crisis management plan was prepared and submitted to the MOEF in the year 2010 and a copy of the same is given in ANNEXURE - XV

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5.1.13 – Insect attacks and pathological problems: No major problems of insect attacks and pathological problems have been reported in the natural stands of the sanctuary. Defoliation of teak and Ailanthus are an annual feature.

5.1.14 – Fragmentation of sanctuary by illegal roads:

Each one of the sprinkled house holds in the sanctuary have developed full fledged jeepable roads connecting them to the nearby major roads. Many households are connected by more than one road. Panchayaths have been enthusiastically constructing permanent bridges at very huge costs but only with prior approval from the concerned authorities. At a net result, the sanctuary is splintered very badly. Men and vehicles move on these roads almost through out the day and very few areas are free from human interference.

5.1.15 – Magnitude of forest offences: Violations of forest law are petty in nature and are indulged in as a matter of course. Since they are livelihood issues, they are tackled according to the existing laws. List of offence cases booked in the last five years is as under :-

Table – 5 : Offence cases in Someshwara Wildlife Sanctuary :

Sl. Year Illicit Illegal Poaching Other Total No. felling NTFP cases cases cases Cases 1 2003-04 1 - - - 1 2 2004-05 5 4 - 1 10 3 2005-06 9 - - 9 18 4 2006-07 9 3 - 6 18 5 2007-08 13 3 - 1 17 6 2008-09 9 4 - 1 14 7 2009-10 14 3 - - 17 Total 60 17 - 18 95

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GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION OF OFFECE CASES IN SOMESHWARA WILDLIFE SANCTUARY

2003-04, 2004-05, 2009-10, 1No 10 Nos 17 Nos

2003-04 2005-06, 2004-05 18 Nos 2005-06 2008-09, 2006-07 14 Nos 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10

2006-07, 2007-08, 17 Nos 18 Nos

Other cases includes APC camp damage, Death of wild animals due to accidents, forest fires, ramp bridge damage case, illegal entry into Sanctuary. NAXAL DAMAGES DURING THE LAST FIVE YEARS WITHIN THE PA Naxal activities started within this Protected area during the year 2004. Thereafter the damages caused within the protected area is listed as below.

Damages caused within the protected area Date Naxalite incidents occurred 06-01-2005 Sri. Nagappa Pujari, Forest Guard, abducted in Hosgadde, in Shankarnarayan Range of Kundapur Division, kept in custody for 4 hours and set free without any harm. They shouted slogans like ‘Naxalite zindabad’ and warned that FD should not trouble local people. 28-03-2005 An armed gang of 8 members came to Madamakki, Shedimane, Hanja (an enclosure in Ballimane R.F.) and in Maya Bazar locality on 28-03-2005 and distributed handout. 30-03-2005 Same members reached Megadde, Koodlu, Thinglay in Someshwara R.F. 30-03-2005 Some miscreants have trespassed into the Someshwara Wildlife and Sanctuary and destroyed one minor bridge on Dulli – Hanja patrolling 31-03-2005 road. They have left some printed hand bills and hand written posters under the names viz. C.P.I. (Maoist) A.R.C.S., K.R.C.S., M.V. etc. In the hand bills, it is stated among other issues that they have pledged to fulfill the vision of camred Saketh Rajan. There forest cases have been booked in the regard in Someshwara Wildlife Range for the offences under sections 27, 29 and 31 read with sections 51 of Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972.

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18-05-2005 Some miscreants have trespassed into the Someshwara Wildlife Sanctuary and destroyed one minor bridge on Dulli – Hanja patrolling road. They have left two printed hand bills under the name CPI (Maoist). In the hand bill, it is stated among other issues that they have pledged to fulfill the vision of camred Saketh Rajan. They have also given call to oppose implementation of VAT and reject VAT (Value Added Tax) A forest case has been booked in this regard in Someshwara Wildlife Range for the offences under sections 27, 29 and 31 read with section 51 of Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972 27-02-2006 A group of miscreants destroyed the anti poaching camp at Hanja of Someshwara Range and threw some handbills inside the shed and also destroyed the 3 cairns of reserve forest. 11-3-2006 A group of Naxalities detained the staff and labours who are engaged in plantation works in Hanja area in Someswara Range . They threatened them and told to stop the plantation works. 15-05-2008 Suspected naxalites killed Sri. Bhoja Shetty and Suresh Shetty near Seethanadi in Nadpal village while they are returning to home after election campaign. 3-11-2008 On3-11-2008 at around 00.30 hrs, naxalites visited the house of Sri. Narayana Naika, P.C.P watcher in Anti- poaching camp at Hanja and warned him that he has to give up the job in forest department. When he resisted he was manhandled and his mobile and landline phone are destroyed. Further they disappeared into the forest. 20-06-2005 Some miscreants obstructed to the planting work taken up by the Someshwara Wildlife Range at Albady section. The gang were four men and one woman. They warned the labours not to do the work and also distributed the 5 types of hand bills to forester and warned them to stop the plantation works immediately

The anti naxal force of the State Government is deployed in some areas but the departmental staff and anti poaching infrastructures need to be developed to overcome the naxal activities. For this a special package is needed for the management of the Someshwara Wildlife Sanctuary and special allowances to the forest protection staffs need to be given.

5.1.16 – Staff for forest protection :

In order to protect the sanctuary from encroachments, illicit fellings, poaching, fire and smuggling, existing range staff are engaged in regular patrolling for forest areas. The sanctioned staff strength consists of two foresters and six forest guards. Generally 10% of the frontline posts remain vacant. List of required executive staff is furnished in ANNEXURE – XVI and XVI (a)

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DETAILS OF EACH TYPE OF PRESSURE THAT THE SANCTUARY IS UNDER ARE DESCRIBED IN THE FOLLOWING PARAGRAPHS. 6.1.1- Poaching:

With the implementation of the Wildlife (protection) Act, 1972, hunting got totally prohibited in the state since 1975. But farmers in and around the sanctuary posses 350 licensed weapons for crop protection as shown in ANNEXURE- XIV

Poaching is very rare and it is confined to small fauna. This is controlled by patrolling round the clock by the staff and creating general awareness about the conservation policies among the people through EDCs

6.1.2 Illegal felling of trees : Panther killed by Poachers

Illegal removal of firewood and small timber is an age old practice of villagers in and around the sanctuary. Usually they collect dead and fallen materials. Sometimes green trees are also cut. But this is very rare. Consequently degradation is seen along the fringes up to depth of 2-3 kms. However, it is well controlled by the Range staff.

6.1.3- Illegal removal of NTFP :

Apart from agriculture, people, both tribal as well as non-tribal, derive seasonal income from collection and selling of NTFP’s In fact this has been a tradition of tribals. Annual income ranges between Rs. 5000/- to Rs. 10,000/- per family mainly from the dalchini leaves, honey, rind of garcinia, soap nut etc. there is intense competition among the inhabitants to collect forest produce as a result of which some trees are harvested completely even before crop is mature. Driving force of this activity is poverty and unemployment. Species affected are represented very poorly in the younger age classes.

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Prior to formation of the Kudremukh Wildlife Division, right of MFP collection used to be sold in auction or was allotted to the local LAMP society. It was revenue oriented. Once the sanctuary came under the control of wildlife wing, legal NTFP removal is totally stopped.

In spite of restrictions, illegal removal of halmaddi, dalchinni leaves etc., is often and offence cases are booked, because it is auctioned in the neighbouring territorial divisions. However the EDC’s are guided to keep a check on such illegal activities.

6.1.4 Illegal collection of leaf litter;

The practice of collecting leaf litter in large quantities in admittedly undesirable. However , it is an age old practice and even today wide spread. Undergrowth is hacked and well-grown trees are lopped for leaf litter. This practice not merely destroys the existing regeneration and young saplings but it alters the soil surface conditions. People from surrounding areas collect leaf litter and often transport it by vehicles. Large work forces of women are exclusively employed on collection and sale of dry leaf litter in the summer season. Each farmer requires on an average 300 ballies for use around his paddy cultivation during monsoon. They last hardly one season. Therefore every year, ballies have to be cut and farmlands have to be fenced against cattle and wild animals. However, the local villagers are target and convinced by forest staff against the illegal practices.

6.1.5 Grazing;

Cattle are found grazing all over the sanctuary except on the steep slopes. There is very little of grass in the thickly wooded areas. People are compelled to send their cattle in to the sanctuary for grazing purpose. Cattle are found using whatever little grasses are available during the monsoon. But depend on the tender shoots, flowers, ponds, etc,. in the post monsoon months. However it is under control by the forest staff in co operation with the EDCs.

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6.1.6 ;Man and Animal conflict ;

This is a great problem in the coming years and the animals like Bison, Deer, Peacock enter the paddy fields and damage the crops of the farmers. In some cases they kill the human beings or in turn the wild animals are killed by villagers due to fear. Suitable compensation is paid to the villagers for crop damage or human kill. But the amount is meager compared to the loss caused.

Table 6: Compensation paid for last 5 years for crop damage within the Sanctuary limits.

S.No. Year Amount

1 2005-06 45000.00

2 2006-07 39900.00

3 2007-08 41083.00

4 2008-09 35300.00

5 2009-10 43200.00

Falls near Haddinabare

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7.1.1 – General :

Someshwara Wildlife Sanctuary is an attractive tract of evergreen and semi-evergreen forests with rich and varied flora and fauna. A portion of the sanctuary has been able to retain its pristine nature and it must be our endeavor to spread it to the entire sanctuary.

7.1.2 – Objectives of management:

(a) To conserve the floral and faunal diversity of SWL Sanctuary by creating conditions under which wildlife population may reach its optimum level.

(b) To excel in the natural and cultural heritage management of sanctuary by acknowledging and utilizing traditional and scientific expertise

( c) To create awareness among the people about the need to protect the nature in general and Someshwara Wildlife Sanctuary in particular.

(d) By implementing the eco-development activities seek cooperation of the villagers to reduce the biotic pressure on the sanctuary and minimise man-animal conflicts.

(e) To maintain and develop, eco-tourism within the permissible limits and inculcate the interest in preservation and conservation of nature among the public.

(f) To share and maintain the tourist spots with the EDCs cooperation.

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7.1.3 – Conservation values in Someshwara Wildlife Sanctuary;

a) It is a small but representative sample of western ghat eco-system west of Agumbe – the “Chirrapunji of South India”.

b) It is the preferred habitat to the endangered lion tailed macaque, Great Indian Hornbill, King cobra and such rare animals.

c) It is the catchment for Seethanadi River.

d) It is a rich biodiversity area of considerable scientific, educational and recreational value.

7.1.4 – Problems in achieving objectives:

a) Unscientific formation of the PA,

b) Presence of settlements in the PA,

c) Presence of highways and arterial roads,

d) High level of human interference in the sanctuary,

e) Heavy livestock grazing especially on the south,

f) Inadequate staffing and funding,

g) Lack of qualified guides.

h) Illegal removal of NTFP

7.1.5 – Plan period :

This plan is prepared for a period of five years commencing from January 2011 to December 2015. Revision should be taken and completed by 2014. If new areas are added so as to substantially alter the shape and size of the sanctuary, revision should be taken up immediately thereafter.

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8.1.1 – General :

Strategies which have long term effect on the improvement of the sanctuary will be taken up in addition to a set of programmes that are required for the usual upkeep and maintenance of the sanctuary. The strategies proposed to be followed are as under :

a) Reorganizing the sanctuary areas to cover the maximum biodiversity and to protect its ecological integrity, b) Habitat protection and management for conducive environment for animals to thrive and breed, c) Eco tourism activities for the purpose of education, publicity and recreation, d) Addressing the problems of inhabitants in the fringes through a properly designed eco-development programme and e) Reducing the anthropogenic pressure from within by

offering attractive rehabilitation package especially for

the people residing in the core zone.

f) Conserving Biodiversity for the People of Today and Tomorrow

Malbar Giant squirrel

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8.1.2 – Strategy – 1. Reorganization of the sanctuary areas :

The present Someshwara Wildlife Sanctuary covers only the western facet of the famous Agumbe ghat. Parts of the sanctuary are disconnected. It is also peppered by quite a number of habitations. The sanctuary will be ecologically incomplete without adding following Reserved Forests Sl. Name of The Extent Range Division No Reserved Forest (Hectares)

1 Someshwara Reserved 10787.49 Ha Hebri territorial Kundapur Forest range

2 Agumbe State Forest 5241.83 Ha Agumbe Range Shimoga

3 Balehalli State Forest 1908.91 Ha Agumbe Range Shimoga

4 New Someshwara RF 76.40 Ha Someshwara Karkala extension Wild Life Range

Someshwara Reserved Forest is the catchment of Seethanadi river. It is a huge reserved forest of 10787.49 Ha containing very few habitations but a very high density of wildlife. Balehalli and Agumbe State Forests represent high elevation evergreen forests and are renowned for very high bio-diversity. In fact these two state forests have the reputation of being among the best evergreen forests within the state and are the study sites for many probationers and scientists. Logging was not very excessive and therefore the original composition of the forest remains largely intact. Agumbe state forest is spread over 5241.83 ha. and is totally free from any habitations. Presently it is tapped heavily by the NTFP contractors and several endangered species are eliminated from the younger classes. Therefore it is absolutely necessary to reorganize the areas of the sanctuary by including only 5 state forests, viz., the Someshwara Reserve Forest, New Someshwara Reserve Forest, Ballimane Reserve Forest, Agumbe Reserve Forest and Balehalli State

Forest. A map of the existing and proposed areas is furnished in Plate –6.

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8.1.3 – Strategy – 2. Habitat management and protection:

The sanctuary has been divided into zones for the purpose of management as indicated in the map in Plate – 7.

a) Core zone: This covers compartments 1 to 5. This zone is meant for total protection and conservation of wildlife and its habitat.

b) Habitat improvement zone: This covers compartments 6 to 10. This zone is open to basic forestry operations in so far as it concerns habitat improvement without disturbing the wildlife. A Elephant proof trench or stone wall to prevent the wild animals crossing over to farmlands is necessary over a distance of 12 kms from Mandi to Madamakki, then to Kudrubeedu up to Menasehadi. Several illegal jeepable roads can be easily closed down permanently by providing diversion paths away from the sanctuary. This is easily one of the most important components required for consolidating the habitat.

8.1.4 – Strategy - 3. Eco tourism, education and publicity :

a) Tourism zone :

This zone is around Seethanadi nature camp and covers Jatkatmale RF, Old Someshwara RF, Jomblukadu RF and Mavinakodlu RF. It is an overlapping zone. It is

meant for tourist activities Seethanadi Forest Guest House like wildlife viewing, nature camps,trekking,river rafting, picnic spots, recreation etc. The Seethanadi Nature Camp is situated on the bank of Seethanadi river and 4Kms away from the Hebri village. The Nature Camp consists of a dormitory having 12 beds and a cottage having 2 beds at Seethanadi along with 2 pergolas. Ten numbers of Tents are constructed which would be pleasure staying for tourists Someshwara Wildlife Sanctuary, Management Plan January 2011 to December 2015

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Tourists will be charged with an entry fee of Rs.40 for adults and Rs.20 for children as per the orders of the Chief Wildlife Warden. From July to September a river rafting in Seethanadi river will be enjoyable for tourists. This nature camp is located on the Udupi-Agumbe state highway. It is a special attraction for the student community and local clubs like Rotary, Lions, Jaycees, etc. to study nature and create awareness about wildlife and offers good opportunities to tourists, especially bird watchers, nature lovers and trekkers. It is proposed that the maintenance of the Nature Camp will be done through the EDC’s and revenue generated to be revolved. b) Eco-sensitive zone : Area within 5 kms radius of the sanctuary outside the PA is treated as eco-sensitive zone. The villages included in this zone are Amasebyle, Shedimane, Madamakki, Belvi, Albadi of Kundapur taluk and Mudradi, Hebri, Nadpal, Kuchur and Belanje of Karkala taluk. A large population of human beings and livestock and the traditional agricultural practices in this zone directly affect the PA. Demographic information of this zone is furnished at ANNEXURE – XVII and in Plate – 8. c) Ecosensitive zone map

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8.1.5 – Strategy – 4. Eco-development of fringe villages : In the long run it is imperative to provide certain facilities to the fringe villagers so as to bring a harmony between them and the sanctuary. The eco-development programme addresses this issue. It is to be carried out with the following objectives in mind :

8.1.6 – Objectives :

a) To reduce negative impact of PA on the surrounding villages.

b) To seek co-operation of the local villagers in conserving the wildlife

and solve man-animal conflicts within the Sanctuary.

c) Dairy is a flourishing business within and around the sanctuary.

Quite a number of farmers have already gone for better breeds of

cattle. The remaining people should be encouraged to exchange

malnad giddas to better breeds by providing a matching grant to the

income derived from the sale of malnad giddas.

d) To pay reasonable and immediate compensation to the villagers whose

crop or cattle are damaged/killed by wild animals and seek their

goodwill.

8.1.7 – Strategy – 5. Relocation and rehabilitation package for sanctuary inhabitants :

The revenue and the forest departments jointly carried out a detailed status survey of the villages inside the Someshwara Wildlife Sanctuary in the year 2002. Demographic details of such villages are furnished at ANNEXURE– XVII. The communities present in the sanctuary are mostly forward ones. Scheduled tribes like Marathi Naik and Koragas are also found in some places.

There are 74 families in the core zone of the PA at Hanja, Yedamale and Karimane in the Madamakki village limits. They are together called as Hanja enclosure. Legally it is not as part of the sanctuary. But effectively, due to its location, it is well inside the PA.

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All the families practice agriculture and animal husbandry. 15 Koraga families have been allotted sites and a colony is developed by the taluk panchayath. Each of them holds only 0.05 acre land at Hanja.

There is no life for these agriculturists without the leaf mulch, cattle, NTFPs, fuel wood, small timber and the freedom to move around for which they have to use the sanctuary. Normal rural development works like laying of roads, electrification, telecom lines etc., have already been put on hold. A sincere attempt must be made towards relocating the Hanja enclosure during this plan period on voluntary basis.

4 families at Arisinamane, 1 family from Kirlumane, 23 families from Kabbinale, 13 families from Hanja and 11 families from Yadamale require immediate relocation as these are located in the core area of the sanctuary.

Indian guar (Bison ) grazing in the field

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8.1.8 – Strategy – 6.Protection of Medicinal Plants:

Lot of important medicinal plants are found within the sanctuary and their protection and preservation is very important. Study was carried out with the help of Botony Professor Sri. Beguru D. Prakash of Alvas College, Moodabidri and list is prepared for important and local medicines species found within the sanctuary. The detailed list of these plants along with the common name and their uses for different diseases is listed and put in ANNEXURE – XVIII.

The important medicinal plants are

 Holigarna arnottiana  Sphaeranthus indicus  Terminalia paniculata Holigarna arnottiana  Pseudathriaviscida  Flacourtia montana  Diploclisia glaucescens  Cayratia mollissima

8.1.9 – Strategy – 7. Protection of important ferns : Sphaeranthus indicus A study was done with the help of botanist Dr. K.G.Bhat, Rtd.

Professor, Poornaprajna College, Udupi and the important Ferns found within the Sanctuary were collected and identified. The herbariums of the Ferns are kept in the office and the list of the identified Ferns is enclosed in ANNEXURE-XIX

The important Ferns are

 Tectaria coadunata  Adiantum lunulatum.Burm.  Drynaria quercifolia  Blechnum orientale  Selaginella delicatula ferns

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9.1.1 – Effective protection to the sanctuary : It is of paramount importance to provide the best protection possible for the improvement of the sanctuary. The following steps should be taken in this regard.

9.1.2–Maintenance of boundaries : The sanctuary has a outer perimeter of 130 kms. The enclosure boundaries stretch over 50 kms. As of now boundaries of the PA are well defined. However there needs to be resurveyed once in five years by the survey of India so that the public be made aware of it. They are well demarcated on the ground. In some places, permanent features like river, its tributaries, nalas and roads form the natural boundary. In some Cairns areas, it runs through rock cliffs and dense forests, most of which are not easily accessible. The sanctuary boundary should be permanently demarcated using engraved stone / RCC slabs. D’lines and enclosure boundaries should be cleared whenever habitat development works are taken up in the compartment. Damaged cairns should be reconstructed. A small area of 76.40 ha. now constituted as the New Someshwara RF extension block lies deep inside the PA but it is not a part of it. All sides by the PA surround it. It has to be incorporated in to the PA.

9.1.3- Maintenance of salt licks;-

About 75 salt licks are provided in the sanctuary mostly in the vicinity of water holes, riverbeds and other watercourses in the tourism zone. It is observed that wild animals visit most of the salt licks during the summer. Natural salt licks are scarce in the sanctuary. Hence, maintenance of existing salt licks is necessary. More should be added if felt necessary.

Someshwara Wildlife Sanctuary, Management Plan January 2011 to December 2015

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Due to steep slopes and heavy rains, soil erosion rates are relatively high. This in turn adversely affects water regime and the natural regeneration. In order to conserve soil and water, gully checks, water conservation trenches, contour bunding have to be Gully checks in Ballimane RF constructed in higher reaches. A few check dams and water tanks are also necessary to improve the water availability to the wild animals. Existing water tanks need to be desilted once in two years.

9.1.5 – Prevention of encroachments : Land records are not fully mutated. Only 89% of the records are mutated and the rest have been submitted to the Revenue department for further mutation and being persuaded for its completion. The concerned District Deputy Commissioners have been requested to instruct the officials for its speed completion of works. This work is taken on priority. The existing land holdings in the enclosures are to be surveyed and demarcated to avoid future encroachments. The issues pertaining to Chara and Hanja enclosure should be resolved as soon as possible amicably.

9.1.6 – Administration and patrolling :

a) One antipoaching camp is already working at Hanja. One more antipoaching camp is to be established in Someshwara Reserve forests for better and effective protection of wild animals. b) All the forest guards and foresters are to be provided with latest guns and trained accordingly. They should form into teams of one forester or forest guard plus two antipoaching camp watchers to perform their field rounds. Beats must be perambulated regularly without fail. Records must be maintained for their observations on wildlife or poaching activities occurred if any. c) The existing patrolling tracks should be maintained annually to keep them fit for round the year use. d) The staff should be given incentives on par with the ANF police force for working in the naxal affected areas and proper insurance cover should be provided to Patrolling path them in case of any untoward incidents.

Someshwara Wildlife Sanctuary, Management Plan January 2011 to December 2015

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Fire is one of the problems which should be tackled in time with local cooperation. Nevertheless, fire tracing should be done along the state highways and prominent signboards should be displayed before the start of the season. Small patches of grasslands existing along the ridgeline should have controlled burning in December so as to generate green grass for the herbivores and avoid any fire incidents.

Handbills should be printed and distributed to the surrounding villagers during December/January depicting hazards/damage caused by forest fires. Some of the fire fighting strategies suggested are as follows: (detailed plan is enclosed in the annexure XV)

1 In the month of November discussing with the EDC members

about the fire problem and seeking their co operation to

fight in case of fire.

2. Appointing sufficient fire watchers from among the EDC

members of the village in the month of December to May

of the year.

3. Printing pamphlets and distributing the villagers and

roadside pubic to create awareness about the ill effect of

fire.

4. Purchase of fire fighting kits and giving it to fire watchers

to fight fire during emergency.

9.1.8 – Habitat Management :

The following activities are proposed for the habitat improvement:

a) Enrichment of degraded forest areas in Mavinakodlu RF by seed

dibbling/seedling planting of fruit and fodder species. In addition,

wherever monoculture exotic plantations exit, line digging and ridge

sowing of seeds or wildlings or stumps may be taken up to improve

their habitability.

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b) Construction of check dams, gully checks etc and repairing the existing ones as a measure of soil and water conservation.

c) Desilting and deepening of the existing tanks/ponds and strengthening of the bunds and spillways.

d) Creating new water holes/ponds within the sanctuary limits. e) Creation of new salt licks and maintenance of the existing ones and f) Creating meadows and maintaining them wherever possible.

g) Creating Cattle proof trench and stone wall around the sanctuary to avoid cattle grazing and spread of disease to wild animals

h) Soil conservation works like contour bunding, staggered trenches etc are to be added.

Programme of works has been cast to meet the above requirement

9.1.9 - Providing basic infrastructure to staff and maintenance;

The quarters and other building should be maintained in good condition. Wherever there is a shortage, new quarters should be built. The watchtowers and metallic entry barriers should also be got painted every year. The publicity boards should be renewed periodically with attractive slogans and paintings. This will educate the public and pilgrims visiting the Kollur temple and help in the protection of wildlife and forest.

Solar lights may be provided to the frontline staff quarters wherever electricity is not available. Group medical insurance to be made to the frontline staff and their families to avail the better medical facilities incase of sickness to self and to their families. Provision for traveling allowance to be made to the staff as they do not get sufficient TA for their works. Special allowance for naxal affected areas to be provided on par with the anti naxal force of the State Police Department which they are deprived at present.

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9.1.10 Regulation of traffic:

Because of traffic round the clock, the State highway passes through the Sanctuary preventing the free movement of wild animals. There are possibilities of speeding vehicles running over the wild animals on the high way passing through the sanctuary. Hence it is necessary to regulate the traffic between 9.00PM and 6.00 AM. Speed breakers and signages may be put up within the sanctuary to regulate the traffic on the highway. The tourists should be educated about ill effects of traffic and sound pollution and seek their cooperation.

9.1.11 - Fire arms and Ammunition;

It is necessary to provide arms and ammunitions to executive staff. Already the Range Forest Officer and Foresters are equipped with weapons. Training in maintenance and handling of weapons is necessary to all the staff. Table : 7: Weapons details;

Sl No Particulars Number

1 DBBL 7406645

2 DBBL A B 8403038

3 Rifle A B 891821

4 Slide Action Gun R 721558

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10.1.1 – Introduction :

Someshwara Wildlife Sanctuary has a number of tourist attractions. It is necessary to provide basic facilities on a modest scale to eco-tourists. By definition eco-tourism is a responsible travel to natural areas that helps conserve the environment and sustain the well being of local people. It has five basic elements, namely,

 Responsibility, concern and commitment to conservation  Community participation and benefit sharing  Respect for local culture, traditions and laws of the land  Visitor satisfaction and  Generation of local employment.

10.1.2 – Objectives :

a) To create awareness among the general public about the need to protect and conserve the nature and hence the Someshwara Wildlife Sanctuary. b) To provide recreation and education to the surrounding school childrens c) To build alternative resources for the PA maintenance.

10.1.3 – Impediments :

Someshwara Wildlife Sanctuary is not on any tourist circuit. Facilities are few and far between. There are no organized and conducted tours nor there is a properly equipped interpretation center. Animal sighting is also rather poor.

10.1.4 – Identification of the zone :

The tourism zone covering an area of 39.00 sq. kms. has been identified for the purpose of eco-tourism activities like nature camp, wildlife viewing, watch tower. nature trails, trekking, picnic spots etc.

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10.1.5 – Infrastructure development :

Development of existing interpretation center has been proposed at Seethanadi nature camp with facilities like television for screening wildlife films, library, souvenirs and publicity materials for the tourist and school children. Pounding the water in Sitanadi using sand filled bags may create more visitor facilities. This will render swimming, boating and watching of a variety of fresh water fish easily. A rare variety of Masheer fish is available in this river and needs to be conserved from extinction. It will also enhance the scenic beauty of the nature camp. Innovative concept like floating bamboo bridges to cross Seetha river, slides, camouflaged watch towers near pools, etc., may also be provided to the tourists.

A new trekking path should be laid in the Old Someshwara reserved forest opposite the nature camp over a distance of 7 – 8 kms to enable the visitors to spend time in nature. The trekking path should interconnect nature camp to Bandimata and Madamakki game track and bring them back to the nature camp. Visitors may be allowed to use the Bandimata – Madamakki – Kuchur game track on vehicles. Limited facilities may be created near Jomblu theertha water falls to attract more visitors. Local guides may be identified and trained for the purpose of escorting tourists in the sanctuary. School children, college students, teachers, adventure lovers, members of youth hostels etc. should be regularly invited to visit the sanctuary.

10.1.6 – Eco-tourism guidelines :

 The tourists should be given a thorough briefing of dos and

don’ts before they embark on the visit. They are also to

be displayed on signboards at strategic points of the

nature camp and en-route the game tracks and trekking

paths. A guidebook should also be produced and sold to

the visitors.

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 Activities permitted are trekking, bird watching, photography,nature trail walk, swimming in the notified places, and wildlife viewing without disturbing them.

 Group activities should be encouraged.

 Guides should be selected, trained and made available to the visitors on cost.

 The tourists should be given a thorough briefing of dos and don’ts. The do's and don't are listed in ANNEXURE - XX. A guidebook should also be produced and sold to the visitors.  Packaged nature camps are to be conducted to the nearby schoolchildren for two days wherein nature education and trekking programme should be included inviting the resources persons to guide them.

Arrangement shall be made to issue tickets at the entrance of the nature camps and a few important visitors spots. Hence a reception centre already exists to serve the purpose Reservation of accommodation should be computerized at the division office. Email access should be created for the visitors. A website should also be launched and managed. Free film shows and slide talks should be arranged to the visitors at the interpretation centre. Special camps on trekking, bird watching, Identification of botanical trees shrubs & medicinal plants may be arranged seasonally. These trials have to be maintained regularly.

Table – 8- Revenue realized from Eco tourism during the last five years.

S.No. Year Revenue realized (in Rs.) 1 2005-06 175135.00 2 2006-07 296675.00 3 2007-08 306310.00 4 2008-09 305400.00 5 2009-10 179270.00

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10.1.7 – MONITORING AND EVALUATION ;

Impact of the tourism should be monitored closely by observing the sighting chances of wild animals, visible impacts of litter, wear out of the trekking paths, degradation of the vegetation, frequent encounter of each other by tourists etc,. to determine the carrying capacity and accordingly the tourist number should be controlled. A feedback should be obtained from every visitor and follow up action should be taken consistent with the management objectives. The tourists are levied an entry fees as prescribed by the government. Tourists shall be monitored by the respective section foresters in charge of the area with the help of beat guards and beat watchers. They will be taught against the illegal activities within the sanctuary and the penalties they are bound to undergo if any.

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11.1.1 – Introduction; There cannot be any development and protection of the wildlife sanctuary without the active cooperation and support of the local population. Many people do not have basic facilities like safe portable water, health services, education, electricity, etc. As most of theses villagers are agrarians the dependence on forests is multifold. They depend on the forests for their daily need of fuel, small timber, fodder and green manure. It is these people within and around the sanctuary who either put fire or helps in extinguishing the fire. The nearest and maximum encountered government machinery is a forest official. In order to mitigate the pressure on forests directly and to take the people along four EDCs are formed within the sanctuary and the following socio eco developmental works are proposed.

Table : 9 - LIST OF E.D.C PLANTATIONS IN THE SANCTUARY

S No. Year of plantation Name of the EDC Plantation details Locality of plantation Area inHa 1 2005-06 Hanja ANR Hanja 10 Artificial regeneration Hanja 20 Cane Hanja 5 Bamboo Hanja 15 Mixed Hanja 20 Silvipasture Hanja 5 Total 75 2007-08 Hanja Mixed Nadubettu 25 Cane Nadubettu 10 Total 35 2 2005-06 Bepde Silvipasture Bepde 5 Artifitial regeneration Bepde 15 ANR Bepde 10 Cane Bepde 10 Mixed Bepde 10 Total 50 3 2003-04 Madamakki Artificial regeneration Shirangur 20 Mixed Shirangur 10 Mixed Shirangur 25 Silvipasture Shirangur 10 Total 65 4 2004-05 Ballimane Bamboo Bhutamakki 10 Silvipasture Bhutamakki 5 Cane Bhutamakki 20 ANR Bhutamakki 15 Mixed Bhutamakki 15 Total 65

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In order to seek their co operation the following socio eco

development works are proposed.

 Distribution of smokeless chullahs, Eurofit stoves which reduce the

consumption of firewood by almost 80% and only small twigs are used.

 One time subsidy to purchase LPG stove

 Use of solar stoves for cooking.

 Training camps on vermiculture, mushroom cultivation, sericulture, to

the EDC members is necessary.

 Training in bee keeping and distribution of beehive boxes.

 Distribution of grafts of fruit trees to aid and enhance their earning.

 Nature camp and study tours for the EDC members for exposure about

forests and Wild life and how they can contribute to the department

in its conservation activities.

 Encouragement to go for better breeds and stall-feeding.

 Veterinary facilities in the form of artificial insemination and

vaccination to the cattle.

 Providing employment opportunities to the local people by improving eco

tourisum

 Encouraging to sell the local products through EDCs to sustain the

income activities of the surrounding villagers.

11.1.2-Reducing man-animal conflict: The following works are proposed.

a) Immunization to cattle against communicable diseases is to be undertaken with the help of Animal husbandry department annually. b) Speedy settlement of compensation claims for crop damages and loss/damage to cattle and human life. For this purpose, sufficient funds should be made available with the DCF. Scaring teams and crackers may be provided to the farmers to scare away crop raiding wild animals, so that the damage to crops is minimized. Solar fencing and stone walls to be constructed.

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c) Workshops for local community leaders like members of Gram Panchayath, Taluk Panchayath and Zilla Panchayath and other elected representatives to be conducted to update the latest rules and regulation of Forest Department. In order to mitigate the direct dependence of the people on the forests for economic activities the following socio eco developmental works are proposed.

 Training camps on vermin culture, beekeeping, mushroom cultivation, sericulture, need to be encouraged for self employment..  Nature camp for the local visitors for exposure about forests and Someshwara Wildlife Sanctuary. Exposure of EDC members to other successful Wildlife Sanctuary and National Parks within the state and outside the state so that on seeing other success stories the department may gain more co-operations from them.  Take note of their experience and suggestions.  Encourage self employment in weaving.

11.1.3-Publicity and propaganda :

Educating the younger generation and public is very important for long term sustainability of natural resources. A reciprocal programme of inviting permitting people to visit, see and learn about nature inside the sanctuary and the

sanctuary authorities going outside the

boundaries and promoting conservation Distribution of Solar Lights & Tiles to education through a sustain campaign of the beneficiaries under EPA activities films, discussions, debates, competitions etc., should be vigoursly pursued. People are thrilled and excited to see the nature in its own place and at its best. Therefore, through the process of eco-tourism people should be permitted to visit the sanctuary and feel the nature. Publicity regarding sanctuary should be given among religious tourists visiting Someshwara temple, school and college students around the sanctuary. Necessary posters, handbills, pamphlets, brochures etc should be published in large number and distributed.

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Regular programme should be organized at the Seethanadi Nature Camp with the help of resourceful personnel for the visitors. A properly equipped interpretation center should be added to the nature camp. It is necessary to get the co-operation of the villagers living in and around the sanctuary and the general public. Organizing camps and lectures, exhibition of films and wildlife photographs, establishing interpretation centers to spread the conservation message among the people are also necessary. Publicity is the basic ingredient for building any opinion or brand image. The need to develop an opinion for the sanctuary is very essential for it's survival in long term. It will also aid in removal of any misgivings about the sanctuary. The following activities are listed.

 Nature education camps for students and teachers of schools and colleges.

 Workshops for elected representatives like members of gram panchayat, taluk panchayat and Zilla panchayat and other local NGOs.

 Publishing of posters, handbills, pamphlets, brochures etc.

 Publishing articles on tourist spots and endangered species of the sanctuary and media coverage about its importance

 Permitting research activities to the individuals and institutions on new species of flora and fauna or habitat improvement

Adventure activities for students in nature camps

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12.1.1 – Research :

Well organized scientific research would help the PA management to improve baseline data, improve decision-making, enhance ecological and cultural integrity of PA, reduce overall management costs and enhance benefits, improve sustainability and increase public awareness and their participation.

To this effect, research in the following fields has been suggested in the PA.

a) Studies on characteristic plant communities, diversity, composition, regeneration status and utilization. b) Baseline studies on distribution, abundance status and habitat utilization of large mammals, small and medium mammals, avifauna, snakes and other macro and microorganisms. c) Study on big cats like leopards – their ecology with special reference to prey-predator relationships. d) Disease and animal health monitoring in and around PA. e) Study on behavior, life style and population of the endangered species present in the PA like Great Indian, Malabar squirrel f) Study on catchments capability, water distribution and aquatic diversity for effective water management. g) Study on King Cobra and Lion Tailed Macaque about its behaviour and population. h) Carrying capacity of the sanctuary. i) Studies on man and animal conflicts.

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12.1.2 – Monitoring :

The PA has a fairly large human and cattle population who use the sanctuary regularly. Consequently there is pressure on the density of wild animals. Change in the population levels is hardly discernible and unless they are monitored at regular intervals, the effect of protection and management cannot be determined. Therefore population estimates should be undertaken inside the sanctuary biannually for major animals, rare birds and reptiles and data should be documented.

12.1.3. Staff Training :

Regular training of different cadres of staff in basic wildlife management and other related disciplines is essential for scientific management of the PA as officers and permanent staff are regularly transferred out.

Basic skill development for field staff is very important. Specialized training in wildlife crimes , legal knowledge and medicinal plants, of the staff is essential to tone up their skills from time to time.

It is proposed to conduct regular training programmes and workshops in the field as well as to depute the staff for short-term courses in reputed institutions of the state and the country.

They should also be given good amenities including well-maintained accommodation and appropriate allowances to mitigate the difficulties as the staff are less interested in working in the wildlife areas compared to their territorial counterparts.

Some of the trainings proposed are:- 1) Identification of important medicinal plants and its uses. 2) Wildlife Protection Act 1972 and latest amendments to the frontline staff. 3) Peoples participation in Ecotourism and protection of wildlife to the EDC members. 4) Estimation of Herbivore & Carnivore population. 5) Identification of Birds 6) Legal training to frontline staff. -57- Someshwara Wildlife Sanctuary, Management Plan January 2011 to December 2015

13.1.1 – The plan budget :

Presently Someshwara Wildlife Sanctuary receives funds from the state government only and part from the Central Government. However the funds made available is very meager compared to what is proposed in the management plan and the purpose of writing this plan is not served unless the proposed works are completed within the plan period and adhering to the proposed management plan.

13.1.2 – Programme of works :

The program of works indicating the year, quantity of work and their financial implications is furnished at ANNEXURE –XX1. The programme is broadly divided in to six categories as :

Regular maintenance works The detailed plan of works for each beat and sections of the a) Protection works Sanctuary was obtained from the b) Habitat protection and management concerned beat guards and foresters and shown in the

c) Eco development respective section maps and these d) Eco tourism are furnished in Plates 9 and 10 e) Infrastructure development for staff and nature camps.

This classification aims at prioritizing different items of work in the order of their importance to the management of the sanctuary. Whenever there is budget constraint, the annual maintenance works should be accorded priority. Programs like eco-development and rehabilitation of inhabitants require huge commitment of funds and therefore may not be possible under the routine annual programmes. They should be packaged separately as independent projects and sourced appropriately.

Deviations: Any deviations in the Budget plan may be got approved by the Chief Wildlife Warden Karnataka as per site specific situations and requirements.

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13.1.3- Monitoring of PA :

The PA has a fairly large human and cattle population who use the Sanctuary regularly. Consequently there is pressure on the density of wild animals. Change in the population levels is hardly discernible and unless they are monitored at regular intervals. The effect of protection and management cannot be determined. Therefore, population estimates should be undertaken inside the sanctuary biannually for major animals, rare birds, reptiles, and data should be documented. Qualified scientists, wildlife enthusiasts and volunteers from the local organizations may be associated with these surveys. In addition the anti poaching camps, staff deployed on regular patrol duties should also record animal sightings, which will also give a fair estimate of the population trends. A register should be maintained at the anti poaching camp where daily observations are to be recorded. Periodic review of the registers should be undertaken. Regular surveillance should be kept on communicable diseases within the sanctuary and record of their occurrence should be maintained. A watch on the tourist impact would also be worthwhile.

Mahseer Fish Otter

Someshwara Wildlife Sanctuary, Management Plan January 2011 to December 2015

Annexure 4 Dark Wildlife wing No need department Softwood ballimane –fill the gap slogan

Annexure 7- correction

Annexure 12 – name the flower Bring down the management plan

Annexure 17 –dark

Anne-18 –correction – photo –

Anne –19

Aneexure 20- do & donts

Plate2- heading bold