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1 UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DE SANTA CATARINA CENTRO DE COMUNICAÇÃO E EXPRESSÃO PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM ESTUDOS DA TRADUÇÃO WILLIAM FRANKLIN HANES MEMÓRIAS DO INSTITUTO OSWALDO CRUZ FROM THE AGE OF EMPIRE TO THE POST-GUTENBERG WORLD:LINGUA FRANCA AND THE CULTURE OF TROPICAL MEDICINE Florianópolis 2016 2 3 WILLIAM FRANKLIN HANES MEMÓRIAS DO INSTITUTO OSWALDO CRUZ FROM THE AGE OF EMPIRE TO THE POST-GUTENBERG WORLD:LINGUA FRANCA AND THE CULTURE OF TROPICAL MEDICINE Tese submetida ao Programa de Pós- Graduação em Estudos da Tradução da Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina para a obtenção do Grau de Doutor em Estudos da Tradução. Orientador: Prof. Dr. José Cyriel Gerard Lambert Co-orientador: Prof. Dr. Peter Flynn (KU Leuven) Florianópolis 2016 4 5 6 7 In memoriam: Dr. Nicolau Serra Freire (1948-2015) 8 9 “Language is a part of our organism and no less complicated than it.” Ludwig Wittgenstein 10 11 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Intellectual contribution: Members of the examination board (Berthold Zilly, John Milton, Walter Costa, Yuri Brunello and Viviane Heberle) and the pre- examination board (Walter Costa, Lincoln Fernandes); José R. Coura and Marco Antonio Fiori; Language consultants (Berthold Zilly, Jean- François Bruneliere); CETRA professors (especially Yves Gambier, Andrew Chesterman and Christina Schaeffner); Anthony Pym and Patrick Cattryse. Very special thanks to my supervisor José Lambert and co-supervisor Peter Flynn. Academic and Reference support: PGET: Andréia Guerini, Fernando and Gustavo; UFSC Professors Sergio Romanelli, Noemia Soares, Viviane Heberle and Markus Weininger; ITG-Antwerpen library staff; FIOCRUZ: as anjinhas das obras raras (Iara, Maria Claudia, Leila, Giulia); pessoal da Biblioteca de Manguinhos, Mauricio & Giuliana; Leiven D’Hulst of KULeuven and Ellen Valle of the University of Turku. Financial support: Thanks to CAPES and REUNI, as well as to Michael Claunch and Willie Tom Aiken. Personal support & encouragement: A turmas de Armação e Campeche, especialmente Rejane & Roberto, William & Fatima, Fred, Zé & Denise e Fabio & Michelle; Pércio and Samuel; James & Ann, Jeremy and Leslie; Rubia & Cadu; Rosi & Norba; Adriano Fiori; our friends in Antwerp: Raf & Baihong, Joseph & Bernadette and Adriano Mafra; Aurelinda & Henrique (pelo imenso favor); Bev, Dave, Liza & Gracie; our CETRA friends at the four corners of the world and COLLEGE Londrina (thanks for the foot in the door!). And now some people for whom words will never suffice: Barbara, mom, nice to feel you cheering in the background. Thank you for slogging it out for so many years so that I could have a better education. Hope your best is yet to come! 12 Para Dolores “mamis”& Rene: não teriamos conseguido sem vocês. Dolores, isso é tua culpa! Para Sr. Francisco Lopes: um principe, um exemplo verdadeiro de homem. To Vanessa, my constant companion of ….how long has it been?…not long enough! We heard that a PhD can destroy a marriage, but doing ours together has been, instead of stress, a relief...two heads really are better than one. and to the Sine Qua Non 13 ABSTRACT The Oswaldo Cruz Institute, founded in 1900 as a public health initiative, represents the institutionalisation of empirical science in Brazil. In 1909 it launched a journal called Memórias doInstituto Oswaldo Cruz that now publishes only in English, but was multilingual when it began and continued to be so for much of its history, although the trajectories of the languages of publication differed greatly. If changes in language represent changes in network structure, these shifts in language policy reflect repositioning with regard to partnerships, colonialism/politics and the nature of the scientific community and the organisational development of the Institute. To better understand these changes, a diachronic analysis of the full corpus (1909-2013) of this journal was conducted. This corpus was analysed for foreign language frequency,origin and content as well as paratextual clues regarding Memórias’ editorial policy. Based on the results, distinct language- based editorial periods were identified and the trajectories of individual foreign languages were traced. Foreign language quality was evaluated in an effort to clarify the agency and purpose of translation. Pursuant to these questions, an ancillary corpus, consisting of biographical editorials in Memórias, parallel Institute publications and correspondence, the language data and policies of national and international cohort journals, as well as extra-institutional publications, was examined. These sources revealed priorities in consumption, production and networking that clarified the previously-established editorial periods, as well as those of the general milieu of Tropical Medicine literature. A final dimension to the investigation was an explanatory analysis of these phenomena through norms specific to Anderson’s conception of imagined communities and Bourdieu’s conception of the institutionalized, objectified and embodied state, and, moreover, as a function of the post- Gutenberg paradigm shift due to the onset of digital publishing, which was predicted in the work of McLuhan and Ong.Though the journal was originally intended to promote the Institute’s research, a complex changing dialogue with international partners was revealed in a pattern that seems to defy colonial models prevalent in the field of Tropical medicine. The Institute seemed to thread a delicate balance between science as a form of nationalismand science as an independent metanational community, the fragility of which was tested by war, alliances, economic downturns and dictatorship. The onset of English as 14 the journal’s only language of expression occurred quite late, at roughly the same time its electronic version appeared. This could have been an inevitable result of a new open editorial policy set in 1980, but it also seems due to a new level of interconnectivity in the scientific community precipitated by advancing communication technology, which would tend to confirm Anderson, McLuhan and Ong’s theories about communication technology as a fundamental driver of society. Keywords:Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Tropical Medicine, scientific literature, translation policy, colonialism, lingua franca, scientific community, digital publishing 15 RESUMO O Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, fundado em 1900 como uma iniciativa de saúde pública, representa a institucionalização da ciência empírica no Brasil. Em 1909 ele lançou uma revista chamada Memórias doInstituto Oswaldo Cruz, a qual hoje publica artigos somente em inglês, mas era multilíngue em seu início e continuou a sê-lo durante grande parte de sua história, apesar de as trajetórias das línguas de publicação haverem diferido imensamente. Se mudanças na língua representam mudanças na rede de trabalho, essas mudanças na política linguística refletem um reposicionamento com relação a parcerias, colonialismo/políticas e natureza da comunidade científica e do desenvolvimento organizacional do Instituto. Para melhor compreender essas mudanças, foi conduzida uma análise diacrônica do corpus completo dessa revista (1909-2013). Esse corpus foi analisado considerando a frequência, a origem e o conteúdo em língua estrangeira, bem como indícios paratextuais relativos à política editorial das Memórias. Com base nos resultados, identificaram-se períodos editoriais distintos com relação às línguas, e foram traçadas as trajetórias de línguas estrangeiras individuais. A qualidade da língua estrangeira foi avaliada em um esforço para esclarecer a agência e o propósito da tradução. Em conformidade com essas questões, foi examinado um corpus auxiliar, composto por editoriais biográficos das Memórias, publicações e correspondências paralelas do Instituto, dados linguísticos e políticas editoriais de revistas nacionais e internacionais com características semelhantes, e ainda publicações extra-institucionais. Essas fontes revelaram prioridades de consumo, produção e trabalho em rede que esclareceram os períodos editoriais previamente estabelecidos, bem como aqueles da área de literatura voltada à Medicina Tropical. Uma dimensão final da investigação foi a análise explanatória desses fenômenos através de normas específicas da concepção de comunidades imaginadas de Anderson e da concepção de estado institucionalizado, objetificado e incorporado de Bordieu, e, ainda, como uma função da mudança de paradigma pós-Gutenberg, devido ao advento da publicação digital, a qual foi prevista nas obras de McLuhan e de Ong. Apesar de a intenção original da revista ter sido promover as pesquisas do Instituto, um complexo e dinâmico diálogo com parceiros internacionais se revelou em um padrão que parece desafiar os modelos coloniais prevalentes na área de Medicina Tropical. O Instituto pareceu traçar um delicado balanço entre a ciência como forma de nacionalismo e a ciência como 16 uma comunidade metanacional independente, cuja fragilidade foi testada por guerras, alianças, crises econômicas e ditaduras. O começo do inglês como única língua de expressão da revista se deu já tarde, praticamente no mesmo momento do surgimento de sua versão eletrônica. Isso pode ter sido um resultado inevitável da nova política editorial aberta estabelecida em 1980, mas também parece ter se dado graças a um novo nível de interconectividade na comunidade científica impulsionado pelos avanços da tecnologia de comunicação, o que tenderia a confirmar as teorias de Anderson, McLuhan e Ong acerca da tecnologia de comunicação como um propulsor fundamental da sociedade. Palavras-chave:
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