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Chemistry Manual Chemistry / Service Manual Pools & Spas Chemistry / Service Manual Published by Clearwater Enviro Technologies, Inc., and is intended for the exclusive use of its dealers and distributors worldwide. Copyright 1992, 2001, 2011, 2013 and 2017. Any reproduction or duplication without express written consent of Clearwater Enviro Technologies, Inc., is strictly prohibited. 2 Dealer Chemistry Service Manual TABLE OF CONTENTS I. WATER CHEMISTRY ........................................................................................................................ 4 A.) Glossary of Water Treatment Terms ................................................................................................. 5 B.) Metric Conversion Chart .................................................................................................................. 9 C.) Calculating pool Capacity ...............................................................................................................11 D.) Water Testing Guidelines & Techniques ........................................................................................ 13 E.) Care of Reagents ..............................................................................................................................21 F.) Pool chemistry Chart ...................................................................................................................... 24 .) G pH ................................................................................................................................................... 25 H.) Total Alkalinity .............................................................................................................................. 30 I.) Calcium hardness............................................................................................................................ 34 J.) Total Dissolved Solids .................................................................................................................... 39 K.) Cyanuric Acid ................................................................................................................................. 44 L.) Copper-Ions and the Clearwater Ionizer......................................................................................... 48 M.) Silver-Ions ....................................................................................................................................... 56 ) N. Sequestering/Chelating Agents ...................................................................................................... 58 .) O Chlorine ...........................................................................................................................................61 P.) Using an Oxidizer / OzoneMAX .................................................................................................... 72 Q.) Pool Stain Prevention & Removal .................................................................................................. 76 R.) Phosphates – the algae source ....................................................................................................... 77 S.) Overall Water balance .................................................................................................................... 78 T.) Langelier Index ............................................................................................................................... 79 U.) Filtration & Circulating .................................................................................................................. 83 II. MAINTENANCE & TROUBLESHOOTING ................................................................................. 90 A.) Sizing the System ............................................................................................................................91 B.) RC-50 Spec Sheet ........................................................................................................................... 93 C.) SPA-1R Spec Sheet ......................................................................................................................... 95 D.) R-40 Spec Sheet .............................................................................................................................. 97 E.) CS-75 Spec Sheet ............................................................................................................................ 99 F.) CS-150 Spec Sheet .........................................................................................................................101 G.) CS-225 Spec Sheet .........................................................................................................................103 H.) CS-300 Spec Sheet .........................................................................................................................105 I.) CS-450 Spec Sheet ........................................................................................................................107 J.) CS-600 Spec Sheet ....................................................................................................................... 109 K.) Opening a Pool ..............................................................................................................................111 L.) Closing a Pool ................................................................................................................................113 M.) Copper, Iron & Other Metals already in the water .......................................................................114 N.) If the Copper level won’t increase/Headquarters Water Testing ...................................................116 O.) Cloudy water ................................................................................................................................. 122 P.) Algae ............................................................................................................................................. 123 Q.) Green Tinted Water ...................................................................................................................... 125 R.) Black Ladders ............................................................................................................................... 126 S.) Gunite Stains ................................................................................................................................ 127 T.) Vinyl Liner Stains ......................................................................................................................... 130 U.) Baquacil removal Procedure ........................................................................................................ 134 V.) Cleaning and Replacing the electrodes .........................................................................................135 W.) Water Treatment tables ..................................................................................................................136 X.) Chlorine / Salt generators ............................................................................................................. 147 3 Dealer Chemistry Service Manual I. Water Chemistry 4 Dealer Chemistry Service Manual A. Glossary of Water Treatment Terms The following compilation includes commonly used industry terms and their definitions Absolute: Used in reference to micron rating of animals and being autotrophic (self-generative), cartridge filters. Refers to an exact size of particles saprophytic (digests chemicals already present in that will not pass through, and all particles larger their environment) or parasitic. than that size are trapped within the filter. Bactericide: material capable of inhibiting or Acid: Chemicals such as muriatic acid or sodium destroying bacteria. bisulfate used to lower pH for alkalinity. Balanced water: Water that is neither corrosive Acid Demand: A measure of the amount of acid nor scaling (in relation to pH, total alkalinity, required to reduce pH to a predetermined level. calcium hardness, and temperature factors). The This can be accomplished by use of an acid Langelier Index for perfectly balanced water filtration procedure (Acid Demands Test). equals zero. Activate Carbon: Granulated active carbon used Base Demand: A measure of the amount of alkali to remove tastes, odor, chlorine, chloramines and material required to raise pH to a predetermined some organics of water. level. This can be accomplished by use of base titration procedure (Base Demand Test). Absorb: the process by which molecules or colloids physically adhere to the surfaces of solids. Binders: When used in reference to cartridge filters, refer to chemicals used to hold, or bind, Algae: Plant-like organisms which flow in short fibers together in a filter. water due to lack of sanitizers and certain warm temperatures. Blinding: The fouling or plugging of pores in a membrane, usually a gel-like substance. Alkalinity: SEE TOTAL ALKALINITY. Bromine: Chemical sanitizer that kills bacteria Anion: Negatively charged ion. and algae. Aquifer: Any geological formation containing Buffer: Chemical that resists pH change, e.g. water; one that supplies water for wells, springs, sodium bicarbonate. etc. Calcium Hardness: A measure of the calcium Backwash: Reverse of a solution’s flow through salts dissolved in water. a system. Often used as a cleansing mechanism in sand and dual media filters. Cation: positively charged ion. Bacteria: Disease-potential organisms
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