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Problem of Intensity of Economic Interests in Madison's and Dahl's Theory of Democracy University of Montana ScholarWorks at University of Montana Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers Graduate School 1999 Problem of intensity of economic interests in Madison's and Dahl's theory of democracy Mathew Shon Manweller The University of Montana Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.umt.edu/etd Let us know how access to this document benefits ou.y Recommended Citation Manweller, Mathew Shon, "Problem of intensity of economic interests in Madison's and Dahl's theory of democracy" (1999). Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers. 5252. https://scholarworks.umt.edu/etd/5252 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at ScholarWorks at University of Montana. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks at University of Montana. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Maureen and Mike MANSFIELD LIBRARY The University of MONTANA Permission is granted by the author to reproduce this material in its entirety, provided that this material is used for scholarly purposes and is properly cited in published works and reports. * * Please check "Yes" or "No" and provide signature * * Yes, I grant permission No, I do not grant permission Author's Any copying for commercial purposes or financial gain may be undertaken only with the author’s explicit consent. The Problem of Intensity of Economic Interests in Madison’s and Dahl’s Theory of Democracy Mathew Shon Manweller M.A., The University of Montana, 1999 Presented in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Masters of Arts The University of Montana 1999 Approved by: Chair, Board of Examiners Dean, Graduate School Date y UMI Number: EP40716 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to- be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. UMI EP40716 Published by ProQuest LLC (2014). Copyright in the Dissertation held by the Author. Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code ProQuest LLC. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106- 1346 Manweller, Mathew S., M.A. May 1999 Political Science The Problem of Intensity of Economic Interests in Madison’s and Dahl’s Theories of Democracy (124 pp.) Director: Ramona Grey $ . & ■ For centuries, democratic theorists have been faced with the dilemma of reconciling majority rule with minority rights. James Madison wrestled with this dilemma in when he participated in the Constitutional Convention in 1789 and later when he penned theFederalist Papers and the Virginia Resolution. Years later, Robert Dahl studied the same issue in his landmark work,A Preface to Democratic Theory. Both theorists were concerned with the effects of groups, with high levels of intense political participation, on the democratic process. Madison feared that intense majorities would abridge the freedoms of minority groups or individuals. Dahl feared that intense minorities might prevent majorities from controlling the democratic process. This thesis seeks to explain why groups, at certain times, participate in the political system with high levels of intensity and at other times, do not. Rights are divided into two groups: political rights and economic rights. It is argued that economic rights attract higher levels of intense participation because they are rights which exhibit zero-sum characteristics. Political rights attract less intense participation because they do not exhibit the characteristics of rivalry and have a tendency to attract “free­ riders”. The conclusions are that by using an economic/political rights paradigm to study the way people react to the allocation or defense of rights, democratic theorists will be able to predict when intense conflicts will arise. Therefore, rules and institutions could be created that mediate intense conflicts by creating non-majoritiarian rules when intense conflicts might arise. TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION ................................................................. 2. M adison’s D ilem m a.............................................................. Madisonian Democracy 3. Reconciling Dahl with M adison........................................ Dahl’s Criticism of Madison Dahl’s Contributions to Democratic Theory Areas of Agreement Between Dahl and Madison Conclusions 4. Discriminating between Economic and Political Rights...................64 Collective Action Theory 5. Intensity of Interests................................................................................... 79 Normative Questions Economic Rights and Increased Levels of Intensity Free-Rider Problems of Political Rights 6. Dahl’s Response.......................................................................................... 99 7. C onclusion...................................................................................................120 8. B ibliography ............................................................................................... 124 TABLE OF FIGURES AND GRAPHS GRAPH PAGE 1. Interest Groups and Their Year of O rigin............................................92 FIGURE 1. Strong consensus with strong preference..........................................103 2. Strong consensus with weak preference............................................105 3. Moderate disagreement: symmetrical................................................106 4. Moderate disagreement: asymmetrical............................................. 107 5. Severe disagreement: symmetrical......................................................109 6. Severe disagreement: asymmetrical....................................................I l l IV CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION “The Problem of Intensity of Economic Interests in Madison's and Dahl's Theory of Democracy” Historically and theoretically, democracy is a work in progress. Socrates, and the Greeks, first introduced the world to the idea of democracy. Over 2000 years later, theorists such as James Madison, and later Robert Dahl, are still trying to come to terms with what democracy actually means. Democracy is, at best, an ambiguous concept. Even today, there is only limited consensus on what characteristics a nation must exhibit in order to be labeled a democracy. In one sense, democracy is a process. However, the world’s understanding of democracy, as a process, is also ever changing. What the Greeks called democracy would not be recognizable as democracy to the modem day American, and vice versa. The Greeks had a limited sense of suffrage and “elected” people through a lottery. Today, there is a greater expectation of choice with respect to selecting our representatives. Because democracy is an ambiguous concept, there has been a continual effort to understand the nature of democracy. Political scientists seek to create models that will explain and predict how people will behave in democratic societies. This work intends to offer an explanation for one aspect of the democratic process. This thesis will examine how levels of intensity, with respect to political participation, are affected by the characteristics a right exhibits. If the rights exhibit the characteristics of a public good, the public will exhibit less intensity. If the rights exhibit the characteristics of a private good, the public will exhibit more intensity. A more complete definition of public and private goods follows. It is the intention of this thesis to accomplish three things. First, to reconcile Robert Dahl’s concept of polyarchy with Madison's concept of democracy. Second, to argue that rights can be sub-divided into two groups: political rights and economic rights, and, that by classifying rights into two groups, it might help explain why. in democracies, people react with differing intensities to different types of policy issues. This is not to imply that all rights fall into a category of either a purely economic or purely political rights. Rather, there is a spectrum which spans from purely economic to purely political. Most rights will fall somewhere in between the two extremes. The reason for classifying rights into two groups is to suggest that issues that revolve around the concept of economic liberty attract such a high level of intensity that a political majority becomes more difficult to achieve than with issues that revolve around political liberties. From the standpoint of democratic theory, such a hypothesis would help explain why, at times. American democracy functions smoothly, while at other times, American democracy gridlocks into inaction. The last chapter will engage Dahl in a “conversation”. In essence, this thesis will try to extrapolate from Dahl’s body of work, with regards to democratic theory, how he would respond to this tension between economic rights and political rights. Each of these three steps will be elaborated upon. This thesis will attempt to explain an additional portion of the democratic process that Dahl and Madison neglected. To do this, a clear definition of democracy is needed. It is not my intention to offer a new definition of democracy. This thesis will only try to reconcile Madison's views of democracy with
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