Growing Christmas Trees in North Carolina

N. (1.

JAN 4 1980

,^-j^ Trowing Christmas Trees inJiortlL Carolina

^. Cover Illustration

Plantation layout which includes direction of rows, spacing, location of roads and culverts within the plantation. Equipment turnaround and storage areas for grading and loading are also shown. A plantation layout, such as shown here, is very desirable in the Christmas tree business.

Christmas Tree Terminology

Leader

Gooseneck Distance between

whorls is one year's growth

Whorl — several branches radiating from same level on the stem

Intemodal branches

Stem X'S

Bottom whorl Handle 7"-9"

Width '/2 to % height Growing Christmas Trees in North CaroUna

Acknowledgements Contents

The cooperation and assistance of the CHARACTERISTICS OF SOME EVERGREEN TREES 1 Departments of Agronomy, Economics, Eraser fir 1

Entomology, Plant Pathology, and Balsam fir 1 Horticultural Science, North Carolina State Douglas-fir 1 University, in the preparation of this White pine 1 publication are gratefully acknowledged. Virginia pine 2 Special appreciation is expressed to Dr. Redcedar 2 T. Ewald Maki, Schenck Professor, School Spruce species 2

of Forest Resources, for reviewing the White fir 2 manuscript and suggesting improvements. ESTABLISHING A CHRISTMAS TREE PU\NTATION 3 Appreciation is also expressed to the Site Selection 3 Department of Natural and Economic and Planning Selecting the 3 Resources, Division of Forest Resources, Species Site Preparation 4 the Soil Conservation Service, and to the 5 Southeastern Forest Experiment Station, Selecting the Planting Stock your Own Planting Stock 5 U. S. Forest Service, for reviewing the Growing Outplanting the Trees ^ manuscript and for certain photographs and drawings. NECESSARY CULTURAL PRACTICES 6 Special thanks are also due our co- Protection Against Insects and Mites 6 workers in Extension Forestry and the Protection Against Diseases 9 School of Forest Resources of North Protection Against Animals 10 Carolina State University and to Miss H. Fertilizing 10 Dale Powell, temporary employee, for the Shaping and Shearing 10 drawings used in this publication, to Weeds, Grass and Woody-Plant Control 12 Krista Brickey for the cover illustration and Mechanical .12 Robbin Goudey for the book design Chemical 12 and layout. HARVESTING 12 MARKETING 13 KEEPING YOUR RECORDS 13 ASSISTANCE AVAILABLE 14 CONCLUSIONS AND SUMMARY 14 APPENDIX 14

Prepared by Fred E. Whitfield, Extension Forest Management (Retired), and Division of Forest Resources, N. C. Department of Natural and Economic Resources,

Published by THE NORTH CAROLINA AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION SERVICE

North Carolina State University at Raleigh, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University at Greensboro, and the U. S. Department of Agriculture, Cooperating. State University Station, Raleigh, N. C, T. C. Blalocl<. Director. Distributed in furtherance of the Acts of Congress of tvlay 8 and June 30, 1914. The North Carolina Agricultural Extension Service offers its programs to all eligible persons regardless of race, color, or national origin, and is an equal opportunity employer.

10/79/2.5M (Revised) AG -95 Introduction

This publication provides basic information that may help you increase income from

growing Christmas trees. It attempts to cover most problems that you may encounter in such a venture. Before undertaking growing Christmas trees as a crop, several aspects of the business must be carefully considered. First, Christmas tree production requires land of suitable quality and adequate area.

Also, it requires sizable amounts of labor and capital. Periodically, hired labor and material are sure to be needed for several years. Thus you will need to start with enough reserves to cover the costs incurred during the development stage

until income is realized from the sale of trees. Much of the normal cultural work such as mowing, shearing, and pest control must be done punctually in season when the

weather is hot. In contrast, harvesting is done late in autumn or early winter,

sometimes in bitter, cold weather. In brief, the profitable production of Christmas trees requires intensive care with precise

timing from planting to harvest. /( is not a get-rich quick scheme, but rather a long- term (5-10 years) business venture

requiring a multitude of business skills. Unless they secure professional advice right at the start, newcomers are advised to "grow into" rather than "buy into" the Christmas tree business, htticient

production of a few quality trees is better than mass production of poor quality trees.

The price the consumer is willing to pay for a tree at the retail lot is not based on where the tree grows but simply on quality and price. At present there are no foreseeable limits on the number of quality trees North Carolina growers may sell. While ample quantities of low-quality trees are always available, there have never been enough quality trees to supply the demand. North Carolina growers live within 500 miles of approximately half the nation's population, so fresh trees can be delivered overnight to compete in a regional market. Characteristics of Some Evergreen Trees

Before deciding which tree species to plant, you must consider several points. You should study characteristics of the different trees to determine which species will grow into high-quality trees on land you have available and in the climatic zone in which you will operate. Then you should determine whether there are natural advantages over competing Christmas trees. For example, trees not native in the state may grow well in North Carolina, but such species are being grown widely elsewhere in great numbers at low cost. On the other hand, the native Fraser fir is in Fraser fir great demand and can be successfully grown only in limited areas giving western faces) are less important. At lower North Carolina a tremendous competitive elevations southerly aspects are less advantage. The following species favorable. Fraser fir is sensitive to drought descriptions include trees that may be conditions and to poor soil aeration at any grown in North Carolina. elevation. Poor soil drainage impedes soil Fig, 2. Douglas-fir aeration and greatly increases the pleasing aroma of the latter two species. probability of the trees being killed by root Within its natural range, Douglas-fir has diseases. Locations with poor air drainage become adapted to different combinations form frost pockets resulting in damage or of climate and soil. In North Carolina, sites outright killing. Soil fertility is important but suitable for Fraser fir would be suitable for can readily be adjusted on the basis of a Douglas-fir and nominally safe, but even soil analysis. then it might suffer serious insect attack Fraser fir grows slowly at first, but it also from grasshoppers. Douglas-fir is brings the highest price of any Christmas susceptible to drought and late frost tree grown in North Carolina. Even when damage in North Carolina. To grow 8-foot on good sites, Fraser fir plantings can be trees requires at least 12 to 15 years. damaged or will die if attacked by Balsam woolly aphids. Mites are also a serious White pine is a native tree of western problem. Well-drained 4 or 5 year old 8 to North Carolina at elevations between 12 inch transplants will require 7 to 12 1,200 and 3,500 feet. It has a soft blue- years to grow into 7- to 8-foot trees. green foliage, pleasing fragrance, and good

needle retention. This pine is becoming Balsam fir is a native of Canada and more popular with consumers despite its northern United States. The southern limit tendency to wilt and its rather weak of its natural range is in the mountains of branches. Within its natural range Fraser fir West Virginia. Balsam fir, sometimes called satisfactory growth of white pine is seldom Canada balsam, has many characteristics Fraser fir is one of the most attractive hampered by variation in slope (gradient), similar to those of Fraser fir. When Balsam species used for Christmas trees in the aspect, or elevation below 3,500 feet. fir is planted in North Carolina on sites Western Hemisphere. This fir has a natural Outside the tree's natural range, however, similar to those described for Fraser fir, it Christmas-tree shape, glossy dark-green a planting site must be chosen carefully. usually develops much like Fraser fir but is White pine is susceptible to root diseases, foliage, strong branches which easily of lower quality. Ten to 15 years are support ornaments, pleasing aroma, and although not to the same extent as Fraser required to grow 7- to 8-foot trees if well- retention. Fraser fir has a fir. When planting white pine, avoid wet excellent needle graded 8- to 12-inch plants are set. highly restricted natural range in western spots. Air drainage is also needed to avoid North Carolina, eastern Tennessee, and Douglas-fir is native to the western United frost damage. White pine is very sensitive

southwestern Virginia. It occurs naturally in States where it occurs in many different to air pollution and is occasionally attacked areas of high rainfall (70 to 90 inches) at environmental conditions. Several strains by aphids. Soil fertility can be readily

elevations above 3,500 feet. Fraser fir, and one definite variety are recognized. At adjusted to levels recommended after soil

however, is being grown successfully in one time, Douglas-fir was the most popular analysis. On Piedmont sites, white pine plantations on fertile, moist, well-drained Christmas tree in the United States. This should be restricted to northern slopes soils down to elevations of 1,500 feet tree has good color and needle retention, containing well-drained moist soils.

where rainfall is somewhat less. Above but its limbs will not support heavy Regardless of aspect, avoid soils of the elevations of 3,000 feet, soil characteristics ornaments as well as limbs of Scotch pine Piedmont that are underlain by a relatively

and aspect (direction toward which slope or Fraser and Balsam fir. It also lacks the impervious layer of plastic clay within a foot popularity, in the future it may still find use for local markets. Its chief disadvantages are prickly foliage, often poor form and Fig. 3. Eastern white pine Fig. 4. Virginia pine color, and limber branches. Redcedar dries grown a Christmas tree. It can be grown on a of the surface. White pine has been out quickly after cutting unless the stem into in Plain, but there is abundant variety of soils from the Coastal Plains the Coastal base is kept in water. This species should that extension of the species the lower mountains. Growth is rapid, so evidence be marketed locally because it is not business. rotations of 4 to 6 years are possible. At beyond its natural range is risky suitable for shipping. Redcedar grows best in selecting strains present, quality is only moderate. Virginia Progress is being made on loamy soils of limestone origin, but it color. Thus, we pine is much less sensitive to soil fertility with improved form and can be grown as a Christmas tree, with little than Fraser fir or white pine, but fertile well- can look forward to new strains becoming shearing, on almost any site in North It to years to grow a 2- drained soil is obviously best for vigorous available. takes 7 10 Carolina. There is wide variation in color, 7- growth with dark green foliage. The tree is year-old seedling to a to 8-foot shape, disease resistance and needle type subject to rust canker but the main merchantable Christmas tree. among redcedars. Many redcedar trees in the wild represents escapes from orna- mental selections.

Spruce species. White spruce from Canada, blue spruce from western United States, and Norway spruce from Europe are being grown in North Carolina. All of them grow slowly and, except for Norway spruce, they require from 10 to 15 years to grow to Christmas tree size. In addition to the slow growth, susceptibility to several pests may increase the cost of production. Norway spruce is plagued by white pine weevil, mites and aphids. Needle cast diseases hinder blue and white spruce. Spruces may be grown in the mountain areas but are better suited as ornamentals, not Christmas trees.

White fir grows naturally in various parts of western United States. Introduced in very Eastern white pine limited quantity to the North Carolina

white fir is grown with varying Fig. 5. Kedceddi mountains, success. This fir has long Virginia Pine. Considerable progress is degrees of will be caused of excellent blue-green color. Both now being made in selecting Virginia pine problem that you may have needles retention and shipping qualities strains exhibiting good Christmas tree by tip moths. If poor color proves to be a needle good. The Rocky Mountain seed characteristics. Native Virginia pine problem, it can be corrected by artificial are is recommended for North generally is of poor form and color; thus coloring before marketing. source Carolina, site requirements are similar these characteristics detract from its use as Redcedar, for many years, has been the and fir species. It will take 10 traditional native Christmas tree in the to those of other white fir to Piedmont and Coastal Plains of North to 15 years to grow merchantable size. Carolina. Although is has declined in Establishing a Christmas Tree Plantation

The main steps to consider in establishing Slopes facing south and southwest have development, the 15 feet shrinks to lU feet a Christmas tree plantation are (1) warmer, drier soils in contrast to north and or less before the trees are harvested, and

selecting a proper site and (2) preparing east aspects which are cooler and more is about minimum to accommodate that site adequately for the species to be moist. Earliness of the former sites can operation of trucks, tractors, and other planted. Suitability of the species to the site make 2 weeks difference in spring bud- machines without damage to the trees. is of critical importance. Topography, break, thus increasing the possibility of Roads may be constructed using the surface conditions, vegetative cover, and possible freeze damage. Dry, warm sites "reverse slope"- method to reduce erosion. accessibility to good roads are other factors also may cause important differences in All-weather roads to the plantation should that require careful attention. survival and site-species relationships. be surfaced with a granular material. Roads

Efficiency of operations is directly within the plantation that are used less involved in locating roads within the frequently should be fertilized and seeded Site Selection and Planning plantation. to grass to produce heavy sod. So many operations usually require the Regular road maintenance and sod First and most important is suitability of the use of machinery with access depending renewal will pay off when roads must be site for the species to be grown. Suitability on roads. In choosing a site, consider used during unfavorable weather. hinges largely on soil characteristics and carefully what kind of machines are likely Some growers like to leave wider spots elevation. Unsuitable soil results in heavy to be used and in what seasons. in the roads at strategic locations for work losses to root diseases. Obtain professional Harvesting must be done at times during centers and collection points in harvesting. advice if you are uncertain about a site's very bad weather. Here a good access road Allocation of work areas however, is not of suitability for a particular species of tree. to the plantation becomes critical. critical importance, and many growers Damage by late spring freezes is always However, easy access encourages theft. operate without them. a possibility. This type of damage is likely to Almost all growers lose a few trees to those occur in "frost pockets" where air fails to who "borrow" a single tree. Poor security flow freely to adjacent lower areas. plus easy access invites theft by the Selecting the Species truckload. Plantations along public roads After carefully studying the characteristics invite this kind of problem. For security the of each species, you will need to consider best location is at the end of a dead-end several questions before deciding which road with a single egress back to any public species to grow. Some of these are: thoroughfare. Occupied dwellings with a ( 1 ) Is there a good market for this tree? good view of the plantation reduce the (2) Can it be grown on the land problem a great deal. available? Next is the plantation layout, including (3) Are there any special problems in direction of rows and spacing, road growing this species? location, work areas, etc. Roads through Table 1 shows which species can be and around the field should be marked off grown in each part of North Carolina. and the necessary drainage culverts and Planting in areas not recommended grading done prior to any planting. It does usually results in poor survival and growth not take long for the time, labor, and other or even total loss. expenses saved by an adequate road The final choice of species depends on Fig. 6. All perennial plants must be reniuved system to repay its cost. (Seek professional the availability of suitable land. before planting Christmas trees. advice on road construction.) This saving applies to both construction costs land and Table 1. Some Species of Christmas Trees That lost to production by space allotted to Can Be Grown in North Carolina roads. Coastal Plains Piedmont Mountains "Edge effect"' areas make excellent roads and equipment turnarounds. No Redcedar' Redcedar Fraser fir Virginia pine White fir spot in the plantation should be more than White pine Virginia pine Balsam fir 100 feet from a road. Some large growers White pine Virginia pine are spacing roads as close as 85 feet apart. White pine This spacing facilitates spraying from the ''- Redcedar road with tractor mounted or drawn Douglas-fir equipment. There are other important ' For local sales—not suitable for shipping. advantages to this layout. Fifteen feet - Do not plant within a mile of a commercial apple between rows should be left for secondary orchard. This species may carry a fungus causing roads, with wider. main roads With crown cedar-apple rust.

Fig. 7, Pasture area should be mowed and ' Small trees do not do well near large trees. - Reverse slope has the road sloped toward herbicide applied the fall before spring planting. This is because the small trees cannot compete the hill. Collected water then has to be removed Apply herbicides in bands 36 inches wide on satisfactorily with large trees for sunlight, water, by culverts or water bars. contour or in spots 36 inches in diameter. and nutrients. Some species compete better than others because of nutrient requirements and of differences in tolerance to shade and drought. Site Preparation The following illustrations will show how t

Adequate soil testing ' for nutrient levels is Planting with a Mattock the first step prior to preparing the site. Phosphate and lime do not move readily in the soil and are not susceptible to rapid loss by leaching. Consequently, if soil tests show that these materials are needed, they should be worked into the soil before any planting. Broadcast application followed by Dnve blade straight into ground. Raise up handle and pull dirt to edge of hole. Repeat discing to a depth of 4 inches is a good way until hole is deep enough so roots of seed- to mix the materials with the soil. Discing ling will not be crowded. need not be deep. On sloping land some growers are reluctant to tear up established sod for fear

of accelerated erosion. If heavy rains occur before new sod becomes reestablished, severe damage through loss of valuable topsoil result. reduce the erosion may To Tai^e seedling from bucket Place against

hazard, a rototiller has been designed to sharp side of hole so that tree is about as

sites. This deep or a little deeper than it stood in the prepare sodded machine drops Fig. 10. Annual rye. or some other small grain, nursery bed. the desired amount of fertilizer just ahead may be effectively used as a "nurse crop " The of the tiller which thoroughly mixes it into a rye reduces erosion, weeds, and provides strip of soil 2 to 4 feet wide and 4 inches protection from the winds,

deep. When tilling is done in the fall, a growth. Thus, the newly set trees are off to small seeder is mounted at the rear to seed the strip to rye or some other cover crop. a better start. On former pasture land Fall tilling avoids the usual spring tillage which is often severely compacted, this scheduling of site preparation is especially when the soil is often too wet. Trees are Partially fill in hole, packing the soil with your important. As as possible, tilling is then set in the center of the strip. This much hands procedure also eliminates established plant done on the contour to minimize erosion competition near the newly set tree and problems. If the soil analysis a for softens the soil. The result is more root shows need growth, better survival, and more top sulfur and phsophorus, these nutrients can be made available to the newly set trees immediately by working 20 percent super phosphate into the soil before planting. This phosphate contains 11 to 12 percent sulfur. Phosphate or lime placed on top of Finish filling hole and pack soil firmly with the soil moves so slowly or becomes fixed your feet. at the surface and thus remains unavailable to the major root zone of trees for 2-3

years. In the interim, shallow-rooted plants Fig. 11. Leave hole open after removing plantin; such as grasses, are apt to pick up fertilizer Where machinery is to be used, surface and move it throughout the plant. In this ''^ ''' '^ -"" ' . '- 7' ' ', •'•» 'i^iri ''r • ^ : • conditions assume much greater process, some fertilizer will go to the importance. Most plantations need deeper parts of the root systems which mowing for weed control at least once later die, thus making the phosphorus and annually. Chemical weed control is sulphur available to the trees. possible, although not so generally reliable of the important functions of One as mowing. On slopes too steep or surfaces fertilizing is to lessen transplant phosphate too rough for larger machines, walk-behind shock. This can occur only if the phosphate mowers are a satisfactory substitute. On is immediately available to the newly set rough surfaces workers will move slower, tree. Without working the phosphate into thus increasing labor costs. Bumps and the soil, this important function cannot be dips, stones, stumps, etc. make all Fig 9, Erosion liazard may be reduced by using machine fully realized. a rototiller. operations more difficult. Remove these Nitrogen moves readily into the soil obstacles as completely as possible before when placed on the surface. Nitrogen, How to get soil test; Soil, plant and planting. On steep slopes where machines however, must not be placed so close to nematode testing is provided by the Agronomic cannot be controlled on the contour, the trees as to bum them. Division of the North Carolina Department of mowing up and down slopes is permissible Agnculture, Raleigh, N. C. 27611. Get instruc- because mowing per se does not disturb tions for taking soil samples from your local the soil. county extension agent. beds with a mesh wire to prevent removal iristmas-trce seedlings should be planted: Selecting the Planting Stock of mulch by wind. Burlap cloth may also be used as a mulch and cover combined. Planting with a Spade-type Tool or Bar Regardless of species, choosing the right If soil tests show a need for phosphate planting stock in terms of age, size, and or lime, mix the material with the soil as quality is very important. Healthy, vigorous recommended before planting. Use nursery stock may mean eadier harvesting nitrogen and potash fertilizer sparingly the by a year or more. Several private nurseries first year, in the second year, in average and the North Carolina Forest Service situations, top-dress with about 150 nurseries grow and sell species suitable for Drive blade at slight angle into ground. Pull to 300 pounds of ammonium nitrate Christmas trees. A list of out-of-state up on handle to open hole. per acre in split applications of not over 50 nurseries offering Christmas tree stock can pounds per acre each week from late May be obtained from county agents or by to August if seedlings lack vigor and good writing to the Extension Forester, Norlh color. Carolina State University, Raleigh 27607. Irrigation water of suitable quality should be available and applied to the beds as Growing Your Own needed each day following sowing. During rainless periods, water beds at the rate of Planting Stock approximately 1 inch per week after Let helper take seedling from bucket and germination and continue to water at this place in hole. Have him hold it against sharp If a suitable nursery site is available, you side of hole at correct depth. rate during the first growing season. can grow your own seedlings. If you buy Above 3,000 feet elevation. Eraser fir seed, be sure to deal with a reputable firm seedlings develop better if grown under 30 that guarantees origin of source of seed. percent shade the first year and no shade An alternative is to collect your own seed. the second growing season. At lower In either event, the seed should be tested-" elevations. Eraser fir may need 80 percent and treated before sowing. shade the first year and 30 percent the Set^dbed second year. To provide shade, place plastic nursery-bed site should be level, fertile, netting on a staked wire frame 18 inches Drive planting tool into ground about 3 in- The the beds. ches behind planting hole. Pull back on the deep well-drained, stone-free, sandy loam, above

handle first. This closes the bottom Transplant firs and spruces after 2 or 3 of the at least 12 inches deep, made planting hole. years in the seedbed. This disturbance free of perennial vegetation. The soil stimulates the root system and makes for a should be tested for nutrient deficiencies better-developed plant above the ground. and the seedbeds fumigated (with Transplant beds should contain soil similar methylbromide) before sowing. to that in seedbeds. Irrigate as needed. Prepare seedbeds in the fall. Seedbeds Pines and redcedar are usually developed should not be over 4 feet wide with 2 feet enough for outplanting directly from the between the beds to be used for plants. seedbed. Elevate 4 to 6 inches above paths. In Leave hole open after removing planting beds Space seedlings 4 to 6 inches apart in tool except in loose sands or light loamy the spring, pulverize soil about 2 inches the transplant beds. A transplant board and sands deep and plant the seed. Sow about 20 a trenching tool will speed transplanting. percent more seed than needed to cover tool, except in loose sands or light loamy sands. Transplant seedlings with the roots fully losses by insects, diseases, birds and extended and the stems upright. Properly Perennial plants such as tail grasses, rodents. Spacing varies with the species handled transplants will be straighter and vines, briars, and brush, and other and how long the seedlings will be left in easier to outplant. unwanted vegetation should be eliminated the seedbed. Firs and spruces should have as completely as possible before planting. a density not exceeding 40 to 50 plants per After planting, control is less satisfactory square foot. Pines and redcedar should the Trees and more expensive. have a spacing of not more than 35 plants Outplanting

Finally, it is not enough to know that the per square foot in the seedbed. After the site has been correctly selected site you select is suitable in elevation, soil After sowing, cover beds with pine straw, and prepared, obtain planting stock or type and location for the species to be sawdust (finely subdivided), hardwood seedlings. Assuming droughts do not grown. There must be adequate bark (hammermilled and screened), peat interfere, success of outplanting will expenditure of time, labor, and materials in moss, or some other similar material. This depend on the care given the plants prior planning the layout of the area and conserves moisture and protects tender to and during planting. Planting dates vary preparing the site. Proper attention to plants during germination and early with geographic area. Plant during these phases can spell the difference establishment. It may be necessary to cover dormant season, using the following as a between success or failure of the entire guide; venture. ' Address for testing; Seed Testing Laboratory of the U. S. Forest Service, Macon, Coastal Plains January through March Georgia and New York Agricultural Experi- Piedmont February through April ment Station, Geneva, New York Mountains March through May '

Avoid planting when surface soils are distances between trees within rows. in mind that as the trees get larger they will dry; likewise, on waterlogged, or frozen Precise spacing is advantageous for shade adjacent trees, reducing quality.

soils, and during freezing weather. Christmas-tree planting, because it makes Rows may be spaced 6 feet apart or Cost of planting varies according to site mowing for weed and grass control much more depending on the size of machinery conditions, topography, and available easier and safer. to be used for mowing and other cultural labor. Table 3 below indicates an average Christmas trees should be planted "in- practices. planting time per 1,000 seedlings under line" in either straight rows or in rows on Stagger trees in rows that are oriented in different conditions. the contour an east-west direction to allow maximum "Off-set" trees may be damaged or sunlight as shown in drawing below.

Table 2. Labor Requirements for Planting 1,000 destroyed by machinery used for cultural Tree Seedlings* (not transplants) practices, especially mowing. To keep trees Equipment Conditions Man-Hours in-line and uniformly spaced, a line such as X Required Used a plastic clothes line may be used with Mattock or Smooth—Piedmont, 13 markings at desired intervals. Lighter bar mountains materials may be used for spacing at the Bar Light—easy-to-work 7 to 10 risk of being moved about by the wind. land Spacing trees the correct distance apart Machine Open, smooth land 3to6 is very important to grow quality trees. Space Open, mountains 25 .Many feel that spacing trees 6 feet apart is Transplants ivill require more time. about minimum spacing for trees to be sold at 6 to 9 feet. However, some growers are On areas too rough for machine 4- If seedlings are to be planted within a spacing fir as close as 4*2 feet apart and planting, the planting bar and spade may week period after they arrive, you can selling small trees (3 feet to 5 feet), thus, be the best and most efficient tools for safely hold them in the shipping package increasing the space for larger trees. Keep planting. provided the following instructions are followed: From time trees arrive until they are finally set out, stow them in a cool place and see that roots are not allowed to dry Necessary Cultural Practices out. Failure to keep the roots moist has been a major cause of many unsuccessful This publication does not give specific BALSAM TWIG APHIDS (Mindarus plantings. information or suggestions concerning the abietinus Koch): These aphids are small Carry trees from package to planting site use of specific pesticides for the control of soft-bodied insects often covered with a in a bucket, tree-planting bag, or tray with specific insect or mite problems. The N. C. white cottony material; they suck sap from damp moss cover on roots. Be sure to Agricultural Chemicals Manual is revised the current year's shoots and needles of remove trees from bucket one at a time as annually and should be referred to for the spruce and true fir, including Fraser fir. each hole is dug. Never grab several trees most up-to-date pesticide information. The most obvious sign that twig aphids and leave them exposed to dry out. Caution: Pesticides can be injurious to are present occurs during the spring when humans, domestic animals, desirable new developing needles curt upward so Table 3. Years Required to Grow Adequate Size plants, and fish or other wildlife — if they that the needle's blue-green underside is Stock or Seedlings are not handled or applied properly. Use visible. The foliage may also be sticky to the Species Years in Years in all pesticides selectively and carefully. touch due to the presence of honeydew. In Seedbed Transplant Bed Follow recommended practices for the addition, clusters of white cottony material Spruce 2 2 the feeding aphids is often Fir 2 2 disposal of surplus pesticides and produced by Douglas-fir 2 2 pesticide containers. present on and among the needles. In April, aphid eggs hatch and young White pine 2 BAGWORMS (Th]jridoptenjx Virginia pine 1 aphids begin feeding on the succulent ephemeraeformis (Haworth)): Caterpillars, Redcedar 1 young developing needles. Aphid feeding, which live in bags made of foliage and development, and reproduction continue silken threads, prefer to eat the needles of Several planting methods have been throughout the spring. During May, winged redcedar; however, they will also cut the used successfully, depending on the aphids develop and they often fly to other foliage of other conifers. The sign that particular planting site and topography, in trees. By the end of June, all aphid forms bagworms are present is their bags. the Coastal Plain and Piedmont regions, disappear and only eggs remain. These Young bagworms can be controlled in most open-field planting is being done by eggs, which look like tiny, white, cottony June with an approved insecticidal spray. tree-planting machine, planting bar, or spots in the crevices of bark, do not hatch In the fall and winter, when the eggs are spade. In the upper Piedmont and until the next spring. present in the bags attached to trees, mountains, the spade is still the most Balsam twig aphid feeding can cause: remove and burn the bags. Many times, popular planting tool, but in rocky soils a —permanent needle distortion, natural enemies will keep bagworms from mattock may prove most useful. particularly on lower branches becoming too numerous. If the planting site is suitable, the and on trees of reduced vigor,

machine method of planting is more ^N. C. Agricultural Chemicals Manual can be —premature needle drop, efficient. Some tree planters are equipped purchased from the Division of Continuing —poor needle retention, and to space trees precisely resulting in equal Education, P. O. Box 5125, N. C. State Uni- —reduced shoot development. versity, Raleigh, North Carolina 27650. Balsam twig aphids can be controlled by Balsam woolly aphids can cause: weevils are quite different. Deodar weevils applying approved insecticidal sprays in —defoliation of needles and chew on the branches and shoots of various the spring prior to the start of new growth thickened discolored wood conifers including deodar cedar and pines. and before needles are drastically curled. which inhibits the movement of The presence of dead branches and Once the needles are curled, spray water and food within the tree, dead or dying trees are an indication that penetration is reduced. At this stage the —gouted buds and branches, these weevils could be present. The deodar population of twig aphids has already —reduced shoot elongation, weevil does not seem to be as an begun to decline. If numerous permanently —poor needle development, and aggressive tree-killer as the white pine, the curled needles are present in the fall, an —branch and tree mortality. pales, and the pitch-eating weevils can be. application of insecticide may be necessaiv To minimize the hazard of balsam However, the whole story is still not known the following spring. woolly aphids in fir Christmas tree about the deodar weevil.

Fig. 12. The Balsam twig aphid attacks needles Fig. 13. Cottony like material shown tiers Fig. 14. Chewing insects attack the tender as they develop early in the spring. indicates Balsam woolly aphids have been developing leader causing serious injury.

present several years. Early detection is difficult. BALSAM WOOLLY APHIDS The presence of a small number of

(Adelges piceae (Ratzeburg)): These plantations, it is important to discover the deodar weevils in a Christmas tree aphids are tiny soft bodied insects which presence of the aphids as soon as possible. plantation is almost impossible to detect or appear as white woolly spots. They suck —Do not plant infested seedlings prevent. If a large number of weevils are sap from, and inject growth stimulating or stock. present, shoots and branches could be substance into, the stem and branches of —Inspect bark surface of trunk and pitted or scarred and killed as a result of true firs, including Fraser fir. limbs of standing trees frequently weevil feeding. The white woolly spots or "whitewash- to determine the presence of the Deodar weevil infestation can be like" material are the most visible sign that aphids. reduced by following both the white pine these aphids are present. These spots are —Inspect the butt of cut trees for weevil and the pales and pitch-eating secreted at the base of buds and needles by white woolly patches and the cut weevil control procedures. Generally, the tiny aphids while they feed on the surface for thickened, discolored removing and destroying high stumps, stems and branches. Other signs often growth rings. discarded limbs, and dead trees will include stunted shoots, gouting (swollen, —Thoroughly spray infested trees eliminate most of the potential deodar distorted buds and branches), and dieback. during May through October weevil breeding sites. During the spring, immature female with an approved insecticide JAPANESE BEETLES (Popillia japonica aphids resume feeding and mature about applied as a forceful stream Newman): These beetles present no the time buds begin to swell. In May, eggs directed at the entire tree. problem with cut Christmas trees. are deposited and hatch, producing —Cover infested trees (with a However, before shipping balled and immature aphids which crawl about large plastic bag if possible), and buriapped trees out of North Carolina into seeking a sheltered place to settle. These cut, remove, and bum heavily or through South Carolina, Geogia, newly hatched immatures are often infested trees from October to Tennessee, and states beyond, the dispersed by wind and birds to other trees. April. following precautionary measures must be After settling down, the aphids feed (and —Protect apparently non-infested applied: secrete the white woolly material which will trees growing near infested trees 1. The root ball-area of undug eventually cover them), develop, and with an approved insecticide. trees or root ball of dug trees reproduce until late fall. By late fall, only DEODAR WEEVILS (Pissodes must be treated with an the immature female aphids remain where nemorensis Germar): These weevils are approved insecticide to control they are feeding, and they are settled and small, tan, snout-beetles which look like Japanese beetle eggs, grubs, prepared to overwinter. white pine weevils; however, the annual life and pupae; and cycle and breeding habits of these two 2. The trees must be inspected —On a cut-over site near a PINE SAWFLIES: These caterpillar-like and certified by an Inspector of Christmas tree plantation, bum insects eat pine needles. The the N. C. Department of all fresh stumps and logging REDHEADED PINE SAWFLY Agriculture. slash. (Neodiprion lecontei (Fitch)) has Your local office of the Agricultural —Remove high stumps and caterpillar-like larvae with a reddish head

Extension Service or a district office of the discarded limbs of Christmas and rows of black spots on its yellowish N. C. Department of Agriculture can trees from such plantations. body. The larvae feed on Scotch, Virginia, provide additional information. —Never plant new seedlings beside and White pine. The VIRGINIA PINE PINE BARK APHIDS (Pineus strobi fresh stumps. SAWFLY (Neodiprion pratti pratti (Dyar)) (Hartig)); These aphids are tiny soft-bodied —If new seedlings are to be planted larvae fiave a black head and pale green insects which appear as white cottony immediately as replacement, body with black stripes and feed on Virginia spots; they suck sap from the stem and the chemically treat or remove pine. The biology, damage, and control of underside of branches of white pine. recently cut stumps, these pine sawflies are similar. Again, the white cottony spots of insecticides can be used to protect newly "whitewash-like" material are the most planted pine seedlings. However, these visible sign that bark aphids are present. insecticides can be time-consuming to

The spots are secreted by the tiny aphids apply, and if proper safety precautions are while they are feeding on the stem, the not strictly followed they can be very underside of branches, and among the poisonous to humans. base of needles on new growth. NANTUCKET PINE TIP MOTHS Pine bark aphids can be controlled by (Rh^^acionia frustrana (Comstock)) and applying an approved insecticide as a PITCH PINE TIP MOTHS (Rhi^acionia forceful stream on a warm day. Direct the rigidana (Femald)); These moths are small spray at the white infested portions of the insects which have a small, orangish- tree's stem, branches, and new growth. colored caterpillar stage that bores into PALES WEEVILS (H^jhbius pales pine shoots (tips) and buds. White and

(Herbst)) and PITCH-EATING WEEVILS longleaf pines are seldom if ever attacked.

( Pach[jlobius piciuorus (Germar)): These The appearance, biology, damage, and weevils are dark brown or black, robust, control of these insects both in their moth hard-shelled snout-beetles. They chew on and their caterpillar stages are similar. the bark of conifer shoots, branches, and The brown or rusty-red, dead pine tips is Fig. 15. Spruce spider mites suck sap from seedlings, particularly of pine. The biology, the most noticeable indication that tip needles of most conifers, including Fraser fir damage, and control of these pine moths are present. Dead needles on a reproduction weevils are similar, and are tipmoth-killed shoot are not so long as the You might see groups of feeding discussed here with reference to Southern living needles on the undamaged part of sawflies on pine needles. Other indications Appalachian conditions. In the Piedmont the shoot. that sawflies were probably present are the and Coastal Plains, their biology varies to Insecticides are approved for controlling reddish-brown, frizzled straw-like frass some degree, but the nature of the damage pine tip moths. Systemic insecticides, either remains of incompletely consumed and the mode of control remain the same. sprays or granulars, can provide better needles or the bare twigs stripped of Dead or dying new pine seedlings, older control than non-systemic insecticides. To needles. tree branches, and shoots are usually the obtain the best control with systcmics: Pine sawflies can be controlled with an first noticeable indication that these weevils —Apply the granular systemic with approved insecticidal spray. Additional are present. The bark at the base of young sufficient lead-time to allow the applications may be needed if more than seedlings fed on by these weevils will chemical to move into the new one generation occurs. appear to be either completely or partly growth. SPRUCE SPIDER MITES (Oligon\^chus removed. On older pines, small resin-filled —Water in insecticide unless a light ununguis (Jacobi)): These mites are tiny, holes or pits in the bark of stems, shoots, rain follows application of a soft-bodied pests which suck sap from the and (living or dead) branches are signs of granular systemic. needles of most conifers, including Fraser weevil feeding. —Apply enough insecticide to fir. The presence of a small number of pales insure that subsequent growth During the summer, spider mite-infested or pitch-eating weevils in a Christmas tree docs not dilute or reduce the needles first appear off-color at a distance plantation is almost impossible to prevent. insecticide's effectiveness. and speckled or stippled up close. If the

When large numbers of weevils are Although the practice is untested, late number of mites increases, the damaged present, newly planted seedlings are likely winter shearing of trees prior to the spring needles can become rusty, bronze, or to be killed, and shoots and branches of emergence of tip moths could prove brown in color by late summer or early fall. older trees become pitted or die. effective in reducing the number of tip In addition, webbing produced by the mites

To minimize the likelihood of pales and moths within the plantation. is visible on needles of heavily infested pitch-eating weevil infestation: trees. —Let a complete summer (June, The presence of spider mites can also be July, August and September) detected by sharply shaking or striking with lapse after a fresh cutting before one hand the foliage suspected of being establishing a new Christmas tree infested while holding a piece of white plantation. cloth (handkerchief) or paper under the foliage with the other hand. If spider mites and the aphids will become a nuisance. Affected plants first show a light-green are present, they can be seen moving White pine aphids can be controlled by color, followed by a gradual decline in vigor about on the cloth or paper. Rubbing or applying an approved insecticide as a of above-ground parts. Freshly dug patting foliage between the palms of both forceful stream directed at the infested infected plants show reddish -brown roots. hands or a white cloth is another method. portions of the tree. Two applications at 7- A laboratory test may be necessary for a If spider mites are present, streaks of to 10-day intervals might be needed. Also, positive identification. To be on the safe reddish-brown mite "blood" will be seen. better control is often obtained if side, avoid planting seedlings that show The best procedure is to periodically insecticides are applied on a day when the disease symptoms. examine the tips of new foliage with a lOX temperature remains 65°F or higher for a No adequate control measures have yet hand lens. few hours after spraying. Many times, been developed for this disease. Soil In the spring, mite eggs hatch and mite particularly during the spring and summer, fumigation with methyl bromide gives feeding, development, and reproduction natural enemies will keep the aphid some control of the disease in nursery occur almost continuously throughout the population at a low level. beds, but recurrence is likely within 2 to 4 spring, summer, and early fall. During WHITE PINE WEEVILS (Pissodes strobi years. As a precaution, choose the nursery these periods of activity, mite infestation (Peck)): These insects are small, tan, snout site carefully with respect to drainage. can be spread by wind. In the fall, beetles with two white spots on their rear overwintering eggs are laid among bud end. They chew on, and develop under, Needle rusts are caused by several species scales and at the base of needles. the bark of white pine leaders. They also of fungi that attack the needles of Virginia Spruce spider-mite feeding can cause attack Norway spruce and Scotch pine. pine (and other pines) in the spring. The poor needle color, premature needle drop, The first sign of white pine weevil attack, fungus produces bright orange blisters and poor needle retention. which usually occurs during April and which break and release orange-colored

A number of effective miticides are probably goes unnoticed, is excessive pitch spores. Needle rusts rarely cause severe approved for spider mite and spruce flow from adult weevil feeding punctures in damage to the trees but may lower their spider-mite control. To minimize the the bark of the preceding year's leader. value as Christmas trees. Infection of pines presence of spruce spider mites in a Later in the spring or early summer, the originates from spores that form on Christmas tree plantation: new growth appears stunted, needles wilt, alternate hosts such as goldenrod, aster, — Inspect trees frequently during the and the new leader withers, assuming the and certain other weeds. Fortunately, these spring, summer, and early fall for shape of a shepherd's crook. fungi require certain weather conditions to spider mites or any signs of their White pine weevils can be controlled by: develop and these conditions do not occur presence. —spraying white pine leaders in the every year. — Spray only when economic spring with an approved damage threatens to occur, usually insecticide when either the first Needle cast is the name applied to a during the drier period of late sign of attack (pitch flow) occurs disease caused by one of several fungi August, September, and October. or when needles wilt, but no later which cause a dieback of older pine —Avoid routine spraying because than immediately after leaders needles, often followed by early shedding natural control agents may be crook; or or "casting." These fungi are intraspecific killed. —pruning-out and burning all and do not kill trees but they reduce their — For generally greater effective infested leaders before the new value as Christmas trees. From a distance, sprays, apply in late summer and adult weevils emerge. affected trees have a scorched appearance.

early fall. The symptoms are most evident in the — Spray thoroughly because spring. Remove affected trees from the coverage and penetration of Protection Against Diseases stand. infested foliage is essential. Diseases of Christmas trees are sufficiently — Alternate the choice of miticide to Pine-stem rust is indicated by round important that should avoid repeated applications of the growers become swellings or galls on the limbs or trunks. In familiar with least of the same miticide. at some more the early spring, orange blisters are important diseases to assure successful WHITE PINE APHIDS (Gnara strobi produced on these swellings. Prune plantation management. (Fitch)): These aphids are small, black, soft- branches bearing galls before the disease Phytophthora root rot prove to be a bodied insects with white spots along the may extends to the trunk, or the tree may die. serious disease in seedlings of sides of their body. They suck sap from many The best time to prune branches that have species in nursery beds as well as in out- branches and shoots of white pine. galls is when the stand is between 3 and 5 planted Fraser fir trees and in white pines. Light aphid infestation causes little years old so that the trees may recover In short, its development is favored by damage. Pines maintained in a vigorous their form before harvest. Oak trees are the excessive soil-moisture associated with condition arc more able to tolerate and main alternate hosts for stem rust fungi. poor internal drainage. The disease occurs recover from aphid injury. However, heavy White pine blister rust is caused by a

on two main soil types— ( ) heavy soils and persistent aphid infestations can cause 1 fungus that forms certain of its spore stages (2) shallow, light soils underlain by a layer needles to yellow and wilt, small trees and on currant or gooseberry ( Ribes spp.). This of impervious clay or rock which hinders individual branches of larger trees to die, spore enters the needles and grows into drainage. and branches and foliage to be blackened the inner bark of branches, where it with sooty mold. causes spindle-shaped swellings to form. When white pine Christmas trees or Three to four years following infection, foliage are brought indoors, the yellowish blisters form in the bark and pro- overwintering aphid eggs often will hatch duce numerous spores.These spores cannot infect currant or gooseberry bushes many in a circle 6 to 12 inches radius around the Shaping and Shearing miles away. The spore stage that infects the tree. The following spring repeat the white pine is produced on the alternate application of I'z ounces of ammonium Shaping is a must for high-quality

host in the fail. It is a very delicate spore nitrate (or equivalent) and in succeeding Christmas trees. The term shaping is and does not survive very far from the years increase to 3 ounces per tree if applied to any cutting done to shape the point of origin. Thus, it is possible to needed. plant to its desired appearance. This may prevent spread of this fungus by In the case of pines where nitrogen may be done by shearing or pruning. The term eliminating currant bushes within 400 feet not be added each year, it may be shearing is applied to cutting back the of the pines. The early stage of this disease necessary to apply nitrogen during the current year's growth of the leader and is so difficult to detect that an infection may summer before harvest to improve color. lateral iimbs. have been developing for at least 2 years Unless fertilizing is accompanied by an Pruning is the removal of injured, dead before it is discovered. Prune out infected effective weed and grass control program, or diseased parts or wood older than the limbs as far in advance of tree harvest as young trees may be choked out by current growth. Severe cutting should be possible. If the infection reaches the main excessive competition. done early in the life of the plant. Early stem, destroy the tree. This disease is rare in North Carolina.

Emergence tipburn, or needle blight, is usually indicated when white pine needles become reddish-brown at the tips, giving the tree a scorched appearance. The blight

usually does not kill trees but does reduce their value. Some trees seem to blight every year, others occasionally. No control is known. This problem is not caused by a parasitic organism but is caused by air pollution. Remove affected trees from the stand.

Protection Against Animals

Domestic livestock and wild animals will damage or kill trees of all kinds. Livestock and Christmas trees should be in separate areas. In many parts of the state, deer, rabbits, and mice have damaged young trees extensively. Rodent damage usually occurs in areas of heavy grass cover which favors growth of an over-population of these pests. Grass control is usually enough to discourage a rodent population buildup. Local county agents may also recommend rodent control with poison bait.

Fertilizing

Adequate fertilization promotes growth and gives the trees a luxuriant foliage and a deep rich color. Fertilizer requirements vary with different soils. Have soil analyzed several months ahead of planting to determine the amount and kind of minerals needed. If soil test shows phosphate or lime to be low, plough or disk these into the soil at least 3 months before planting, if at all possible. Fig. 17. Both these trees are 7 years old. The one at the right has been sheared to give it a Several weeks after the trees have been Christmas tree shape. Inset shows correct angle for cutting leader. outplanted apply IV2 ounces of ammonium nitrate, or equivalent, per plant

10 shaping may reduce shearing high. However, acceptable standards for controlling height growth. When the trees requirements to a minimum the final year taper will range from a minimum width of reach 3 or 4 feet in height, cut off bottom before harvest. 40 percent of height to a meiximum of 90 branches so a 10-inch limb-free butt is Since any one method of shaping is not percent.'' provided for a handle. Basal pruning too suitable for all trees, the species will be Some growers prefer shearing pines by early may slow the growth rate. considered separately. using knives with a 14-inch blade, although

strong hedge shears may be used, if knives are used, they should have high-quality Redcedar blades that stay very sharp and require minimum sharpening. Redccdar can be sheared lightly at any hedge time of the season with either CAUTION: EACH WORKER SHOULD clippers or knives. BE EQUIPPED WITH TWO KNIVES, A PAIR OF GLOVES, AND A LEG GUARD. WORKERS SHOULD BE WELL White Pine TRAINED AND CAUTIONED AGAINST it is very important to start shearing white INDULGING IN HORSEPLAY. pine at the proper year and season. When tree is about 12 to 24 inches in height, cut off terminal bud to provide more limbs for Spruces and Firs will be the base of the tree. Adjust this what The spruces and firs require different height upward for a tree growing on a treatment from that given pines or cedars. Fig. 19. Shearing pines too early in the season steep slope. Shearing will stimulate more New leaders of spruces and firs may be cut may result in more buds than necessary thus growth buds and make the tree more any time after the desired growth is producing a "witches broom" effect. compact. It also reduces deformities and completed (the sooner the better) until the of the tree. improves the shape The season following spring before new growth starts. to shear white pines is between the time Spruces and firs develop lateral buds along the new leader completes its growth and the current leader growth. before it hardens. This period of about 3 When cutting spruces or firs to control weeks usually occurs between June 25 and height growth, use a knife or hand pruner. July 15 in the mountains and 2 or 3 weeks Some growers cut the leader in summer. earlier elsewhere in the state. These dates This gives the cut surface time to callous vary with the growing conditions, the (heal) before winter. The same process elevation, and the season. may be used in late spring just before Sometimes the leader of pines may die dormancy is broken. To slow down lateral back for any one of several reasons. A new branches that may have grown too fast, cut leader may be developed by tying one of off their terminal during any season. This the limbs near the top to the dead stub. If allows the other limbs to "catch up," thus this is done, use a temporary material producing a symmetrical tree. (tough grass) that will rot and fall away to It is best to use a minimum amount of avoid cutting into the limb as it grows. Start by cutting the leader to desired knife work on the firs and spruces so they Fig. 20. Shearing pines too late in the season will have a natural appearance. The main result in weak buds, too few buds, and length (10 to 14 inches is usually best) at a may is compactness b^j sometimes dieback. 45-degree angle, with the face of the cut in thing to strive for a northerly direction to reduce drying. Then clip the side branches of the top whorl so that they are 3 to 5 inches shorter than the terminal. Next, proceed around the tree and clip the side branches to shape the tree into a cone. Do not overshear. Closely shaued trees will look unnatural. Shear only the current year's growth of white pines unless unavoidable. Older growth does not usually set buds. When the tree is about 3 feet to 4 feet high, cut off bottom branches so that a 10-inch limb- free butt (handle) is available after the tree is harvested.

The ideal shape of a tree should Fig. 18. Tools used for shaping Christmas trees resemble a cone, wide at the base and are 14-inch knife, pocket knife, and pruning tapering uniformly to the tip. The ideal tree shears. Fig. 21. Shearing pines at the proper time 10 well -developed buds. should be about two-thirds as wide as it is produces 5 to ''Tree taper is computed by dividing tree width by tree heigtit.

11 T-H-vifrgnrr

Weeds, Brush, and . 4th year of shearing Woody-Plant Control / ^ \ 3rd year of shearing Keeping young Christmas trees free of excessive weed, grass, and woody-plant growth is probably the biggest task in the // \A / 2ndnd year of( shearing initial stage pf production. Without

adequate and sustained control, planting / / / \ will result in poor survival, slower growth, / / \ and irregularly formed trees. On fertile, / / , . 1st year of shearing moist sites, these competitors will take their toll the first 2 or 3 years. Even on poor sites requiring relatively heavy fertilization, weed competition may completely crowd out young trees.

Fig. 23. When cutting spruces or firs, use a very Mechanical sharp knife to cut close to bud chosen as probable new leader. Mowing is an effective way to keep may encourage the encroachment of competing plants under control between another unwanted species. Competing rows. Properly timed mowing reduces 9" plants may be reduced by the timely competition, rodents, and the fire hazard. It handle application of herbicides in sufficient is important to keep some vegetation Fig. 22, Bottom limbs are not as vigorous as the dosage to accelerate the growth of the trees between rows to prevent erosion. Rotary- limbs in the upper parts of the tree. These limbs in the treated area. In some instances, two type mowers are preferred for grass should be allowed to develop with only enough chemicals may be combined for a broader control. Sickle bars may cut too many trees. shearing to produce more buds for range of control. compactness. Basal pruning should remove the To the extent that it allows best weak limbs. Chemical development of the crop, the control ot cal. Most properly formulated herbicides competing vegetation is not a simple

The use of herbicides is an effective are shortlived in the environment but must matter. supplement to mechanical means for be carefully used to prevent long-lasting New chemicals, now being tested, will be controlling competition by weeds and effects by changing the composition of the introduced later. Contact your county grasses. Although some vegetation plant community. extension agent for the latest competing with Christmas trees may be Reduction of target species by chemicals recommendations. woody plants, the main form of competition is usually broadleaved weeds and grasses. It is important to keep some Harvestiiii vegetation between rows to prevent erosion and as an alternate host for mites. Herbicides should be used in bands or spots around trees. Too much vegetation Trees grow at different rates, so harvesting Trees should be cut with a sharp saw at not only damages the trees but may also a plantation takes from 1 to 3 years. right angles to the stem to leave a flat base. encourage rodents and increase the fire Two harvesting methods may be used: The person responsible for designating the hazard. 1. The grower cuts and markets the trees to be cut should know market

The toxicity of a chemical may vary from entire crop in one year. It is usually specifications such as height, straightness no response to 100 percent response, so necessary to let trees grow an extra year or of stem, length of handle, symmetry, and you should choose the herbicide to match two to allow most of the trees to reach fullness of foliage. the situation. Examples of possible marketable size. Trees too small for The trees should be carried (not different use of chemicals are new marketing are either cut into boughs or dragged) to a specified packaging and

plantings in a cleanly cultivated field, new destroyed. The advantage of this method is loading area. Twine or a plastic netting plantings in a sod, or established the low cost of harvesting and clearing the may be used effectively to bundle trees. plantations. Response to chemicals will area for replanting the following spring. Packaging trees can be done by a specified depend on several factors such as time of 2. The second method is to harvest on baling machine or by using a simple cone application, soil composition, rainfall, an area as the trees reach merchantable through which trees can be pulled to temperature, size, kind and growing size. This method produces a greater yield constrict them for tying. Packaging trees condition of target plants, rate of of trees per acre, but the increases in reduces damage during handling and deterioration before being incorporated harvesting costs may offset the profits from shipping. Trees should then be hauled to into the soil, and persistence of the chemi- the increased yield. the nearest truck-loading point and sorted

12 according to species, height, and quality as When trees are cut in advance of profitable to hire additional labor at harvest they are unloaded. Preliminary sorting shipping dates, by all means protect them time for simultaneous cutting and loading reduces "wear and tear" of the trees when from direct sun and drying winds during out. While this practice increases handling buyers want to inspect their trees at the the waiting period. costs, it would not delay truckers waiting loading point. Growers of large acreages may find it for the trees.

Marketing

The market place is where the grower damage to the plantation. cut his choice from two or three species of learns whether the money and effort he When cutting many trees for specific trees on several acres. The grower should has expended to produce quality trees is buyers, it would be advisable to have a carry liability insurance. enough to allow him to compete profitably performance contract signed by both the There is considerable risk in retailing against imported and wild-grown trees. buyer and seller. Usual terms call for a one- Christmas trees. The retailer's margin need

The North Carolina Christmas tree third payment when the contract is signed not be so high if the grower assumes part industry has depended on satisfied and the balance when the trees are picked of the risk. He may absorb all or a part of customers. The future growth of the up. the loss on unsold Christmas trees. He may industn; rests on the continuing demand Growers of larger acreages are obliged also deliver trees as the retailer needs for qua/i(y frees fay satisfied customers. Do to move thousands of trees, so production them. This decreases the possibility of not expect retailers to accept cull trees. costs per tree may be less than for those having large numbers of cut trees on hand Marketing methods vary according to producing smaller numbers of trees. Those after Christmas. the size of operations and the buyers' growing fewer trees may sell either at the To realize a fair return, growers with demands for quality and other services. plantation or deliver trees directly to the small areas may compete with those A grower's reputation for selling quality local retailer. having larger acreages by improving trees year after year will relieve the buyers Some growers operate their own lot and efficiency of operations and offering a of having to inspect the trees at the retail their own trees. Those selling fewer better quality product. They may also plantation. This reputation will facilitate trees may offer additional services such as compete with those offering larger volumes marketing and help keep satisfied letting a buyer select and cut his own trees by combining sales of trees with other customers. and making sales on consignment. Thus, growers. The grower should label the trees he takes part of the marketing risk. By United States Department of Agriculture accurately according to species, height, offering these additional services, the standard grades for Christmas trees may and general quality in terms of color, grower can expect a better net price per be used as a guide in grading trees for sale. density, and shape. This procedure helps tree. If both grower and buyer know these to build a good seller-buyer relationship. A Some growers who live near population standard grades and accept them, they can brochure listing salable trees sent to all centers may sell trees directly to consumers make tree sales by phone or letter without prospective buyers can help to increase in the plantation. If you choose this "on the ground" inspection. sales. Such a brochure should include the method you will need to have adequate all- Growers and buyers would find useful species, size, quality, selling method (on weather parking in an accessible area fellowship in an association of Christmas- the stump, at roadside, or delivered), and within close driving distance of the city. tree growers. Many production and sales expected price. Growers may help sales by Signs should be strategically located to techniques are revealed in contacts with including pictures of their overall direct customers to the plantation without growers at their regular association plantations and individual trees. difficulty. Thieves may also follow these meetings. Much helpful information can be Many growers cut and harvest their own directions, so be aware of the need for found in the association's periodic news trees, but in some instances they may tag security of your trees. Good results may be letter and the quarterly American their trees and let the buyers do the cutting. obtained by advertising the location of the Christmas Tree Journal.

It is usually better for the grower to cut and plantation and hours of operation. The harvest to prevent high grading and customer should be provided with tools to

KeepingYour Records

Keep complete documented records on designation and size of fields, topography detailed cost and return figures. You need your Christmas tree plantation firom the and surface drainage, location of roads, to know how many trees survive transplant beginning. Good records should include a species and number of trees in each field, shock, mowing machine injury, or pest map of the farm layout with reference and date planted. attacks. A continuous inventory of points, scale and date. Information on the Other records should include soil test merchantable trees permits calculation of map may be anything useful for data, weather conditions at the time of cost per tree or fertilizer and pest control management such as information on planting, pest and weed control efforts, and chemicals needed and depletion

13 allowance. Records should contain infonnation detailed enough to permit you Conclusions Appendix to determine the weak points of your operation. They will also enable you to and Summary compare your costs with published standards. Suggested References Records would be useful to determine a In undertaking to grow Christmas trees as cash basis needed to arrive at your capital a business venture, the following points American Christmas Tree Journal, gains in case of casualty losses, damage need to be given careful consideration. National Christmas Tree Growers' claims, sale of property, or a fair market Association, Inc., Milwaukee, Wis. value for estate tax purposes. Accurate Christmas-tree crops require intensive records would indicate whether or not you management to produce a quality product. Bakuzis, E. V. and Hansen, H. L. Balsam made a profit and can prevent the Unless a prospective grower is prepared to Fir, Abies balsamea (Linneus) Miller. Univ. payment of unnecessary taxes. invest capital and many hours of labor in of Minn. Press. 1965.

The table on opposite page is an necessary management, he would be example of part of the records needed and better off not to try at all. Brown, James H. Effect of Time of should be used only as a guide. Insert Summer Pruning on Bud Set, Limb prices prevailing at any given time. Selection and preparation of planting Development, and Shoot Growth of sites are of first importance. The Sheared Pines. W. Va. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bui. topography, surface condition, elevation, 498. 1964. exposure, internal drainage, and Assistance Available accessibility to roads should be carefully Hacskaylo, John. Use of Permanent Latex considered. Dyes for Christmas Trees. Ohio. Agri. Exp. Sta. For. Dept. Series 46. 1960. The North Carolina Agricultural Select the right Christmas-tree species Extension Service serves as the adapted to site conditions and those that Janes, Ray L., Butcher, J. W., and educational arm of North Carolina State have strong market appeal. Morofsky, W. F. Christmas Tree Insect University States and the United Control. Mich. Agr. Ext. Bui. E-353. 1958. Department of Agriculture. Through the Select good planting stock, take care of University staff, area and county specialists the trees, and plant properly to insure N. C. Agr. Extension Service, Weeds of the will provide educational assistance, maximum survival. Southern United States. C599, $1.00 information and guidance to the grower of Christmas trees. Among the necessary cultural practices Minkler, Leon S., and Ryker, Russell A. The North Carolina Division of Forest is a good pest control program. Livestock Color, Form and Growth Variations in Resources is a service organization that and fire should be kept out of plantations. Eastern Redcedar. Journal of For. provides planting stock and seedlings that 57(51:347-349. 1959. may be grown as Christmas trees. Their Control competing weeds, grasses, and foresters also assist offering may in bmsh to insure rapid growth and well- Polk, R. B. Characteristics of Good the culture of management advice about formed trees. Christmas Trees. Univ. of Missouri Bui. Christmas trees as well as pest control. 820. 1964. also assist landowners with problems They Develop the desired shape of the trees of fire control. by shaping and shearing at right time to Sowder, A. M. Christmas Trees, the The Soil Conservation Service of the improve quality and increase the likelihood Tradition and Trade. U.S.D.A., Forest United States Department of Agriculture is of higher prices. Service, Agriculture Information Bulletin responsible for carrying developing and 94. 1966. out soil and water conservation programs. Use harvesting techniques adapted to a They will advise on site characteristics given situation to minimize damage. Spaulding, P. Diseases of Foreign Forest relative to soil and water, as well as Trees Growing in the United States. adaptability of tree species. also They can Join an association of Christmas-tree U.S.D.A. Agriculture Handbook 139. advise the location of offer on ponds and a growers. 1958. varied amount of engineering assistance in the development of water control For additional information, contact your U. S. Department of Agriculture, Soil and water resources, and access roads local county extension agent or service Conservation Service in cooperation with within the plantations. forester. North Carolina Agriculture Experiment Station—County Soil Survey Reports. For additional information on soils, contact the Soil Conservation Service. U. S. Department of Agriculture. United States Standards for Grades of Christmas Trees. U.S.D.A. Agriculture Marketing

STATE LIBRARY OF NORTH CAROLINA Service. 38 F.R. 5252. 1973.

3 3091 00747 2434

14 Work sheet for estimating revenue, operating expenses, annual ownership expenses and net revenue per acre for producing Fraser fir Christmas trees over a nine-year period using recommended practices Quantity Item Description &Unit Price Amount Per Tree

Gross revenue: Trees cut 7th year, 6' -7' 580 ea. Trees cut 8th year, 7' -8' 675 ea. Trees cut 9th year, 8' + 287 ea. Boughs' 200 ea.

Total Establishment expenses: Labor Apply herbicide (hand sprayer)- 6hr Spread lime and fertilizer (hand)' 8hr. Site preparation 2hr. Set out trees (hand) 30 hr.

Materials Lime 0.45 ton Fertilizer (phosphate) 5cwt. Herbicide lac. Premium planting stock^ 1742 ea.

Equipment '/i-ton truck 2hr. operating expense Tractor 30-39 h.p. 2hr. Disk Ihr. Harrow Ihr.

Total establishment expenses Maintenance expenses 2nd through 9th year: Labor Replant trees 2hr. Apply herbicides (hand sprayer) 54 hr. Apply pesticides 6hr.

Apply fertilizer (annually if needed) 61 hr. Mow (3 times per year) 106 hr. Shearing and pruning 127 hr. Spray pesticides (custom helicopter) 6app. Marking trees for sale 2hr.

Materials Pesticides Herbicides Fertilizer 24.1 cwt. Planting stock (replanting) 0.13 ea.

Equipment '/2-ton truck 18 hr. operating expense Mower 106 hr.

Roads and fire lanes Christmas Tree Association dues'

Total operating expenses (not including labor or interest) Net revenue over operating expenses Value of labor Net revenue to capital land and management Total annual ownership expenses Net revenue to land and management Charge for land Net revenue to management

' Boughs are those from pruning bottom limbs and from unmarketable trees. - See Agricultural and Chemicals Manual for recommended herbicides and pesticides.

' Fertilizer rates should be applied according to soil test recommendations. ^ Some growers may use collected wild seedlings or stock. ' Prorated over 5 acres.