Current Awareness in Clinical Editors: Damian Ballam MSc and Allister Vale MD

January 2014

CURRENT AWARENESS PAPERS OF THE MONTH

2012 annual report of the American Association of Control Centers' National Poison Data System (NPDS): 30th annual report Mowry JB, Spyker DA, Cantilena LR, Jr., Bailey JE, Ford M. Clin Toxicol 2013; 51: 949-1229. Background This is the 30th Annual Report of the American Association of Poison Control Centers' (AAPCC) National Poison Data System (NPDS). As of July 1, 2012, 57 of the nation's poison centers (PCs) uploaded case data automatically to NPDS. The upload interval was 7.58 [6.30, 11.22] (median [25%, 75%]) min, creating a near real-time national exposure and information database and surveillance system. Methodology We analyzed the case data tabulating specific indices from NPDS. The methodology was similar to that of previous years. Where changes were introduced, the differences are identified. Poison center cases with medical outcomes of death were evaluated by a team of 34 medical and clinical toxicologist reviewers using an ordinal scale of 1–6 to assess the Relative Contribution to Fatality (RCF) of the exposure to the death. Results In 2012, 3,373,025 closed encounters were logged by NPDS: 2,275,141 human exposures, 66,440 animal exposures, 1,025,547 information calls, 5,679 human confirmed nonexposures, and 218 animal confirmed nonexposures. Total encounters showed a 6.9% decline from 2011, while healthcare facility (HCF) exposure calls increased by 1.2%. All information calls decreased by 14.8% and HCF information calls decreased by 1.7%, medication identification requests (Drug ID) decreased by 22.0%, and human exposures reported to US PCs decreased by 2.5%. Human exposures with less serious outcomes have

Current Awareness in Clinical Toxicology is produced monthly for the American Academy of Clinical Toxicology by the Birmingham Unit of the UK National Information Service.

The NPIS is commissioned by Public Health England 2

decreased by 3.7% per year since 2008, while those with more serious outcomes (moderate, major, or death) have increased by 4.6% per year since 2000. The top five substance classes most frequently involved in all human exposures were analgesics (11.6%), cosmetics/personal care products (7.9%), household cleaning substances (7.2%), sedatives/hypnotics/antipsychotics (6.1%), and foreign bodies/toys/ miscellaneous (4.1%). Analgesic exposures as a class increased the most rapidly (8,780 calls/year) over the last 12 years. The top five most common exposures in children aged 5 years or less were cosmetics/ personal care products (13.9%), analgesics (9.9%), household cleaning substances (9.7%), foreign bodies/toys/ miscellaneous (7.0%), and topical preparations (6.3%). Drug identification requests comprised 54.4% of all information calls. NPDS documented 2,937 human exposures resulting in death with 2,576 human fatalities judged related (RCF of 1-Undoubtedly responsible, 2-Probably responsible, or 3-Contributory). Conclusions These data support the continued value of PC expertise and need for specialized medical toxicology information to manage the more severe exposures, despite a decrease in calls involving less severe exposures. Unintentional and intentional exposures continue to be a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in the US. The near real-time, always current status of NPDS represents a national public health resource to collect and monitor US exposure cases and information calls. The continuing mission of NPDS is to provide a nationwide infrastructure for public health surveillance for all types of exposures, public health event identification, resilience response, and situational awareness tracking. NPDS is a model system for the nation and global public health. Full text available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/15563650.2013.863906

Drugs and other chemicals involved in fatal in England and Wales during 2000–2011 Handley SA, Flanagan RJ. Clin Toxicol 2014; 52: 1-12. Context Fatal poisoning data can reveal trends in the poisons encountered, which can help guide prescribing practices and product safety and other legislation, and more recently has helped to monitor the use of emerging drugs of abuse ('legal highs'). Methods We searched Mortality Statistics - Injury and poisoning, Series DH4 (2000–2005), Mortality Statistics - Deaths registered in England and Wales, Series DR (2006–2011), and the Office for National Statistics drug poisoning database for information on fatal poisoning during 2000–2011. We also searched the Pubmed database for 'fatal' and 'poisoning' and 'England' and 'Wales': this search yielded seven papers that gave relevant information on deaths reported during 2000–2011 that were not superseded by later publications. Deaths from poisoning The annual number of deaths from poisoning fell from 2000 (3092) to 2010 (2749), before increasing to 3341 in 2011. This increase was due in part to a change in the ICD coding relating to poisoning, suggesting that such deaths had been under-recorded previously. Although fatalities from dextropropoxyphene declined (287 in 2004 and 18 in 2011) following the withdrawal of co-proxamol (paracetamol [acetaminophen] and dextropropoxyphene [propoxyphene] mixture) during 2005–2007, deaths involving codeine

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and most notably tramadol (836 deaths during 2000–2011) increased. Deaths from either alone, or with alcohol reached 89 in 2011, the lowest annual figure since 1974. However, in reality there has been no marked downward trend since 1999 despite reductions in pack size, continued publicity as to the dangers of paracetamol overdose, and improved liver failure treatment, including transplantation. The annual number of deaths from antidepressants remained relatively stable (median: 397, range: 335–469). Although the number of deaths from dosulepin [dothiepin] decreased (186 in 2000 and 49 in 2011), the number of deaths involving selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors increased (50 in 2000 and 127 in 2011). Although annual numbers of deaths involving diamorphine/morphine (88% unintentional) declined, deaths involving methadone (89% unintentional) increased and the total annual number of deaths from these drugs showed little change (2000: 1061, 2011: 995). Deaths involving amfetamine/metamfetamine remained relatively constant at about 50 annually, and whilst cocaine-related deaths fell by 48% during 2008–2011, and deaths involving MDMA and related compounds fell by 69% over this same period, deaths involving 'legal highs', notably -hydroxybutrate/- butyrolactone and ketamine, increased. Conclusions Alterations in the availability of paracetamol and of prescription drugs such as dextropropoxyphene and dosulepin have not been accompanied by decreases in the number of deaths from poisoning. Despite intense media and other interest, the annual number of deaths (250–300) involving 'recreational' drugs remains small in relation to the 1000 or so deaths a year from diamorphine and/or methadone. Full text available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/15563650.2013.872791

Hemodialysis clearance of glyphosate following a life- threatening ingestion of glyphosate-surfactant herbicide Garlich FM, Goldman M, Pepe J, Nelson LS, Allan MJ, Goldstein DA, Goldfarb DS, Hoffman RS. Clin Toxicol 2014; 52: 66-71. Context Ingestion of glyphosate-surfactant herbicides (GlySH) can result in , electrolyte abnormalities, acidosis, cardiovascular collapse, and death. In severe , the use of hemodialysis is reported, but largely unsupported by kinetic analysis. We report the dialysis clearance of glyphosate following a suicidal ingestion of a glyphosate-containing herbicide. Case details A 62-year-old man was brought to the emergency department (ED) 8.5 h after drinking a bottle of commercial herbicide containing a 41% solution of glyphosate isopropylamine, in polyoxyethyleneamine (POEA) surfactant and water. He was bradycardic and obtunded with respiratory depression necessitating intubation and mechanical ventilation. Initial laboratory results were significant for the following: pH, 7.11; PCO2, 64 mmHg; PO2, 48 mmHg; potassium, 7.8 mEq/L; Cr 3.3, mg/dL; bicarbonate, 22 mEq/L; anion gap, 18 mEq/L; and lactate, 7.5 mmol/L. Acidosis and hyperkalemia persisted despite ventilation and fluid resuscitation. The patient underwent hemodialysis 16 h post ingestion, after which he demonstrated resolution of acidosis and hyperkalemia, and improvement in clinical status. Serum glyphosate concentrations were drawn prior to, during, and after hemodialysis. The extraction ratio and hemodialysis clearance were calculated to be 91.8% and 97.5 mL/min, respectively.

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Discussion We demonstrate the successful clearance of glyphosate using hemodialysis, with corresponding clinical improvement in a patient with several poor prognostic factors (advanced age, large volume ingested, and impaired consciousness). The effects of hemodialysis on the surfactant compound are unknown. Hemodialysis can be considered when severe acidosis and acute kidney injury complicate ingestion of glyphosate-containing products. Full text available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/15563650.2013.870344

Serum biochemical markers of central nerve system damage in children with acute elemental mercury intoxication Yilmaz FM, Yilmaz H, Tutkun E, Uysal S, Carman KB, Dilber C, Ercan M. Clin Toxicol 2014; 52: 32-8. Objective Acute mercury intoxication among children can occur through unintentional exposure, and neurotoxicity is one of the main findings in acute exposures. In this study, we aimed to study the central nerve system markers, namely neuron-specific enolase (NSE), S100B, and glutamate receptor (GRIA 1) levels and discuss the mechanisms of central nerve system damage and whether these parameters could be used as markers of acute elemental mercury intoxication neurotoxicity. Materials and methods This is a case-control study which includes 169 children with acute elemental mercury intoxication, who were exposed to mercury in the school laboratory from a broken jar, and 45 sex- and age-matched controls without mercury exposure. Patient group were divided into three subgroups according to the neurological examination performed during the admission. Neuropathy Group included the children with neurological symptoms including peripheral neuropathy and decreased muscle strength (n = 39) (with or without dilated pupils). Dilated Pupil Group included the children who had mid-dilated/dilated pupils (n = 52). Asymptomatic Exposure Group included the children who did not have any neurological symptoms (n = 78). Serum NSE, S100B, GRIA 1, blood, and urine mercury levels were determined. Results NSE, S100B, GRIA 1, and blood mercury levels were significantly higher in exposed group than the nonexposed subjects (Median values NSE 22.4 ng/mL, 17.2 ng/mL; S100B 0.09 ng/mL, 0.08 ng/mL; GRIA 1 70.6 pg/mL, 54.1 pg/mL, and blood mercury 15.2 µg/L, 0.23 µg/L for exposed and nonexposed groups, respectively). GRIA 1 levels found to differ between exposed and nonexposed groups and it has also been found to be increased in the subgroups with positive neurological findings compared to that in neurological finding negative groups. S100B levels were found to be increased in exposed and having neurological symptom groups. There was not a significant difference between exposed-not having neurological symptom patients and control group. NSE levels were found to be higher in all subgroups when compared to those in controls, however there was not a significant difference between the subgroups.

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Conclusion Serum NSE, GRIA 1, and S100B were increased with mercury exposure. GRIA 1 and S100B levels were observed to have the power to discriminate neurological symptom positive and negative groups. The increase in S100B levels are thought to be protecting the neurons and preventing further NSE elevations. Full text available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/15563650.2013.860986

Characterization of phosphatidylethanol blood concentrations for screening alcohol consumption in early pregnancy Kwak H-S, Han J-Y, Choi J-S, Ahn H-K, Ryu H-M, Chung H-J, Cho D-H, Shin C-Y, Velazquez-Armenta EY, Nava-Ocampo AA. Clin Toxicol 2014; 52: 25- 31. Objective Phosphatidylethanol (PEth) is formed endogenously by the direct action of ethanol, and has a half-life long enough to make it a reliable biomarker of alcohol exposure in early pregnancy. In this study, we aimed to characterize PEth blood concentrations to differentiate different levels of alcohol exposure in pregnant women. Methods The study consisted of 305 consecutive pregnant women who had been referred to our hospital for antenatal care. Of them, 117 self-reported alcohol ingestion in the first trimester of pregnancy and 188 were abstainers. Total PEth concentration in whole blood was quantified by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Alcohol ingestion was classified according to the United States National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism into light drinkers: = 3 drinks/week, moderate drinkers: 3–7 drinks/week, and heavier drinkers: > 7 drinks/week (a standard drink = 14 g of ethanol). Results Participants had quantifiable PEth blood levels 3–4 weeks after the last drink. There were 4.8% abstainers who had positive PEth concentrations; all of them reported a positive history of alcohol consumption before conception. PEth blood concentrations were significantly correlated to drinks per occasion (r = 0.44; P < 0.001) and days drinking per week (r = 0.34; P < 0.001). However, almost 74% of participants with = 3 drinks/week of alcohol, and 46% with 3–7 drinks/week, had PEth blood concentrations below the lower limit of quantification (LLOQ). The area under the curve (AUC) generated by a receiver operation characteristic curve (ROC) analysis increased as the cutoff value of PEth blood concentration increased. However, the cutoff values were below or close to the LLOQ. Conclusions Our study presents a formal characterization of PEth blood concentrations for screening alcohol ingestion in first-trimester pregnant women. However, caution is recommended for overrepresenting either negative or positive results. Full text available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/15563650.2013.859263

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Trypsin and rosmarinic acid reduce the toxicity of Micrurus fulvius in mice Parker-Cote JL, O'Rourke DP, Miller SN, Brewer KL, Rosenbaum MD, Meggs WJ. Clin Toxicol 2014; online early: doi: 10.3109/15563650.2013.872792: Context Antivenom is expensive and not always available, so alternative treatments are being investigated. Objective The efficacy of trypsin or rosmarinic acid (RA) in treating Micrurus fulvius in a murine model is determined. Materials and methods Design: randomized controlled blinded study. Subjects: Fifty mice (20–30 g). Study groups: Intraperitoneal injections of: 1) 2 mg/kg M. fulvius venom (approximately twice the LD50 for mice; n = 10); 2) 2 mg/kg M. fulvius venom incubated in vitro for 1 h prior to injection with RA at a 1:10 ratio (n = 17); 3) 2 mg/kg M. fulvius venom incubated in vitro for 1 h prior to injection with 1 mg of trypsin (n = 17); 4)1 mg trypsin IP without venom (n = 3); and 5) RA IP without venom (n = 3). Main outcome: time to toxicity (respiratory distress (< 25 breaths/min.), loss of spontaneous locomotor activity, or inability to upright self). Statistical analysis: Time to toxicity using Tukey-Kramer HSD; Survival to 4, 6, and 12 h using Chi- square analysis. Results Onset of toxicity: venom + saline, 120.3 + 64.4 min; venom + rosmarinic acid, 238.1 ± 139.2 min (p = 0.15 relative to venom + saline); venom + trypsin, 319.7 + 201.0 min (p = 0.007 relative to venom + saline). Venom + trypsin but not venom + RA survival to 4 h was significant compared to venom + saline (p = 0.023). Two mice in the venom + trypsin group and one mouse in the venom + RA group survived to 12 h. Mice receiving trypsin without venom or RA without venom survived to 12 h without toxicity. Discussion This work suggests that trypsin and RA may have efficacy in treatment M. fulvius envenomation. Conclusion In vitro neutralization of M. Fulvius venom by trypsin justifies progressing to an in vivo model in future studies. Full text available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/15563650.2013.872792

Relationship between welding fume concentration and systemic inflammation after controlled exposure of human subjects with welding fumes from inert gas brazing of zinc-coated materials Brand P, Bauer M, Gube M, Lenz K, Reisgen U, Spiegel-Ciobanu VE, Kraus T. J Occup Environ Med 2014; 56: 1-5. Abstract and full text available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/JOM.0000000000000061

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Intravenous emulsion-augmented plasma exchange in a rabbit model of clomipramine toxicity; survival, but no sink Harvey M, Cave G, Ong B. Clin Toxicol 2014; 52: 13-9. Introduction Intravenous lipid emulsion (ILE) has been shown to ameliorate toxicity from lipophilic xenobiotics, attributed in part through sequestration to circulating lipid droplets (sink). We postulated additional benefit with plasma exchange therapy undertaken subsequent to lipid injection, hypothesising enhanced blood carriage of lipophilic to increase yield when combined with an extracorporeal method of elimination. Methods Instrumented rabbits underwent clomipramine infusion at 3.2 mg/kg/min to target mean arterial pressure (MAP) of 50% baseline, then continuously at 2 mg/kg/min to death or 90 min. Resuscitation with saline (Control), sodium bicarbonate (BIC), ILE, or lipid emulsion plus cycled plasma exchange (LEPE), was commenced on attaining target MAP. Results Greater survival was observed in animals receiving lipid emulsion from both LE and LEPE groups (Control median 12.0 [IQR 10.5-20] min, BIC median 30 [IQR 19-33] min, LE 85 [IQR 30-90] min, LEPE 90 min; P < 0.0001). No difference was observed in MAP, Heart Rate, or Electrocardiograph QRS duration between surviving LE and LEPE animals at 90 min. Mean plasma exchange of 52%circulating plasma volume returned only 0.04% of the administered clomipramine load in LEPE group animals. Conclusions Infusion of lipid emulsion resulted in greater survival in this rabbit model of intravenous clomipramine toxicity. Plasma exchange performed in conjunction with administration of lipid emulsion failed to result in significant extracorporeal clomipramine elimination. Intravascular lipid sequestration of clomipramine appears an inadequate sole explanation for the beneficial effects of lipid emulsion. Full text available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/15563650.2013.866242

Complications following antidotal use of intravenous lipid emulsion therapy Levine M, Skolnik AB, Ruha A-M, Bosak A, Menke N, Pizon AF. J Med Toxicol 2013; online early: doi: 10.1007/s13181-013-0356-1: Abstract and full text available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13181-013-0356-1

Pretreatment with intravenous lipid emulsion reduces mortality from cocaine toxicity in a rat model Carreiro S, Blum J, Hack JB. Ann Emerg Med 2014; online early: doi: 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2013.11.017: Abstract and full text available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.annemergmed.2013.11.017

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Fetal death and reduced birth rates associated with exposure to lead-contaminated drinking water Edwards MA. Environ Sci Technol 2014; 48: 739-46. Abstract and full text available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es4034952

Poisonous plants: effects on embryo and fetal development Panter KE, Welch KD, Gardner DR, Green BT. Birth Defects Res C Embryo Today 2013; 99: 223-34. Abstract and full text available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bdrc.21053

Intravenous 0.9% sodium chloride therapy does not reduce length of stay of alcohol-intoxicated patients in the emergency department: a randomised controlled trial Perez SRS, Keijzers G, Steele M, Byrnes J, Scuffham PA. Emerg Med Australas 2013; 25: 527-34. Abstract and full text available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1742-6723.12151

Influence of dexmedetomidine therapy on the management of severe alcohol withdrawal syndrome in critically ill patients Frazee EN, Personett HA, Leung JG, Nelson S, Dierkhising RA, Bauer PR. J Crit Care 2013; online early: doi: 10.1016/j.jcrc.2013.11.016: Abstract and full text available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrc.2013.11.016

Use of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors during pregnancy and risk of autism Hviid A, Melbye M, Pasternak B. N Engl J Med 2013; 369: 2406-15. Abstract and full text available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1301449

Effects of acute oral naltrexone on the subjective and physiological effects of oral d-amphetamine and smoked cocaine in cocaine abusers Comer SD, Mogali S, Saccone PA, Askalsky P, Martinez D, Walker EA, Jones JD, Vosburg SK, Cooper ZD, Roux P, Sullivan MA, Manubay JM, Rubin E, Pines A, Berkower EL, Haney M, Foltin RW. Neuropsychopharmacology 2013; 38: 2427-38.

Abstract and full text available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/npp.2013.143

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TOXICOLOGY Miller C, Pleitez O, Anderson D, Mertens-Maxham D, Wade N. Asenapine (Saphris®): GC–MS method validation and the General postmortem distribution of a new atypical antipsychotic Hornberg JJ, Laursen M, Brenden N, Persson M, medication. Thougaard AV, Toft DB, Mow T. J Anal Toxicol 2013; 37: 559-64. Exploratory toxicology as an integrated part of drug discovery-Part I: why and how. Montenarh D, Hopf M, Maurer HH, Schmidt P, Ewald AH. Drug Discov Today 2013; online early: Detection and quantification of benzodiazepines and Z- drugs in human whole blood, plasma, and serum samples doi: 10.1016/j.drudis.2013.12.008: as part of a comprehensive multi-analyte LC-MS/MS

approach. Mowry JB, Spyker DA, Cantilena LR, Jr., Bailey JE, Ford M. Anal Bioanal Chem 2013; online early: 2012 annual report of the American Association of Poison doi: 10.1007/s00216-013-7513-x: Control Centers' National Poison Data System (NPDS): 30th annual report. Patteet L, Maudens KE, Sabbe B, Morrens M, De Doncker Clin Toxicol 2013; 51: 949-1229. M, Neels H. High throughput identification and quantification of 16 Rotella J-A, Wong A, Greene S. antipsychotics and 8 major metabolites in serum using @Toxicology in the twittersphere: more than just 140 ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem characters... mass spectrometry. Emerg Med Australas 2013; 25: 620. Clin Chim Acta 2013; online early: doi: 10.1016/j.cca.2013.11.024:

Analytical toxicology Patton AL, Seely KA, Pulla S, Rusch NJ, Moran CL, Bourgogne E, Soichot M, Latour C, Laprevote O. Fantegrossi WE, Knight LD, Marraffa JM, Kennedy PD, Rugged and accurate quantitation of colchicine in human James LP, Endres GW, Moran JH. plasma to support colchicine poisoning monitoring by Quantitative measurement of acetyl fentanyl and acetyl using turbulent-flow LC-MS/MS analysis. norfentanyl in human urine by LC-MS/MS. Bioanalysis 2013; 5: 2889-96. Anal Chem 2013; online early: doi: 10.1021/ac4036197:

Chen P, Braithwaite RA, George C, Hylands PJ, Parkin MC, Biomarkers Smith NW, Kicman AT. Kinoshita H, Tanaka N, Jamal M, Kumihashi M, Tsutsui K, The poppy seed defense: a novel solution. Ameno K. Drug Test Anal 2013; online early: Xylene; a useful marker for agricultural products ingestion. doi: 10.1002/dta.1590: Soud Lek 2013; 58: 59-60.

Costa JL, Morrone AR, Resende RR, Chasin AA, Tavares MF. Yilmaz FM, Yilmaz H, Tutkun E, Uysal S, Carman KB, Dilber C, Ercan M. Development of a method for the analysis of drugs of Serum biochemical markers of central nerve system abuse in vitreous humor by capillary electrophoresis with damage in children with acute elemental mercury diode array detection (CE-DAD). intoxication. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2013; Clin Toxicol 2014; 52: 32-8. 945-946C: 84-91.

ElSohly MA, Gul W. Carcinogenicity Bhaskaran K, Armstrong B, Wilkinson P. LC-MS-MS analysis of dietary supplements for N-ethyl-- Air pollution as a carcinogen. ethyl-phenethylamine (ETH), N, N-diethylphenethylamine and Br Med J 2013; 347: phenethylamine.

J Anal Toxicol 2013; online early: Carey RN, Driscoll TR, Peters S, Glass DC, Reid A, Benke doi: 10.1093/jat/bkt097: G, Fritschi L. Estimated prevalence of exposure to occupational Gao L, Liu J, Wang C, Liu G, Niu X, Shu C, Zhu J. carcinogens in Australia (2011–2012). Fast determination of paraquat in plasma and urine Occup Environ Med 2013; 71: 55-62. samples by solid-phase microextraction and gas chro- matography-mass spectrometry. Carreón T, Hein MJ, Hanley KW, Viet SM, Ruder AM. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2014; Bladder cancer incidence among workers exposed to o- 944: 136-40. toluidine, aniline and nitrobenzene at a rubber chemical manufacturing plant. Jones AW, Holmgren A. Occup Environ Med 2013; online early: Concentrations of cocaine and benzoylecgonine in femoral doi: 10.1136/oemed-2013-101873: blood from cocaine-related deaths compared with venous blood from impaired drivers. Heck JE, Park AS, Qiu J, Cockburn M, Ritz B. Risk of leukemia in relation to exposure to ambient air J Anal Toxicol 2013; online early: toxics in pregnancy and early childhood. doi: 10.1093/jat/bkt094: Int J Hyg Environ Health 2013; online early: doi: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2013.12.003: Kerrigan S, Mott A, Jatzlau B, Ortiz F, Perrella L, Martin S, Bryand K. Melak D, Ferreccio C, Kalman D, Parra R, Acevedo J, Pérez Designer psychostimulants in urine by liquid chro- L, Cortés S, Smith AH, Yuan Y, Liaw J, Steinmaus C. matography-tandem mass spectrometry. Arsenic methylation and lung and bladder cancer in a J Forensic Sci 2013; online early: doi: 10.1111/1556- case-control study in northern Chile. 4029.12306: Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2014; 274: 225-31.

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Carcinogenicity Lin N-C, Huang C-L, Chen C-Y, Lin T-Y, Wang H-Y, Lu Y-H, Chen L, Chen VC-H, Gossop M. Ruckart P, Bove F, Maslia M. Effect of amphetamine on corrected-QT interval change Evaluation of exposure to contaminated drinking water during methadone maintenance treatment in Taiwan: a and specific birth defects and childhood cancers at Marine prospective cohort study. Corps Base Camp Lejeune, North Carolina: a case–control study. Drug Alcohol Rev 2013; online early: Environ Health 2013; 12: 104. doi: 10.1111/dar.12099:

Sax SN, Goodman JE. Lippi G, Favaloro EJ, Meschi T, Mattiuzzi C, Borghi L, Cervellin G. Residential air pollution and lung cancer. E-cigarettes and cardiovascular risk: beyond science and Epidemiology 2014; 25: 159. mysticism.

Semin Thromb Hemost 2013; online early: Cardiotoxicity doi: 10.1055/s-0033-1363468: Aboumaâd B, Tiger A, Khattabi A, Soulaymani R, Lahssaini M, Benhassain SM, Iba N. Mohamad N, Abdul Jalal MI, Hassan A, Abdulkarim Cardiac involvement and its complications about three Ibrahim M, Salehuddin R, Abu Bakar NH. cases of severe envenomation. Pattern of QTc prolongation in methadone maintenance Toxicon 2014; 78: 78-82. therapy (MMT) subjects receiving different methadone dosages: a prospective cohort study. Alraies MC, Chamsi-Pasha MAR, Baibars M, Alraiyes AH, Pak J Med Sci 2013; 29: 1132-6. Shaheen K. Brugada pattern electrocardiogram unmasked with Moon KA, Guallar E, Umans JG, Devereux RB, Best LG, cocaine ingestion. Francesconi KA, Goessler W, Pollak J, Silbergeld EK, Case Rep Cardiol 2013; 2013: 704859. Howard BV, Navas-Acien A. Association between exposure to low to moderate arsenic Chen Y, Karagas MR. levels and incident cardiovascular disease. Arsenic and cardiovascular disease: new evidence from Ann Intern Med 2013; 159: 649-59. the United States. Ann Intern Med 2013; 159: 713-4. Rackham DM, Herink C, Stevens IG, Cardoza NM, Singh H. Evidence behind FDA alerts for drugs with adverse Chubb H, Cooklin M, Rosenthal E. cardiovascular effects: implications for clinical practice. Brugada phenocopy with a flecainide overdose: a Pharmacotherapy 2013; online early: pharmacological dose effect? doi: 10.1002/phar.1381: J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2013; online early: doi: 10.1111/jce.12335: Romanò M, Zorzoli F, Bertona R, Villani R. Takotsubo cardiomyopathy as an early complication of Cooper C, Said S, Alkhateeb H, Rodriguez E, Trien R, drug-induced suicide attempt. Ajmal S, Blandon PA, Hernandez GT. Case Rep Med 2013; 2013: 946378. Dilated cardiomyopathy secondary to chronic cocaine abuse: a case report. Senthilkumaran S, Balamurugan N, Jayaraman S, BMC Res Notes 2013; 6: 536. Thirumalaikolundusubramaniam P. Cardiotoxicity in OPC poisoning: time to think differential Freedman SB, Uleryk E, Rumantir M, Finkelstein Y. diagnosis. Ondansetron and the risk of cardiac arrhythmias: a J Postgrad Med 2013; 59: 337. systematic review and postmarketing analysis. Ann Emerg Med 2013; online early: van den Beuken-van Everdingen MH, Geurts JW, Patijn J. doi: 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2013.10.026: Prolonged QT interval by methadone: relevance for daily practice? A prospective study in patients with cancer and Girardin R, Gex-Fabry M, Berney P, Shah D, Gaspoz J-M, noncancer pain. Dayer P. J Opioid Manag 2013; 9: 263-7. Drug-induced long QT in adult psychiatric inpatients: the 5-year cross-sectional ECG screening outcome in Wiwanitkit V. psychiatry study. Scorpion sting and cerebrovascular complication. Am J Psychiatry 2013; 170: 1468-76. Int J Stroke 2013; 8: E58.

Gold DR, Samet JM. Zhang L, Chen X, Xue X, Sun M, Han B, Li C, Ma J, Yu H, Sun Air pollution, climate, and heart disease. Z, Zhao L, Zhao B, Liu Y-M, Chen J, Wang PP, Bai Z, Tang N. Circulation 2013; 128: e411-e414. Long-term exposure to high particulate matter pollution and cardiovascular mortality: a 12-year cohort study in Kassop D, Donovan MS, Cohee BM, Mabe DL, Wedam EF, four cities in northern . Atwood JE. Environ Int 2014; 62: 41-7. An unusual case of cardiac glycoside toxicity. Int J Cardiol 2014; 170: 437. Dermal toxicity Edlich RF, Garrison JA, Nearents JE. Lim SHS, Wilson SM, Hunter A, Hill J, Beale P. The FDA agrees to ban powdered medical and surgical Takotsubo cardiomyopathy and 5-Fluorouracil: getting to gloves. the heart of the matter. J Emerg Med 2013; online early: Case Rep Oncol Med 2013; 2013: 206765. doi: 10.1016/j.jemermed.2013.10.006:

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Dermal toxicity Pisa FE, Casetta A, Clagnan E, Michelesio E, Barbone F. Luckhaupt SE, Sussell AL, Sweeney MH, Sestito JP, Drug use in pregnancy, gestational age and date of Calvert GM. delivery: comparison of health database and self-reported information in a cohort. Prevalence of work-related dermatitis in the working population: authors' response to letter from Rosenman Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 2013; 22: 159-60. and Fussman. Ruckart P, Bove F, Maslia M. Am J Ind Med 2014; 57: 127-8. Evaluation of exposure to contaminated drinking water

and specific birth defects and childhood cancers at Marine Rosenman KD, Fussman C. Corps Base Camp Lejeune, North Carolina: a case–control Prevalence of work-related dermatitis in the working study. population. Environ Health 2013; 12: 104. Am J Ind Med 2014; 57: 125-6. Shin I-S, Lee M-Y, Cho E-S, Choi E-Y, Son H-Y, Lee K-Y. Developmental toxicology Effects of maternal exposure to di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate Anderson D, Schmid TE, Baumgartner A. (DEHP) during pregnancy on susceptibility to neonatal Male-mediated developmental toxicity. asthma. Asian J Androl 2014; 16: 81-8. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2013; online early: doi: 10.1016/j.taap.2013.12.009:

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Hepatotoxicity Ziagaki A, Boehm S, Felkel C, Koukoulioti E, Fueloep B, Gualano B, Roschel H. Boehlig A, Herber A, Wiegand J, Berg T, Van Boemmel F. The analgesic flupirtine may induce severe hepatocellular Comment on "Toxic hepatitis in a group of 20 male body- liver injury in women. builders taking dietary supplements" by Timcheh-Hariri et Hepatology 2013; 58: 384A. al. (2012) Food and Chemical Toxicology 50, 3826-3832: alleged adverse effects of creatine supplementation and the lack of appreciation of the wide gap between Inhalation toxicity experimental and clinical studies. Andersson E, Murgia N, Nilsson T, Karlsson B, Torén K. Food Chem Toxicol 2013; online early: Incidence of chronic bronchitis in a cohort of pulp mill doi: 10.1016/j.fct.2013.12.002: workers with repeated gassings to sulphur dioxide and other irritant gases. Environ Health 2013; 12: 113. Halegoua-De D, Vega M, Weber JS, Aithal GP, Andrade RJ, Bessone F, Bjornsson E, Bjornsson HK, Larrey DG, Lizarzabal M, Lucena MI, Cáliz IM, Mengual E, Olafsson S, Grover CA, Grover DH. Ripault M-P, Seeff LB, Serrano J, Shouval D, Stephens C, Albert Behnke: narcosis. Stickel F, Navarro VJ. J Emerg Med 2013; online early: An international effort to assess hepatotoxicity associated doi: 10.1016/j.jemermed.2013.08.080: with some Herbalife® products. Heck JE, Park AS, Qiu J, Cockburn M, Ritz B. Hepatology 2013; 58: 383A-4A. Risk of leukemia in relation to exposure to ambient air

toxics in pregnancy and early childhood. Ingawale DK, Mandlik SK, Naik SR. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2013; online early: Models of hepatotoxicity and the underlying cellular, doi: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2013.12.003: biochemical and immunological mechanism(s): a critical discussion. Lee LT, Ho CHB, Putti TC. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol 2013; 37: 118-33. Bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia following nitric acid fume exposure. Kuehn BM. Occup Med (Oxf) 2013; online early: Supplement recalled over liver risk. doi: 10.1093/occmed/kqt147: JAMA 2013; 310: 2606. Morita S, Takimoto T, Kawahara K, Nishi K. Clinical course of acute chemical lung injury caused by 3- Liu C-T, Chen T-H, Cheng C-Y. chloropentafluoropene. Successful treatment of drug-induced acute liver failure BMJ Case Rep 2013; doi: 10.1136/bcr-2013-201089: with high-volume plasma exchange.

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Hall AM, Bass P, Unwin RJ. Eroglu E, Kocyigit I, Bahcebasi S, Unal A, Sipahioglu MH, Drug-induced renal Fanconi syndrome. Kocyigit M, Tokgoz B, Oymak O. QJM 2013; online early: doi: 10.1093/qjmed/hct258: Unusual clinical presentation of ethylene glycol poisoning: unilateral facial nerve paralysis. Iqbal S, Armaghani A, Aiyer R, Kazory A. Case Rep Med 2013; 2013: 460250. Methotrexate nephrotoxicity: novel treatment, new approach. J Oncol Pharm Pract 2013; 19: 373-6. Gonzalez-Cuyar LF, Nelson G, Criswell SR, Ho P, Lonzanida JA, Checkoway H, Seixas N, Gelman BB, Evanoff BA, Lung DD, Kearney TE, Brasiel JA, Olson KR. Murray J, Zhang J, Racette BA. Predictors of death and prolonged renal insufficiency in Quantitative neuropathology associated with chronic ethylene glycol poisoning. manganese exposure in South African mine workers. J Intensive Care Med 2013; online early: Neurotoxicology 2013; online early: doi: 10.1177/0885066613516594: doi: 10.1016/j.neuro.2013.12.008:

Mahmood NMA, Sharef DMS, Hussain SA. Jiang Y, Liu X, Li S, Zhang Y, Piao F, Sun X. Plasma proteins profile and renal function relative to exposure time of gasoline filling station workers in Identification of differentially expressed proteins related to Sulaimani city. organophosphorus-induced delayed neuropathy in the brains of hens. Int J Pharm Pharm Sci 2013; 5: 334-8. J Appl Toxicol 2013; online early: doi: 10.1002/jat.2965: Wunnapuk K, Gobe G, Endre Z, Peake P, Grice JE, Roberts MS, Buckley NA, Liu X. Kakeyama M, Endo T, Zhang Y, Miyazaki W, Tohyama C. Use of a glyphosate-based herbicide-induced nephrotoxicity Disruption of paired-associate learning in rat offspring model to investigate a panel of kidney injury biomarkers. perinatally exposed to dioxins. Toxicol Lett 2014; 225: 192-200. Arch Toxicol 2013; online early: doi: 10.1007/s00204-013- 1161-y: Yao J, Li C, Gong L-K, Feng C, Li C-Z, Gao M, Luan Y, Qi X, Ren J. Kao H-W, Pare L, Kim R, Hasso AN. Hepatic cytochrome P450s play a major role in Toxic leukoencephalopathy with atypical MRI features monocrotaline-induced renal toxicity in mice. following a lacquer thinner fire. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2013; online early: J Clin Neurosci 2013; online early: doi: 10.1038/aps.2013.145: doi: 10.1016/j.jocn.2013.06.027:

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Sposato LA, Fustinoni O. Hansell A, Ghosh RE, Poole S, Zock J-P, Weatherall M, Iatrogenic neurology. Vermeulen R, Kromhout H, Travers J, Beasley R. Handb Clin Neurol 2014; 121: 1635-71. Occupational risk factors for chronic respiratory disease in a New Zealand population using lifetime occupational Urban M, Navratil T, Pelclova D. history. Trends in CNS affecting drugs in the calls to the J Occup Environ Med 2013; online early: Toxicological Information Center from 1997 to 2012. doi: 10.1097/01.jom.0000438382.33221.dc: Neuro Endocrinol Lett 2013; 34: 25-30. Hathaway JA, Molenaar DM, Cassidy LD, Feeley TM, Vivas-Carvalho CF, Menezes-Filho JA, de Matos VP, Bessa Cummings BJ. JR, Coelho-Santos J, Viana GFS, Argollo N, Abreu N. Cross-sectional survey of workers exposed to aliphatic Elevated airborne manganese and low executive function diisocyanates using detailed respiratory medical history in school-aged children in . and questions regarding accidental skin and respiratory Neurotoxicology 2013; online early: exposures. doi: 10.1016/j.neuro.2013.11.006: J Occup Environ Med 2014; 56: 52-7.

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Brand P, Bauer M, Gube M, Lenz K, Reisgen U, Spiegel- Luckhaupt SE, Sussell AL, Sweeney MH, Sestito JP, Ciobanu VE, Kraus T. Calvert GM. Relationship between welding fume concentration and Prevalence of work-related dermatitis in the working systemic inflammation after controlled exposure of human population: authors' response to letter from Rosenman subjects with welding fumes from metal inert gas brazing and Fussman. of zinc-coated materials. J Occup Environ Med 2014; 56: 1-5. Am J Ind Med 2014; 57: 127-8.

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Esplugues A, Estarlich M, Sunyer J, Fuentes-Leonarte V, Tan HH, Teo S, Tseng HC. Basterrechea M, Vrijheid M, Riaño I, Santa-Marina L, Work-related chemical exposures presenting to an Tardón A, Martinez D, Ballester F. emergency department in Singapore. Prenatal exposure to cooking gas and respiratory health in Occup Med (Oxf) 2013; online early: infants is modified by tobacco smoke exposure and diet in doi: 10.1093/occmed/kqt158: the INMA birth cohort study. Environ Health 2013; 12: 100. Tungu AM, Bråveit M, Mamuya SH, Moen BE. The impact of reduced dust exposure on respiratory health Galinkin J, Koh JL, Committee on Drugs, Section on among cement workers: an ecological study. Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine. J Occup Environ Med 2014; 56: 101-10. Recognition and management of iatrogenically induced opioid dependence and withdrawal in children. Uriarte SA, Fernández-Nieto M, Sastre J. Pediatrics 2013; online early: doi: 10.1542/peds.2013- Occupational asthma due to polyvinyl chloride and methyl 3398: methacrylate in a plumber. Hoffman RS, Gross MH. J Invest Allergol Clin Immunol 2013; 23: 437-8. Could there be an alternative explanation for cardiomyopathy

in an infant following fosphenytoin overdose? Zhang X, Sui H, Li H, Zheng J, Wang F, Li B, Zhang Y. Clin Pediatr 2014; 53: 204. Paraoxonase activity and genetic polymorphisms in northern Han Chinese workers exposed to organophosphate Jones MA, Alpern ER. pesticides. A 16-month-old girl with irritability after ingesting white pills. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2013; online early: Pediatr Emerg Care 2014; 30: 69-71. doi: 10.1177/1535370213513983: Kara C, Gunindi F, Ustyol A, Aydin M. Paediatric toxicology Vitamin D intoxication due to an erroneously manufactured dietary supplement in seven children. Anon. Pediatrics 2013; online early: doi: 10.1542/peds.2013-0711: Bath salts and other emerging . Pediatr Emerg Care 2014; 30: 53-5. Kilic SC, Alaygut D, Unal E, Koc E, Patiroglu T. Acute colchicine intoxication complicated with extra- Anik A, Catli G, Abaci A, Dizdarer C, Bober E. medullary hematopoiesis due to filgrastim in a child. Acute vitamin D intoxication in three children: unproven J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 2013; online early: doi: manufacturing error of unique multivitamin preparation. 10.1097/MPH.0000000000000071: Horm Res Paediatr 2013; 80 Suppl 1: 376. Landrigan PJ, Wright RO, Birnbaum LS. Attfield KR, Hughes MD, Spengler JD, Lu C. Mercury toxicity in children. Within- and between-child variation in repeated urinary Science 2013; 342: 1447. pesticide metabolite measurements over a 1-year period. Maisonet M, Jaakkola JJK, Taylor CM, Marcus M, Golding J. Environ Health Perspect 2013; online early: Prenatal lead exposure and puberty timing in girls. doi: 10.1289/ehp.1306737: Epidemiology 2014; 25: 153-5.

Callesen M, Bekö G, Weschler CJ, Langer S, Brive L, Meli M, Rauber-Lüthy C, Hoffmann-Walbeck P, Reinecke Clausen G, Toftum J, Sigsgaard T, Høst A, Jensen TK. H-J, Prasa D, Stedtler U, Färber E, Genser D, Phthalate metabolites in urine and asthma, allergic Kupferschmidt H, Kullak-Ublick GA, Ceschi A. rhinoconjunctivitis and atopic dermatitis in preschool Atypical antipsychotic poisoning in young children: a children. multicentre analysis of poisons centres data. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2013; online early: Eur J Pediatr 2013; online early: doi: 10.1007/s00431- doi: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2013.12.001: 013-2241-y:

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Paediatric toxicology Waikhom R, Makkar V, Sarkar D, Patil K, Singh A, Bennikal M. Morales-Suárez-Varela M, Gallardo-Juan A, García-Marcos Acute kidney injury following Russell's viper bite in the L, Gimeno-Clemente N, López-Silvarrey-Varela Á, Miner- pediatric population: a 6-year experience. Canflanca I, Batlles-Garrido J, Blanco-Quiros A, Busquets- Pediatr Nephrol 2013; 28: 2393-6. Monge RM, Dominguez-Aurrecoechea B, Arnedo-Pena A, González-Díaz C, Aguinaga-Ontoso I, Martínez-Gimeno A, Wu JS, Poon WT, Ma CK, Chen ML, Pang KS, Mak TW, Llopis-González A. Chan HB. The impact of atmospheric pollutants on the prevalence of Budd-Chiari syndrome secondary to toxic pyrrolizidine atopic eczema in 6-7-year-old schoolchildren in Spain; alkaloid exposure. ISAAC phase III. Hong Kong Med J 2013; 19: 553-5. Iran J Allergy Asthma Immunol 2013; 12: 220-7. Yilmaz FM, Yilmaz H, Tutkun E, Uysal S, Carman KB, Naicker N, Mathee A, Barnes B. Dilber C, Ercan M. A follow-up cross-sectional study of environmental lead Serum biochemical markers of central nerve system damage exposure in early childhood in urban South Africa. in children with acute elemental mercury intoxication. Clin Toxicol 2014; 52: 32-8. S Afr Med J 2013; 103: 935-8.

Yu CK, Yuen VM, Wong GT, Irwin MG. Ngueta G. The effects of anaesthesia on the developing brain: a Racial disparities in children's blood lead levels: possible summary of the clinical evidence. implication of divalent metal transporter 1. F1000Res 2013; 2: 166. Med Hypotheses 2013; online early: doi: 10.1016/j.mehy.2013.11.008: Poisons information and poison Olsen EA, Brambrink AM. information centres Anesthetic neurotoxicity in the newborn and infant. Fountain JS, Reith DM, Holt A. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol 2013; 26: 535-42. The utilization of poisons information resources in Australasia. Popova S, Yaltonskaya A, Yaltonsky V, Kolpakov Y, Int J Med Inform 2013; online early: Abrosimov I, Pervakov K, Tanner V, Rehm J. doi: 10.1016/j.ijmedinf.2013.10.012: What research is being done on prenatal alcohol exposure and fetal alcohol spectrum disorders in the Russian Havnen GC, Olsen AC, Nordeng H. research community? Reproductive calls to the Norwegian Poison Information Alcohol Alcohol 2014; 49: 84-95. Center - women are frightened of exposures to gases and household chemicals, not only medicines. Robert G, Chappe C, Taque S, Bruneau B, Gandemer V. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 2013; 22: 153. Hearing loss during osteosarcoma chemotherapy: When acute ifosfamide toxicity revealed unnoticed methotrexate Holler J. encephalopathy. The emergency response program at the Agency for Toxic J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 2013; online early: doi: Substances and Disease Registry. 10.1097/MPH.0000000000000065: J Environ Health 2013; 76: 46-7.

Pomerleau AC, Schauben JL, Bronstein AC, Chang AS. Tang D, Li TY, Chow JC, Kulkarni SU, Watson JG, Ho SSH, On the role of poison centers in radiation emergency Quan ZY, Qu LR, Perera F. preparedness and response activities: findings of the Air pollution effects on fetal and child development: a "Radiation Emergencies Public Health Roundtable" (Atlanta, cohort comparison in China. GA–August 2012). Environ Pollut 2014; 185: 90-6. J Med Toxicol 2013; online early: doi: 10.1007/s13181- 013-0363-2: Thornton MD, Baum CR. Bath salts and other emerging toxins. Pediatr Emerg Care 2014; 30: 47-52. Polymorphisms Lemaitre F, Barbaz M, Scailteux LM, Uhel F, Tadie JM,

Verdier MC, Bellissant E. Viberg H, Eriksson P, Gordh T, Fredriksson A. A case-report of unpredictable and massive voriconazole Paracetamol (acetaminophen) administration during neonatal intoxication in a patient with extensive CYP2C19 and brain development affects cognitive function and alters its CYP2C9 polymorphisms. analgesic and anxiolytic response in adult male mice. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2013; 28: 439-41. Toxicol Sci 2013; online early: doi: 10.1093/toxsci/kft329:

Yokoyama A, Yokoyama T, Mizukami T, Matsui T, Kimura Vivas-Carvalho CF, Menezes-Filho JA, de Matos VP, Bessa M, Matsushita S, Higuchi S, Maruyama K. JR, Coelho-Santos J, Viana GFS, Argollo N, Abreu N. Blood ethanol levels of nonabstinent Japanese alcoholic Elevated airborne manganese and low executive function men in the morning after drinking and their ADH1B and in school-aged children in Brazil. ALDH2 genotypes. Neurotoxicology 2013; online early: Alcohol Alcohol 2014; 49: 31-7. doi: 10.1016/j.neuro.2013.11.006: Zhang X, Sui H, Li H, Zheng J, Wang F, Li B, Zhang Y. Völkel W, Kiranoglu M, Schuster R, Fromme H. Paraoxonase activity and genetic polymorphisms in Phthalate intake by infants calculated from biomonitoring northern Han Chinese workers exposed to data. organophosphate pesticides. Toxicol Lett 2013; online early: Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2013; online early: doi: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2013.12.012: doi: 10.1177/1535370213513983:

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Psychiatric aspects Suicide Biswas PS, Sen D, Majumdar R. Arnestad M, Eldor KB, Stray-Pedersen A, Bachs L, Karinen R. Psychosis following chloroquine ingestion: a 10-year Suicide due to cyclizine overdose. comparative study from a malaria-hyperendemic district of J Anal Toxicol 2013; online early: India. doi: 10.1093/jat/bkt100: Gen Hosp Psychiatry 2013; online early: doi: 10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2013.07.012: Blässer K, Tatschner T, Bohnert M. Suicidal carbon monoxide poisoning using a gas-powered generator. Reprotoxicity Forensic Sci Int 2013; online early: Aris A. doi: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2013.12.016: Estimation of bisphenol a (BPA) concentrations in pregnant women, fetuses and nonpregnant women in Eastern Erden A, Karagoz H, Gümüscü HH, Karahan S, Basak M, Townships of Canada. Aykas F, Bulut K, Cetinkaya A, Avci D, Poyrazoglu OK. Reprod Toxicol 2013; online early: Colchicine intoxication: a report of two suicide cases. doi: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2013.12.006: Ther Clin Risk Manag 2013; 9: 505-9.

Havnen GC, Olsen AC, Nordeng H. Kiliçotlu AG, Ipek H, Mutlu C, Dotan H, Avci A, Önder A, Reproductive calls to the Norwegian Poison Information Erdotan A. Center - women are frightened of exposures to gases and Methylphenidate for suicide attempt. household chemicals, not only medicines. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2013; 22: S309. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 2013; 22: 153. Lardi C, Vogt S, Pollak S, Thierauf A. Jurewicz J, Radwan M, Sobala W, Brzeznicki S, Ligocka D, Complex suicide with homemade nicotine patches. Radwan P, Bochenek M, Hanke W. Forensic Sci Int 2013; online early: Association between a biomarker of exposure to polycyclic doi: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2013.12.017: aromatic hydrocarbons and semen quality. Int J Occup Med Environ Health 2013; online early: doi: Lin PT, Dunn WA. 10.2478/s13382-013-0152-9: Suicidal carbon monoxide poisoning by combining formic acid and sulfuric acid within a confined space. Lee SH, Kang JW, Lin T, Lee JE, Jin DI. J Forensic Sci 2014; 59: 271-3. Teratogenic potential of antiepileptic drugs in the zebrafish model. Walker X, Lee J, Koval L, Kirkwood A, Taylor J, Gibbs J, Ng BioMed Res Int 2013; 2013: 726478. S, Steele L, Thompson P, Celi LA. Predicting ICU admissions from attempted suicide

presentations at an Emergency Department in Central Patel CJ, Yang T, Hu Z, Wen Q, Sung J, El-Sayed YY, Queensland. Cohen H, Gould J, Stevenson DK, Shaw GM, Ling XB, Australas Med J 2013; 6: 536-41. Butte AJ.

Investigation of maternal environmental exposures in association with self-reported preterm birth. MANAGEMENT Reprod Toxicol 2013; online early: General doi: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2013.12.005: Holger JS, Engebretsen KM, Stellpflug SJ, Cole JB, Kerns W. Critical care management of verapamil and diltiazem Sengupta P, Banerjee R. overdose with a focus on vasopressors: a 25-year Environmental toxins: alarming impacts of pesticides on experience at a single center. male fertility. Ann Emerg Med 2014; 63: 91-2. Hum Exp Toxicol 2013; online early: doi: 10.1177/0960327113515504: Isbister GK, Brown SGA, Page CB, McCoubrie DL, Greene SL, Buckley NA. Young H, Meeker J, Martenies S, Figueroa Z, Barr D, Perry M. in Australia: a practical approach to diagnosis Environmental exposure to pyrethroids and sperm sex and treatment. chromosome disomy: a cross-sectional study. Med J Aust 2013; 199: 763-8. Environ Health 2013; 12: 111. Little M. Treatment of snakebite in Australia: gathering the evidence. Risk assessment Med J Aust 2013; 199: 723-4. Colnot T, Kacew S, Dekant W. Mammalian toxicology and human exposures to the flame Parker-Cote JL, O'Rourke DP, Miller SN, Brewer KL, retardant 2,2',6,6'-tetrabromo-4,4'-isopropylidenediphenol Rosenbaum MD, Meggs WJ. (TBBPA): implications for risk assessment. Trypsin and rosmarinic acid reduce the toxicity of Micrurus Arch Toxicol 2013; online early: doi: 10.1007/s00204- fulvius venom in mice. 013-1180-8: Clin Toxicol 2014; online early: doi: 10.3109/15563650.2013.872792: Selvaraj KK, Shanmugam G, Sampath S, Joakim DG, Ramaswamy BR. Peterson EC, Celikel R, Gokulan K, Varughese KI. GC–MS determination of bisphenol A and alkylphenol Structural characterization of a therapeutic anti- ethoxylates in river water from India and their methamphetamine antibody fragment: oligomerization ecotoxicological risk assessment. and binding of active metabolites. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2014; 99: 13-20. PLoS ONE 2013; 8: e82690.

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MANAGEMENT Methylthioninium chloride (Methylene General blue) Fisher J, Taori G, Braitberg G, Graudins A. Redmann V, Gardner T, Lau Z, Morohashi K, Felsenfeld D, Tortorella D. Methylene blue used in the treatment of refractory shock resulting from drug poisoning. Novel class of potential therapeutics that target ricin retrograde translocation. Clin Toxicol 2013; 52: 63-65. Toxins (Basel) 2013; 6: 33-53. Oximes Steven Pray W, Pray GE. Sharma R, Gupta B, Acharya J, Kaushik MP, Ghosh KK. Dealing with poisoning emergencies. Interactions between xylene-linked carbamoyl bis- US Pharm 2013; 38: 12-5. pyridinium mono-oximes and organophosphates inhibited- AChE: a kinetic study. Sun X, Xu H, Meng X, Qi J, Cui Y, Li Y, Zhang H, Xu L. Toxicology 2014; 316: 1-8. Potential use of hyperoxygenated solution as a treatment strategy for carbon monoxide poisoning. PLoS ONE 2013; 8: e81779. Hi-6 Zdarova KJ, Zemek F, Kunes M, Kvetina J, Chladek J, Jun D, Bures J, Tacheci I, Kuca K. Antidotes Intravenous application of HI-6 salts (dichloride and Hoffman RS. dimethansulphonate) in pigs: comparison with pharmaco- Antidote shortages in the United States: impact and kinetics profile after intramuscular administration. response. Neuro Endocrinol Lett 2013; 34: 74-8. Clin Toxicol 2014; online early: doi: 10.3109/15563650.2013.875556: Pralidoxime Acetylcysteine Prasad S, Mahantesh, Jaicob, Natrajan R. Unnithan AS, Jiang Y, Rumble JL, Pulugulla SH, Posimo Role of pralidoxime in acute organophosphorous poisoning, a prospective randomised control study. JM, Gleixner AM, Leak RK. N-acetyl cysteine prevents synergistic, severe toxicity from Indian J Crit Care Med 2013; 17: 7. two hits of oxidative stress. Neurosci Lett 2013; online early: Thunga G, Pandey S. doi: 10.1016/j.neulet.2013.12.023: Effectiveness of different dosage regimen of pralidoxime in organophosphorus poisoning in tertiary care hospital. Antivenom Value Health 2013; 16: A678.

Das D, Urs N, Hiremath V, Vishwanath BS, Doley R. Biochemical and biological characterization of Naja kaouthia Dexmedetomidine venom from North-East India and its neutralization by Frazee EN, Personett HA, Leung JG, Nelson S, Dierkhising polyvalent antivenom. RA, Bauer PR. J Venom Res 2013; 4: 31-8. Influence of dexmedetomidine therapy on the management of severe alcohol withdrawal syndrome in Chelating agents critically ill patients. Bradadesh T, Bhandari S. J Crit Care 2013; online early: Deferiprone, iron overload in a renal transplant patient. doi: 10.1016/j.jcrc.2013.11.016: QJM 2013; online early: doi: 10.1093/qjmed/hct254: Haemodialysis Nurchi VM, Crespo-Alonso M, Toso L, Lachowicz JI, Garlich FM, Goldman M, Pepe J, Nelson LS, Allan MJ, Crisponi G. Goldstein DA, Goldfarb DS, Hoffman RS. Chelation therapy for metal intoxication: comments from a Hemodialysis clearance of glyphosate following a life- thermodynamic viewpoint. threatening ingestion of glyphosate-surfactant herbicide. Mini Rev Med Chem 2013; 13: 1541-9. Clin Toxicol 2014; 52: 66-71.

Lipid emulsion therapy Insulin Carreiro S, Blum J, Hack JB. Pretreatment with intravenous lipid emulsion reduces Kline JA. mortality from cocaine toxicity in a rat model. Insulin for calcium channel toxicity. Ann Emerg Med 2014; online early: Ann Emerg Med 2014; 63: 92-3. doi: 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2013.11.017: Opioid maintenance therapy Harvey M, Cave G, Ong B. Delano K, Gareri J, Koren G. Intravenous lipid emulsion-augmented plasma exchange Rates of fetal polydrug exposures in methadone- in a rabbit model of clomipramine toxicity; survival, but no maintained pregnancies from a high-risk population. sink. PLoS ONE 2013; 8: e82647. Clin Toxicol 2014; 52: 13-9.

Levine M, Skolnik AB, Ruha A-M, Bosak A, Menke N, Pizon AF. Buprenorphine Complications following antidotal use of intravenous lipid Slomski A. emulsion therapy. Brief buprenorphine detox effective for some opioid- J Med Toxicol 2013; online early: doi: 10.1007/s13181- dependent patients. 013-0356-1: JAMA 2013; 310: 2605.

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Naloxone Liu C-T, Chen T-H, Cheng C-Y. Hewlett L, Wermeling DP. Successful treatment of drug-induced acute liver failure Survey of naloxone legal status in with high-volume plasma exchange. prevention and treatment. J Clin Apheresis 2013; 28: 430-4. J Opioid Manag 2013; 9: 369-77. Manini AF, Hoffman RS. Naltrexone On the use of Glasgow Coma Scale as a predictor of ICU Comer SD, Mogali S, Saccone PA, Askalsky P, Martinez D, admission in deliberate drug poisoning. Walker EA, Jones JD, Vosburg SK, Cooper ZD, Roux P, Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2013; online early: Sullivan MA, Manubay JM, Rubin E, Pines A, Berkower EL, doi: 10.1111/bcpt.12187: Haney M, Foltin RW. Effects of acute oral naltrexone on the subjective and Pilgrim JL, Gerostamoulos D, Drummer OH. physiological effects of oral d-amphetamine and smoked "King hit" fatalities in Australia, 2000–2012: the role of cocaine in cocaine abusers. alcohol and other drugs. Neuropsychopharmacology 2013; 38: 2427-38. Drug Alcohol Depend 2013; online early: doi: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2013.11.019: Penehyclidine hydrochloride Cui J, Li C-S, He XH, Song Y-G. Pisa FE, Casetta A, Clagnan E, Michelesio E, Barbone F. Protective effects of penehyclidine hydrochloride on acute Drug use in pregnancy, gestational age and date of lung injury caused by severe dichlorvos poisoning in delivery: comparison of health database and self-reported swine. information in a cohort. Chin Med J (Engl ) 2013; 126: 4764-70. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 2013; 22: 159-60.

Quercetin Rackham DM, Herink C, Stevens IG, Cardoza NM, Singh H. Wang H, Li S, Qi L, Xu W, Zeng Y, Hou Y, Zhao X, Sun C. Evidence behind FDA alerts for drugs with adverse Metabonomic analysis of quercetin against the toxicity of cardiovascular effects: implications for clinical practice. chronic exposure to low-level dichlorvos in rats via ultra- Pharmacotherapy 2013; online early: performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. doi: 10.1002/phar.1381: Toxicol Lett 2013; online early: doi: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2013.12.017: Romanò M, Zorzoli F, Bertona R, Villani R. Takotsubo cardiomyopathy as an early complication of DRUGS drug-induced suicide attempt. Case Rep Med 2013; 2013: 946378. General Aggarwal A, Bhatt M. Rossen LM, Khan D, Warner M. Commonly used gastrointestinal drugs. Trends and geographic patterns in drug-poisoning death Handb Clin Neurol 2014; 120: 633-43. rates in the U.S., 1999-2009.

Am J Prev Med 2013; 45: e19-e25. Fisher J, Taori G, Braitberg G, Graudins A.

Methylene blue used in the treatment of refractory shock resulting from drug poisoning. Sposato LA, Fustinoni O. Clin Toxicol 2013; 52: 63-65. Iatrogenic neurology. Handb Clin Neurol 2014; 121: 1635-71. Fugelstad A. Commentary on Degenhardt et al. (2014): Cohort studies Urban M, Navratil T, Pelclova D. enhance the picture of drug-related deaths. Trends in CNS affecting drugs in the calls to the Addiction 2014; 109: 100-1. Toxicological Information Center from 1997 to 2012. Neuro Endocrinol Lett 2013; 34: 25-30. Girardin R, Gex-Fabry M, Berney P, Shah D, Gaspoz J-M, Dayer P. Volpi-Abadie J, Kaye AM, Kaye AD. Drug-induced long QT in adult psychiatric inpatients: the . 5-year cross-sectional ECG screening outcome in Ochsner J 2013; 13: 533-40. psychiatry study. Am J Psychiatry 2013; 170: 1468-76. Walker X, Lee J, Koval L, Kirkwood A, Taylor J, Gibbs J, Ng

S, Steele L, Thompson P, Celi LA. Hall AM, Bass P, Unwin RJ. Predicting ICU admissions from attempted suicide Drug-induced renal Fanconi syndrome. presentations at an Emergency Department in Central QJM 2013; online early: doi: 10.1093/qjmed/hct258: Queensland.

Australas Med J 2013; 6: 536-41. Handley SA, Flanagan RJ.

Drugs and other chemicals involved in fatal poisoning in England and Wales during 2000–2011. Wang J-B, Zou Z, Zhao Y-L, Qin L, Li Q, Ma Z, Du X, Xiao X-H. Clin Toxicol 2014; 52: 1-12. Metabonomic biomarkers for drug-induced liver injury in rats and humans: better than alanine aminotransferase? Ingawale DK, Mandlik SK, Naik SR. Hepatology 2013; 58: 379A-80A. Models of hepatotoxicity and the underlying cellular, biochemical and immunological mechanism(s): a critical Watkins PB. discussion. Managing the risk of drug-induced liver injury. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol 2013; 37: 118-33. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2013; 94: 629-31.

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Acetaminophen (see paracetamol) Antiarrhythmics Flecainide Amfetamines and MDMA (ecstasy) Chubb H, Cooklin M, Rosenthal E. Comer SD, Mogali S, Saccone PA, Askalsky P, Martinez D, Brugada phenocopy with a flecainide overdose: a Walker EA, Jones JD, Vosburg SK, Cooper ZD, Roux P, pharmacological dose effect? Sullivan MA, Manubay JM, Rubin E, Pines A, Berkower EL, J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2013; online early: Haney M, Foltin RW. doi: 10.1111/jce.12335: Effects of acute oral naltrexone on the subjective and physiological effects of oral d-amphetamine and smoked Antibiotics cocaine in cocaine abusers. Ferrajolo C, Verhamme KMC, Trifiró G, 't Jong GW, Picelli Neuropsychopharmacology 2013; 38: 2427-38. G, Giaquinto C, Mazzaglia G, Cricelli C, Rossi F, Capuano A, Sturkenboom MCJM. Lin N-C, Huang C-L, Chen C-Y, Lin T-Y, Wang H-Y, Lu Y-H, Antibiotics and hepatotoxicity in pediatric primary care: a Chen L, Chen VC-H, Gossop M. case-control study using electronic healthcare databases. Effect of amphetamine on corrected-QT interval change Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 2013; 22: 177. during methadone maintenance treatment in Taiwan: a prospective cohort study. Drug Alcohol Rev 2013; online early: Metronidazole Sarna JR, Furtado S, Brownell AKW. doi: 10.1111/dar.12099: Neurologic complications of metronidazole.

Can J Neurol Sci 2013; 40: 768-76. Mackey S, Stewart JL, Connolly CG, Tapert SF, Paulus MP.

A voxel-based morphometry study of young occasional users of amphetamine-type stimulants and cocaine. Anticoagulants Drug Alcohol Depend 2014; 135: 104-11. Acenocoumarol López-Martín C, Urdiales D, Faus V. Mehta SH, Srikrishnan AK, Noble E, Vasudevan CK, Phenytoin and acenocoumarol: drug interactions with Solomon S, Kumar MS, Solomon SS. clinical impact. Emergence of cocaine and methamphetamine injection Aten Farm 2013; 15: 299-300. among HIV-positive injection drug users in Northern and Western India. Dabigatran Drug Alcohol Depend 2013; online early: Conway SE, Schaeffer SE, Harrison DL. doi: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2013.12.002: Evaluation of dabigatran exposures reported to Poison Control Centers. Peterson EC, Celikel R, Gokulan K, Varughese KI. Ann Pharmacother 2013; online early: Structural characterization of a therapeutic anti- doi: 10.1177/1060028013513883: methamphetamine antibody fragment: oligomerization and binding of active metabolites. PLoS ONE 2013; 8: e82690. Warfarin Açikgöz SK, Açikgöz E. Gastrointestinal bleeding secondary to interaction of Anaesthetics Artemisia absinthium with warfarin. Olsen EA, Brambrink AM. Drug Metab Drug Interact 2013; 28: 187-9. Anesthetic neurotoxicity in the newborn and infant. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol 2013; 26: 535-42. Uysal E, Çevik E, Solak S, Acar YA, Yalimol M. A life-theratenning complication of warfarin therapy in Sharifi A, Sharifi H, Karamouzian M, Mokhtari M, Esmaeili emergency department: diffuse alveolar hemorrhage. HH, Nejad AS, Rahmatian M. Am J Emerg Med 2013; online early: Topical ocular anesthetic abuse among Iranian welders: doi: 10.1016/j.ajem.2013.12.022: time for action. Middle East Afr J Ophthalmol 2013; 20: 336-40. Anticonvulsants

Lee SH, Kang JW, Lin T, Lee JE, Jin DI. Yu CK, Yuen VM, Wong GT, Irwin MG. Teratogenic potential of antiepileptic drugs in the The effects of anaesthesia on the developing brain: a zebrafish model. summary of the clinical evidence. BioMed Res Int 2013; 2013: 726478. F1000Res 2013; 2: 166.

Carbamazepine Dimethocaine Yeap L-L, Lim K-S, Ng C-C, Khor AHP, Lo Y-L. Meyer MR, Lindauer C, Maurer HH. Slow carbamazepine clearance in a nonadherent Malay Dimethocaine, a synthetic cocaine derivative: studies on woman with epilepsy and thyrotoxicosis. its in vitro metabolism catalyzed by P450s and NAT2. Ther Drug Monit 2013; online early: Toxicol Lett 2014; 225: 139-46. doi: 10.1097/FTD.0000000000000024:

Lidocaine Fosphenytoin Bhupali C, Cummings BM, Parker L, Young R, Noviski N. Hoffman RS, Gross MH. Positive lidocaine toxicology screen after j-tip for Could there be an alternative explanation for cardiomyopathy venipuncture. in an infant following fosphenytoin overdose? Pediatr Emerg Care 2013; 29: 1278-9. Clin Pediatr 2014; 53: 204.

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Phenytoin Ifosfamide Kang CK, Kim M-K, Kim MJ, Jun KI, Kim KW, Park S-H, Robert G, Chappe C, Taque S, Bruneau B, Gandemer V. Song K-H. Hearing loss during osteosarcoma chemotherapy: When Acute respiratory failure caused by phenytoin overdose. acute ifosfamide toxicity revealed unnoticed methotrexate Korean J Intern Med 2013; 28: 736-8. encephalopathy. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 2013; online early: López-Martín C, Urdiales D, Faus V. doi: 10.1097/MPH.0000000000000065: Phenytoin and acenocoumarol: drug interactions with clinical impact. Methotrexate Aten Farm 2013; 15: 299-300. Iqbal S, Armaghani A, Aiyer R, Kazory A.

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METALS Lead Conterato GM, Quatrin A, Somacal S, Ruviaro AR, Vicentini General J, Augusti PR, Sobieski R, Figueiredo C, Dos Santos CM, Nurchi VM, Crespo-Alonso M, Toso L, Lachowicz JI, Pereira TC, Bogo MR, Flores EM, Emanuelli T. Crisponi G. Acute exposure to low lead levels and its implications on Chelation therapy for metal intoxication: comments from a the activity and expression of cytosolic thioredoxin thermodynamic viewpoint. reductase in the kidney. Mini Rev Med Chem 2013; 13: 1541-9. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2013; online early: doi: 10.1111/bcpt.12183: Woimant F, Trocello J-M. Disorders of heavy metals. Edwards MA. Fetal death and reduced birth rates associated with Handb Clin Neurol 2014; 120: 851-64. exposure to lead-contaminated drinking water. Environ Sci Technol 2013; 48: 739-746. Aluminium Belaïd-Nouira Y, Bakhta H, Haouas Z, Flehi-Slim I, Ben Elabiad MT, Christensen M. Cheikh H. Changes in premature infant mercury and lead blood Fenugreek seeds reduce aluminum toxicity associated with levels after blood transfusions. renal failure in rats. Am J Perinatol 2013; online early: doi: 10.1055/s-0033- Nutr Res Pract 2013; 7: 466-74. 1361936:

Khan SY, Arshad M, Arshad N, Shafaat S, Tahir HM. Costello S, Brown DM, Noth EM, Cantley L, Slade MD, A probable role of blood lead levels on some haematological Tessier-Sherman B, Hammond SK, Eisen EA, Cullen MR. parameters in traffic police, Lahore, Pakistan. Incident ischemic heart disease and recent occupational Toxicol Ind Health 2013; online early: exposure to particulate matter in an aluminum cohort. doi: 10.1177/0748233713511510: J Expos Sci Environ Epidemiol 2014; 24: 82-8. Maisonet M, Jaakkola JJK, Taylor CM, Marcus M, Golding J. Arsenic Prenatal lead exposure and puberty timing in girls. Chen Y, Karagas MR. Epidemiology 2014; 25: 153-5.

Arsenic and cardiovascular disease: new evidence from Martins E, Varea A, Apezteguía M, González HF, Girardelli the United States. A, Caro LS, Lobisuto M, Delgado G, Disalvo L. Ann Intern Med 2013; 159: 713-4. Prenatal lead exposure and relationship with maternal exposure determinants in a public maternity hospital of La Gelmann ER, Gurzau E, Gurzau A, Goessler W, Kunrath J, Plata, Argentina. Yeckel CW, McCarty KM. Sci Total Environ 2013; 473-474C: 43-7. A pilot study: the importance of inter-individual differences in inorganic arsenic metabolism for birth weight outcome. Mokhtarifar A, Mozaffari H, Afshari R, Goshayeshi L, Environ Toxicol Pharmacol 2013; 36: 1266-75. Akavan RK, Ghaffarzadegan K, Sheikhian M, Rajabzadeh F. Cholestasis and seizure due to lead toxicity: a case report. Melak D, Ferreccio C, Kalman D, Parra R, Acevedo J, Pérez Hepat Mon 2013; 13: e12427. L, Cortés S, Smith AH, Yuan Y, Liaw J, Steinmaus C. Arsenic methylation and lung and bladder cancer in a Mongolu S, Sharp P. case-control study in northern Chile. Acute abdominal pain and constipation due to . Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2014; 274: 225-31. Acute Med 2013; 12: 224-6.

Moon KA, Guallar E, Umans JG, Devereux RB, Best LG, Naicker N, Mathee A, Barnes B. Francesconi KA, Goessler W, Pollak J, Silbergeld EK, A follow-up cross-sectional study of environmental lead Howard BV, Navas-Acien A. exposure in early childhood in urban South Africa. Association between exposure to low to moderate arsenic S Afr Med J 2013; 103: 935-8. levels and incident cardiovascular disease. Ann Intern Med 2013; 159: 649-59. Ngueta G. Racial disparities in children's blood lead levels: possible Cadmium implication of divalent metal transporter 1. Med Hypotheses 2013; online early: Chargui A, Belaïd A, Djerbi N, El May V, Mograbi B. doi: 10.1016/j.mehy.2013.11.008: Autophagy: a major target of cadmium nephrotoxicity.

Curr Chem Biol 2013; 7: 177-87. Rocha ED, Sarkis JES, Carvalho MF, dos Santos GV, Canesso C. Iron Occupational exposition to airborne lead in Brazilian police Abhilash KP, Arul JJ, Bala D. officers. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2013; online early: Fatal overdose of iron tablets in adults. doi: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2013.12.004: Indian J Crit Care Med 2013; 17: 311-3.

Yartireh H, Hosein A. Bradadesh T, Bhandari S. The effect of lead on number and sex type of children in Deferiprone, iron overload in a renal transplant patient. men occupationally exposed to lead. QJM 2013; online early: doi: 10.1093/qjmed/hct254: Iran J Obstet Gynecol Infertil 2013; 16: 9-15.

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Lithium Praveena SM, de BC, Aris AZ, Hashim Z. Gupta S, Kripalani M, Khastgir U, Reilly J. Mini review of mercury contamination in environment and Management of the renal adverse effects of lithium. human with an emphasis on Malaysia: status and needs. Adv Psychiatr Treatm 2013; 19: 457-66. Rev Environ Health 2013; online early: doi: 10.1515/reveh-2013-0011: Manganese Gonzalez-Cuyar LF, Nelson G, Criswell SR, Ho P, Lonzanida Yilmaz FM, Yilmaz H, Tutkun E, Uysal S, Carman KB, JA, Checkoway H, Seixas N, Gelman BB, Evanoff BA, Dilber C, Ercan M. Murray J, Zhang J, Racette BA. Serum biochemical markers of central nerve system damage Quantitative neuropathology associated with chronic in children with acute elemental mercury intoxication. manganese exposure in South African mine workers. Clin Toxicol 2014; 52: 32-8. Neurotoxicology 2013; online early: doi: 10.1016/j.neuro.2013.12.008: Rooney JPK. The retention time of inorganic mercury in the brain – A Santos D, Batoreu MC, Tavares de Almeida I, Davis RL, systematic review of the evidence. Mateus ML, Andrade V, Ramos R, Torres E, Aschner M, Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2013; online early: Dos Santos APM. doi: 10.1016/j.taap.2013.12.011: Evaluation of neurobehavioral and neuroinflammatory end-points in the post-exposure period in rats sub-acutely exposed to manganese. Silver Toxicology 2013; 314: 95-9. Yang Y-X, Song Z-M, Cheng B, Xiang K, Chen X-X, Liu J-H, Cao A, Wang Y, Liu Y, Wang H. Vivas-Carvalho CF, Menezes-Filho JA, de Matos VP, Bessa Evaluation of the toxicity of food additive silica JR, Coelho-Santos J, Viana GFS, Argollo N, Abreu N. nanoparticles on gastrointestinal cells. Elevated airborne manganese and low executive function J Appl Toxicol 2013; online early: doi: 10.1002/jat.2962: in school-aged children in Brazil. Neurotoxicology 2013; online early: doi: 10.1016/j.neuro.2013.11.006: Zinc Brand P, Bauer M, Gube M, Lenz K, Reisgen U, Spiegel- Ciobanu VE, Kraus T. Mercury Relationship between welding fume concentration and Elabiad MT, Christensen M. systemic inflammation after controlled exposure of human Changes in premature infant mercury and lead blood subjects with welding fumes from metal inert gas brazing levels after blood transfusions. of zinc-coated materials. Am J Perinatol 2013; online early: doi: 10.1055/s-0033- J Occup Environ Med 2014; 56: 1-5. 1361936:

Hamann CR, Boonchai W, Wen L, Sakanashi EN, Chu C-Y, Hamann K, Hamann CP, Sinniah K, Hamann D. PESTICIDES Spectrometric analysis of mercury content in 549 skin- lightening products: Is mercury toxicity a hidden global General health hazard? Pearson M, Zwi AB, Buckley NA, Manuweera G, Fernando J Am Acad Dermatol 2013; online early: R, Dawson AH, McDuie-Ra D. doi: 10.1016/j.jaad.2013.09.050: Policymaking 'under the radar': a case study of pesticide regulation to prevent intentional poisoning in Sri Lanka. Kim RB, Kim B-G, Kim Y-M, Hong Y-S, You C-H, Kim D-S. Health Policy Plan 2013; online early: Association between low-level mercury exposure and doi: 10.1093/heapol/czt096: neurobehavioral functions in Korean adults living in a coastal city. Environ Health Toxicol 2013; 28: e2013015. Aluminium phosphide Mittal V, Singhal V, Aggarwal GR, Jain A. Landrigan PJ, Wright RO, Birnbaum LS. Case of G6PD deficiency unmasked with aluminium Mercury toxicity in children. phosphide poisioning in an elderly man. Science 2013; 342: 1447. Indian J Crit Care Med 2013; 17: 28.

Malfa GA, Tomasello B, Sinatra F, Villaggio G, Amenta F, Carbamate insecticides Avola R, Renis M. "Reactive" response evaluation of primary human astrocytes General after methylmercury exposure. Matos KS, da Cunha EF, Abagyan R, Ramalho TC. J Neurosci Res 2014; 92: 95-103. Computational evidence for the reactivation process of human acetylcholinesterase inhibited by carbamates. McElwee MK, Ho LA, Chou JW, Smith MV, Freedman JH. Comb Chem High Throughput Screen 2013; online early: Comparative toxicogenomic responses of mercuric and PM:24344993: methyl-mercury. BMC Genomics 2013; 14: 698. Herbicides Ngim C, Ngim AD. Chevrier C, Serrano T, Lecerf R, Limon G, Petit C, Monfort Health and safety in the dental clinic – Hygiene regulations C, Hubert-Moy L, Durand G, Cordier S. for use of elemental mercury in the protection of rights, Environmental determinants of the urinary concentrations safety and well-being of the patients, workers and the of herbicides during pregnancy: the PELAGIE mother-child environment. cohort (France). Singapore Dent J 2013; 34: 19-24. Environ Int 2014; 63: 11-8.

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Glyphosate Malla G, Basnet B, Vohra R, Lohani SP, Yadav A, Garlich FM, Goldman M, Pepe J, Nelson LS, Allan MJ, Dhungana V. Goldstein DA, Goldfarb DS, Hoffman RS. Parenteral organophosphorus poisoning in a rural Hemodialysis clearance of glyphosate following a life- emergency department: a case report. threatening ingestion of glyphosate-surfactant herbicide. BMC Res Notes 2013; 6: 524. Clin Toxicol 2014; 52: 66-71. Narayan S, Liew Z, Paul K, Lee P-C, Sinsheimer JS, Wunnapuk K, Gobe G, Endre Z, Peake P, Grice JE, Roberts Bronstein JM, Ritz B. MS, Buckley NA, Liu X. Household organophosphorus pesticide use and Parkinson's Use of a glyphosate-based herbicide-induced nephrotoxicity disease. model to investigate a panel of kidney injury biomarkers. J Parkinsons Dis 2013; 3: 49. Toxicol Lett 2014; 225: 192-200. Prasad S, Mahantesh, Jaicob, Natrajan R. Role of pralidoxime in acute organophosphorous Neonicotinoid insecticides poisoning, a prospective randomised control study. Acetamiprid Indian J Crit Care Med 2013; 17: 7. Yeter O, Aydin A. Determination of acetamiprid and im-1-2 in postmortem Senthilkumaran S, Balamurugan N, Jayaraman S, human blood, liver, stomach contents by HPLC-DAD. Thirumalaikolundusubramaniam P. J Forensic Sci 2013; online early: doi: 10.1111/1556- Cardiotoxicity in OPC poisoning: time to think differential 4029.12368: diagnosis. J Postgrad Med 2013; 59: 337. Organochlorine pesticides Sharma R, Gupta B, Acharya J, Kaushik MP, Ghosh KK. General Interactions between xylene-linked carbamoyl bis- Aminov Z, Haase R, Pavuk M, Carpenter D. pyridinium mono-oximes and organophosphates inhibited- Analysis of the effects of exposure to polychlorinated AChE: a kinetic study. biphenyls and chlorinated pesticides on serum lipid levels Toxicology 2014; 316: 1-8. in residents of Anniston, Alabama. Environ Health 2013; 12: 108. Suzuki H, Ito Y, Noro Y, Koketsu M, Kamijima M, Tomizawa M. DDE Organophosphate agents induce plasma hyper- triglyceridemia in mouse via single or dual inhibition of the Schell LM, Gallo MV, Deane GD, Nelder KR, DeCaprio AP, endocannabinoid hydrolyzing enzyme(s). Jacobs A, Akwesasne Task Force on the Environment. Toxicol Lett 2014; 225: 153-7. Relationships of polychlorinated biphenyls and dichloro- diphenyldichloroethylene (p,p'-DDE) with testosterone Thunga G, Pandey S. levels in adolescent males. Effectiveness of different dosage regimen of pralidoxime in Environ Health Perspect 2013; online early: organophosphorus poisoning in tertiary care hospital. doi: 10.1289/ehp.1205984: Value Health 2013; 16: A678.

Organophosphorus insecticides Xia C, Wang M, Liang Q, Yun L, Kang H, Fan L, Wang D, General Zhang G. Changes in monoclonal HLA-DR antigen expression in Balakumar K, Misha K, Milind K. acute organophosphorus pesticide-poisoned patients. Increased fetal endocardial echogenicity mimicking Exp Ther Med 2014; 7: 137-40. endocardial fibroelastosis following maternal organo- phosphorus poisoning and its complete regression in utero. Zhang X, Sui H, Li H, Zheng J, Wang F, Li B, Zhang Y. Indian J Radiol Imaging 2013; 23: 262-5. Paraoxonase activity and genetic polymorphisms in

northern Han Chinese workers exposed to organo- Hulse EJ, Clutton RE, Drummond G, Eddleston M. phosphate pesticides. Translational toxicological research: investigating and Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2013; online early: preventing acute lung injury in organophosphorus doi: 10.1177/1535370213513983: insecticide poisoning.

J R Army Med Corps 2013; online early: doi: 10.1136/jramc-2013-000207: Chlorpyrifos Carr RL, Graves CA, Mangum LC, Nail CA, Ross MK. Jiang Y, Liu X, Li S, Zhang Y, Piao F, Sun X. Low level chlorpyrifos exposure increases anandamide Identification of differentially expressed proteins related to accumulation in juvenile rat brain in the absence of brain organophosphorus-induced delayed neuropathy in the cholinesterase inhibition. brains of hens. Neurotoxicology 2013; online early: J Appl Toxicol 2013; online early: doi: 10.1002/jat.2965: doi: 10.1016/j.neuro.2013.12.009:

Kim YH, Yeo JH, Kang MJ, Lee JH, Cho KW, Hwang S, Diazinon Hong CK, Lee YH, Kim YW. Pizzurro DM, Dao K, Costa LG. Performance assessment of the SOFA, APACHE II scoring Diazinon and diazoxon impair the ability of astrocytes to system, and SAPS II in intensive care unit organo- foster neurite outgrowth in primary hippocampal neurons. phosphate poisoned patients. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2013; online early: J Korean Med Sci 2013; 28: 1822-6. doi: 10.1016/j.taap.2013.11.023:

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Dichlorvos CHEMICAL WARFARE, Cui J, Li C-S, He XH, Song Y-G. BIOLOGICAL WARFARE AND Protective effects of penehyclidine hydrochloride on acute lung injury caused by severe dichlorvos poisoning in RIOT CONTROL AGENTS swine. Biological warfare Chin Med J (Engl ) 2013; 126: 4764-70. Ricin

Hodge DR, Prentice KW, Ramage JG, Prezioso S, Gauthier Wang H, Li S, Qi L, Xu W, Zeng Y, Hou Y, Zhao X, Sun C. C, Swanson T, Hastings R, Basavanna U, Datta S, Sharma Metabonomic analysis of quercetin against the toxicity of SK, Garber EA, Staab A, Pettit D, Drumgoole R, Swaney E, chronic exposure to low-level dichlorvos in rats via ultra- Estacio PL, Elder IA, Kovacs G, Morse BS, Kellogg RB, performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Stanker L, Morse SA, Pillai SP. Toxicol Lett 2013; online early: Comprehensive laboratory evaluation of a highly specific doi: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2013.12.017: lateral flow assay for the presumptive identification of ricin in suspicious white powders and environmental samples.

Biosecur Bioterror 2013; online early: Malathion doi: 10.1089/bsp.2013.0053: Kinoshita H, Tanaka N, Jamal M, Kumihashi M, Tsutsui K, Ameno K. Lumor SE, Deen BD, Ronningen I, Smith K, Fredrickson Xylene; a useful marker for agricultural products ingestion. NR, Diez-Gonzalez F, Labuza TP. Soud Lek 2013; 58: 59-60. Assessment of the inhibition of ricin toxicity by lactose in milk. J Food Prot 2013; 76: 2037-9. Paraquat and diquat Gao L, Liu J, Wang C, Liu G, Niu X, Shu C, Zhu J. Redmann V, Gardner T, Lau Z, Morohashi K, Felsenfeld D, Fast determination of paraquat in plasma and urine Tortorella D. samples by solid-phase microextraction and gas Novel class of potential therapeutics that target ricin chromatography-mass spectrometry. retrograde translocation. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2014; 944: Toxins (Basel) 2013; 6: 33-53. 136-40. Chemical warfare Lacher SE, Gremaud JN, Skagen K, Steed E, Dalton R, Sugden KD, Cardozo-Pelaez F, Sherwin CM, Woodahl EL. General Hauschild VD, Watson A. Absence of P-glycoprotein transport in the pharmaco- kinetics and toxicity of the herbicide paraquat. Exposure levels for chemical threat compounds: information to facilitate chemical incident response. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2013; online early: J Emerg Manag 2013; 11: 355-84. doi: 10.1124/jpet.113.209791:

Weissberg A, Tzanani N, Dagan S. Weng C-H, Hu C-C, Lin J-L, Lin-Tan D-T, Hsu C-W, Yen T-H. Specificity enhancement by electrospray ionization Predictors of acute respiratory distress syndrome in multistage mass spectrometry – A valuable tool for patients with paraquat intoxication. differentiation and identification of 'V'-type chemical warfare PLoS ONE 2013; 8: e82695. agents. J Mass Spectrom 2013; 48: 1340-8.

Pyrethroid insecticides Riot control agents General Schep LJ, Slaughter RJ, McBride DI. Dewailly E, Forde M, Robertson L, Kaddar N, Laouan Sidi Riot control agents: the tear gases CN, CS and OC – A EA, Côté S, Gaudreau E, Drescher O, Ayotte P. medical review. Evaluation of pyrethroid exposures in pregnant women J R Army Med Corps 2013; online early: from 10 Caribbean countries. doi: 10.1136/jramc-2013-000165: Environ Int 2013; 63C: 201-6. PLANTS Young H, Meeker J, Martenies S, Figueroa Z, Barr D, Perry M. Environmental exposure to pyrethroids and sperm sex General chromosome disomy: a cross-sectional study. Green BT, Lee ST, Welch KD, Panter KE. Environ Health 2013; 12: 111. Plant alkaloids that cause developmental defects through the disruption of cholinergic neurotransmission.

Birth Defects Res C Embryo Today 2013; 99: 235-46. Rodenticides Harika C, Pramoda K, Rohini D, Thunga G. Kassop D, Donovan MS, Cohee BM, Mabe DL, Wedam EF, Treatment and outcome analysis of rodenticide poisoning Atwood JE. in tertiary care hospital in South India. An unusual case of cardiac glycoside toxicity. Value Health 2013; 16: A677. Int J Cardiol 2014; 170: 437.

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PLANTS /marine poisoning Fernández-Fígares M, Fernández V, Postigo MJ, Feron P. general Acute paralysis after ingestion. Panter KE, Welch KD, Gardner DR, Green BT. Neurophysiol Clin 2013; 43: 299-302. Poisonous plants: effects on embryo and fetal development. Birth Defects Res C Embryo Today 2013; 99: 223-34. Paul V, Shamah S, Garankina O, Wolf L, Shia Lin Y. Rhabdomyolysis after fish consumption: Haff's disease. Azadirachta indica (Neem) QJM 2014; 107: 67-8. Mishra A, Dave N. Neem oil poisoning: case report of an adult with toxic Tetrodotoxin encephalopathy. Yong YS, Quek LS, Lim EK, Ngo A. Indian J Crit Care Med 2013; 17: 321-2. A case report of puffer fish poisoning in Singapore.

Case Rep Med 2013; 2013: 206971. Lagenaria siceraria (Bitter bottle gourd) Micro-organisms Ho CH, Ho MG, Ho SP, Ho HH. Botulism Bitter bottle gourd (Lagenaria siceraria) toxicity. Williams BT, Schlein SM, Caravati EM, Ledyard H, Fix ML. J Emerg Med 2013; online early: Emergency department identification and critical care doi: 10.1016/j.jemermed.2013.08.106: management of a Utah prison botulism outbreak. Ann Emerg Med 2013; online early: Mitragyna speciosa (Kratom) doi: 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2013.10.027: Forrester MB. Kratom exposures reported to Texas poison centers. J Addict Dis 2013; 32: 396-400. Aboumaâd B, Tiger A, Khattabi A, Soulaymani R, Lahssaini M, Benhassain SM, Iba N. Trakulsrichai S, Tongpo A, Sriapha C, Wongvisawakorn S, Cardiac involvement and its complications about three Rittilert P, Kaojarern S, Wananukul W. cases of severe scorpion envenomation. Kratom abuse in Ramathibodi Poison Center, Thailand: a Toxicon 2014; 78: 78-82. five-year experience.

J Psychoactive Drugs 2013; 45: 404-8. Aghabiklooei A, Zamani N, Hassanian-Moghaddam H.

Getting stung by black scorpion Androctonus crassicauda: Mushrooms a case report. Erden A, Esmeray K, Karagöz H, Karahan S, Gümüsçü HH, Hum Exp Toxicol 2013; online early: Basak M, Çetinkaya A, Avci D, Poyrazoglu OK. doi: 10.1177/0960327113515502: Acute liver failure caused by mushroom poisoning: a case report and review of the literature. PMC3839837. Kularatne SA, Senanayake N. Int Med Case Rep J 2013; 6: 85-90. Venomous snake bites, scorpions, and spiders. Handb Clin Neurol 2014; 120: 987-1001. Spilanthes acmella Dubey S, Maity S, Singh M, Saraf SA, Saha S. Wiwanitkit V. Phytochemistry, pharmacology and toxicology of Scorpion sting and cerebrovascular complication. Spilanthes acmella: a review. Int J Stroke 2013; 8: E58. Adv Pharmacol Sci 2013; 2013: 423750. Snake bites Toxicodendron vernicifluum (Chinese General lacquer tree) Faioli CN, Souza Domingos TF, de Oliviera EC, Sanchez EF, Wiart C. Ribeiro S, Muricy G, Fuly AL. A Note on Toxicodendron vernicifluum (Stokes) F.A. Barkley. Appraisal of antiophidic potential of marine sponges Food Chem Toxicol 2013; online early: against Bothrops jararaca and Lachesis muta venom. doi: 10.1016/j.fct.2013.11.052: Toxins 2013; 5: 1799-813.

Harris JB, Scott-Davey T. ANIMALS Secreted phospholipases A2 of snake : effects on General the peripheral neuromuscular system with comments on Kularatne SA, Senanayake N. the role of phospholipases A2 in disorders of the CNS and Venomous snake bites, scorpions, and spiders. their uses in industry. Handb Clin Neurol 2014; 120: 987-1001. Toxins (Basel) 2013; 5: 2533-71.

Isbister GK, Brown SGA, Page CB, McCoubrie DL, Greene SL, Buckley NA. Juckett G. Snakebite in Australia: a practical approach to diagnosis bites. and treatment. Am Fam Physician 2013; 88: 841-7. Med J Aust 2013; 199: 763-8.

Bufo marinus (Cane toad) Jackson TNW, Sunagar K, Undheim EAB, Koludarov I, Chan Wongseelashote S, Quilty S, Johnston-Leek M. AHC, Sanders K, Ali SA, Hendrikx I, Dunstan N, Fry BG. Cane toads and bush tucker: starvation ketoacidosis in a Venom down under: dynamic evolution of Australian bushwalker. elapid snake toxins. Med J Aust 2013; 199: 794-5. Toxins (Basel) 2013; 5: 2621-55.

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Snake bites Naja kaouthia (Monocled cobra) General Das D, Urs N, Hiremath V, Vishwanath BS, Doley R. Kularatne SA, Senanayake N. Biochemical and biological characterization of Naja kaouthia Venomous snake bites, scorpions, and spiders. venom from North-East India and its neutralization by Handb Clin Neurol 2014; 120: 987-1001. polyvalent antivenom. J Venom Res 2013; 4: 31-8. Little M. Treatment of snakebite in Australia: gathering the evidence. Paroplocephalus atriceps (Lake Cronin Med J Aust 2013; 199: 723-4. snake) Allen GE, Wilson SK, Isbister GK. Patil MS, Shivaprasad, Varghese J, Swamy N, Rajagopalan N. Paroplocephalus envenoming: a previously unrecognised Profile of snake bite envenomation in rural Bangalore highly venomous snake in Australia. presenting to a tertiary Care Hospital, Rural Bangalore, Med J Aust 2013; 199: 792-4. South India. Indian J Crit Care Med 2013; 17: 26. Spiders Garbi M, Acquistapace G, Suprani A, Canetta C, Rossi M, Daboia Russelii (Russell’s viper) Spadaro S, Ricevuti G. Waikhom R, Makkar V, Sarkar D, Patil K, Singh A, Bennikal M. Approach and management of spider bites in an Italian Acute kidney injury following Russell's viper bite in the emergency department: a clinical case. pediatric population: a 6-year experience. Clin Chem Lab Med 2013; 51: eA122-eA123. Pediatr Nephrol 2013; 28: 2393-6. Kularatne SA, Senanayake N. Parker-Cote JL, O'Rourke DP, Miller SN, Brewer KL, Venomous snake bites, scorpions, and spiders. Rosenbaum MD, Meggs WJ. Handb Clin Neurol 2014; 120: 987-1001. Trypsin and rosmarinic acid reduce the toxicity of Micrurus fulvius venom in mice. Clin Toxicol 2014; online early: Wasps doi: 10.3109/15563650.2013.872792: Yamazaki H, Yasumura R, Miyashita K, Ishii Y, Kobayashi Y. Non-occlusive mesenteric ischemia following multiple wasp stings. Micrurus fulvius (Eastern coral snake) Am J Emerg Med 2013; online early: Parker-Cote JL, O'Rourke DP, Miller SN, Brewer KL, doi: 10.1016/j.ajem.2013.12.015: Rosenbaum MD, Meggs WJ. Trypsin and rosmarinic acid reduce the toxicity of Micrurus fulvius venom in mice. Clin Toxicol 2014; online early: doi: 10.3109/15563650.2013.872792:

INDEX

3-chloropentafluoropene ...... 29 Arsenic ...... 34 Acenocoumarol ...... 21 Arthropods ...... 38 Acetaminophen ...... 26 Asenapine ...... 22 Acetamiprid ...... 36 Azadirachta indica ...... 38 Acetylcysteine ...... 19 Batteries ...... 30 Aerosols ...... 29 Benzene ...... 30 Air pollution ...... 27 Biological warfare ...... 37 Alcohol ...... 29 Biomarkers ...... 9 Aluminium ...... 34 Bisphenol A ...... 30 Aluminium phosphide ...... 35 Bitter bottle gourd ...... 38 Amfetamines ...... 21 Botulism ...... 38 Ammonia ...... 29 Bufo marinus ...... 38 Anaesthetics ...... 21 Buprenorphine ...... 19 Analytical toxicology ...... 9 Cadmium ...... 34 Animals, general ...... 38 Calciferol ...... 27 Antiarrhythmics ...... 21 Camphor ...... 30 Antibiotics ...... 21 Cane toad ...... 38 Anticoagulants ...... 21 Cannabis ...... 23 Anticonvulsants ...... 21 Carbamate insecticides ...... 35 Antidepressants ...... 22 Carbamazepine ...... 21 Antidotes ...... 19 Carbon monoxide ...... 30 Anti-emetics ...... 22 Carcinogenicity ...... 9 Antifungal drugs ...... 22 Cardiotoxicity ...... 10 Antihistamines ...... 22 Chelating agents ...... 19 Antimalarial drugs ...... 22 Chemical incidents ...... 28 Antineoplastics ...... 22 Chemical warfare, general ...... 37 Antipsychotics ...... 22 Chemicals, general ...... 29 Antivenom ...... 19 Chinese lacquer tree ...... 38

40

Chloroquine ...... 22 Ketamine ...... 25 Chlorpyrifos ...... 36 Khat ...... 25 Clomipramine ...... 27 Kinetics ...... 13 Clozapine...... 22 Kratom ...... 25, 38 Codeine ...... 25 Lagenaria siceraria ...... 38 Colchicine ...... 23 Lake Cronin snake ...... 39 Corrosives ...... 30 Lead ...... 34 Cosmetics ...... 30 Lidocaine ...... 21 Cyanide ...... 30 Lipid emulsion therapy ...... 19 Cyclizine ...... 22 Lithium ...... 25, 35 Dabigatran ...... 21 Malathion ...... 37 Daboia Russelii ...... 39 Management, general ...... 18 DDE ...... 36 Manganese ...... 35 Dermal toxicity...... 10 Marijuana ...... 23 Designer drugs ...... 23 MDMA ...... 21 Developmental toxicology ...... 11 Medication errors ...... 13 Dexmedetomidine ...... 19 Mercury ...... 35 Diacetylmorphine ...... 24 Metals, general ...... 33 Diazinon ...... 36 Metformin ...... 24 Dichlorvos ...... 37 Methadone ...... 26 Dietary supplements ...... 24 Methanol...... 31 Digoxin ...... 24 Methotrexate ...... 22 Diisocyanates...... 30 Methylene blue ...... 19 Dimethocaine...... 21 Methylene glycol...... 31 Dimethyl sulfoxide...... 30 Methylphenidate ...... 25 Dioxin ...... 30 Methylthioninium chloride ...... 19 Diquat ...... 37 Metronidazole ...... 21 Disinfectants ...... 31 Micro-organisms ...... 38 Driving under the influence ...... 11 Micrurus fulvius ...... 39 Drugs, general ...... 20 Mitragyna speciosa ...... 38 Dust ...... 31 Monocled cobra ...... 39 Dyes ...... 31 Mushrooms ...... 38 Eastern coral snake ...... 39 Naja kaouthia ...... 39 Ecstasy ...... 21 Naloxone ...... 20 Epidemiology ...... 11 Naltrexone ...... 20 Estrogens ...... 31 Nanoparticles ...... 31 Ethanol...... 29 Neem ...... 38 Ethnic remedies ...... 24 Neem oil ...... 25 Ethylene glycol ...... 31 Neonicotinoid insecticides ...... 36 Everolimus ...... 25 Nephrotoxicity ...... 13 Exhaust fumes ...... 28 Neurotoxicity ...... 14 Fentanyl ...... 25 Nicotine ...... 25 Fertiliser ...... 31 Nitric acid ...... 32 Fish/marine poisoning ...... 38 Nitrites ...... 32 Flecainide ...... 21 Nitrogen ...... 32 Fluoride ...... 31 Nitrogen dioxide ...... 32 Fluorouracil ...... 22 NSAIDs ...... 25 Flupirtine ...... 24 Occupational toxicology ...... 15 Forensic toxicology ...... 12 Ondansetron ...... 22 Formaldehyde ...... 31 Opioid maintenance therapy ...... 19 Fosphenytoin ...... 21 Opioids ...... 25 Gamma hydroxybutyrate ...... 24 Organochlorine pesticides, general ...... 36 Gasoline ...... 32 Organophosphorus insecticides, general ...... 36 Genotoxicity ...... 12 O-toluidine ...... 32 Glyphosate ...... 36 Oximes ...... 19 Haemodialysis ...... 19 Paediatric toxicology ...... 16 Hazardous waste ...... 28 Paracetamol ...... 26 Hepatotoxicity ...... 12 Paranitroanaline ...... 32 Herbal medicines ...... 24 Paraquat ...... 37 Herbicides ...... 35 Paroplocephalus atriceps ...... 39 Heroin ...... 24 Penehyclidine hydrochloride ...... 20 Hi-6 ...... 19 Perfluorinated compounds ...... 32 Household products ...... 31 Pesticides, general ...... 35 Hydrofluorocarbon ...... 31 Petrol...... 32 Hydrogen sulphide ...... 31 Petroleum oils ...... 32 Hypoglycaemics ...... 24 Phenytoin...... 22 Ibuprofen ...... 25 Phthalate esters ...... 32 Ifosfamide ...... 22 Plants, general ...... 37 Immunosuppressants ...... 25 Plasticisers ...... 32 Inhalation toxicity ...... 13 PM10 ...... 28 Insulin ...... 19 Poison information centres ...... 17 Iron ...... 25, 34 Poisons information ...... 17

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Pollution ...... 28 Snake bites ...... 38 Polychlorinated biphenyls ...... 32 Sodium bicarbonate ...... 33 Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons ...... 32 Solvents ...... 33 Polymorphisms ...... 17 Spiders ...... 39 Polyvinyl chloride ...... 32 Spilanthes acmella ...... 38 Pralidoxime ...... 19 SSRIs...... 26 Pregabalin ...... 22 Statins ...... 26 Propylene glycol ...... 33 Styrene ...... 33 Psychiatric aspects ...... 18 Substance abuse ...... 26 Pyrethroid insecticides, general ...... 37 Suicide ...... 18 Pyrrolizidine alkaloids ...... 33 Sulphur dioxide ...... 33 Quercetin ...... 20 Tetrodotoxin ...... 38 Radiation ...... 33 Tobacco ...... 33 Rasburicase ...... 26 Topiramate ...... 22 Reprotoxicity ...... 18 Toxicodendron vernicifluum ...... 38 Ricin...... 37 Toxicology, general ...... 9 Riot control agents ...... 37 Tricyclic antidepressants ...... 27 Risk assessment...... 18 Tryptamines ...... 27 Rodenticides ...... 37 Valdecoxib ...... 25 Russell’s viper ...... 39 Vitamins...... 27 Scorpions ...... 38 Voriconazole ...... 22 Sildenafil ...... 26 Warfarin ...... 21 Silica ...... 33 Wasps ...... 39 Silver...... 35 Water pollution ...... 29 Smoke ...... 33 Zinc ...... 35

Current Awareness in Clinical Toxicology is produced monthly for the American Academy of Clinical Toxicology by the Birmingham Unit of the UK National Poisons Information Service.

The NPIS is commissioned by Public Health England