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Creating Graded Pools of Storage with Serial Attached SCSI

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Creating Graded Pools of Storage with Serial Attached SCSI SAS Technology and Application Trends Kevin Gray Maxtor Corporation 333 South Street, Shrewsbury MA 01545-4171 Phone: +1-508-770-6862 FAX: +1-508-770-299 E-mail: [email protected] Presented at the THIC Meeting at the Sony Auditorium, 3300 Zanker Rd, San Jose CA 95134-1940 April 19-20,2005 Agenda • Storage Application Trends • The Advantages of Serial Technologies • Serial Attached SCSI & Serial ATA Technology Overview • The Benefits of Serial Attached SCSI • Summary & Q&A 2 Storage Application Trends 3 Regulatory Shifts Effecting Storage • New data storage rules are driving storage requirements – Retained for longer time – Rapidly accessible –MarketMultiple sourceRegulations access Requirement Financial services Basel 2 Accuracy, retention, retrieval and archiving of electronic SEC 17a – 3&4 records Healthcare HIPAA, JCAHO, ISO Mandates disaster recovery and data back-up plans, enforces 17799 authentication and encryption of patient records Life Sciences & FDA 21 CFR Part 11 Dictates how records are retained, shared and exchanged Pharmaceutical Government DOD 5015.2 Must use DoD-compliant software and hardware agencies Public companies EU Data Protection Companies must ensure personal data is properly managed Directive in accordance with regulatory requirements. Sarbanes-Oxley Act of Managers must vouch for internal controls on transactions, 2002 digital information and communications 4 Pools of Storage Cost of ownership has become an operations and infrastructure challenge Transactional Reference Data Staging and Archive spooling IT Managers are increasingly viewing data resources as “Pools of Storage” with differing characteristics to meet a range of application requirements 5 HDD Design Tradeoffs 7200 RPM 10K RPM 15K RPM Disk Drive Disk Drive Disk Drive • Larger media increases • Smaller arm lowers • Larger magnets capacity but limits mechanical inertia to improve seek time rotational frequency reduce seek time ¾ Lower rotational frequencies moderate power consumption & improve rotational stability • Smaller media reduces seek distance IOPS = 1/(seek time + average rotational latency + processing time) 6 ATA Share of the Enterprise Worldwide Forecast of ATA HDD Share of Enterprise Apps 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Enteprise PATA/SATA Desktop PATA/SATA SCSI/SAS/Fibre Source: Maxtor Corporation 7 The Advantages of Serial Technologies 8 “The World is Becoming Serial” Consumer Electronics Computer Storage 1394, USB, Infrared Printers, Scanners, & SATA, SAS, FC, other Peripherals 1394 & USB USB PC Expansion PCI-Express Communications Networking Wireless, Telephone, Ethernet Digital Cable • Serial interconnects are becoming widespread in our digital world, enabled in computing, communications & entertainment products • As silicon integration levels and bandwidth requirements increase, serial technology becomes more cost effective at shorter distances 9 Clock Skew Limits Bandwidth • With a parallel bus, all data must be arrive within in a given time period • Signal skew causes data to become misaligned in time at the receiver limiting the rate at which data can be transferred • Serial technologies uses a single data line so there is no skew • With serial technologies, much higher data transfer rates can be obtained per signal line Clocked Data Serial Data In Clock Recovery Recovered Clock Circuit All bits are aligned at Skew causes transmitting device misalignment at the receiver Serial Data Transfers Parallel Data Transfers 10 Cross Talk • Cross talk is an electromagnetic coupling that occurs between signal lines running in parallel to one another – Cross talk degrades the signal quality of adjacent signal lines. – Cross talk increases with the frequency of the data • Serial technologies do not require signal lines be run in parallel to minimize data skew • With fewer signal lines and no requirements for those lines to be run in parallel, cross talk is significantly reduced with serial architectures Example of Cross Talk Electromagnetic Coupling 11 Impedance Discontinuities Limit Bandwidth Transmission Line Reflections SCSI Device Connection SCSI Stub creates Termination impedance discontinuity Without • Beyond U320 SCSI, transmission line Impedance Discontinuity reflections on the parallel bus become more difficult to manage as data rates increase • Serial technologies eliminate impedance discontinuities due to transmission line With stubs by using point-to-point Impedance connections Discontinuity 12 Fewer Signal Lines • As server form Parallel Serial factors shrink Cables Cables – Cabling becomes more difficult – Backplanes become harder to route – Small Form Factor HDDs are used to improve IOPs while reducing power Photos courtesy of Intel and space requirements • Serial technologies require less signal lines – Creating thinner cables to ease cable routing – Reducing backplane routing SFF HDD with complexity SAS Connector – Enabling the use of smaller connectors with SFF HDDs SFF HDD with SCSI Connector 13 Parallel & Serial SCSI Comparison Smaller Die Size & Reduced Pin Count Constrain Costs U320 SAS 3Gb Die Comparison Signal Pins Signals+Power+Grounds Signals+Power+Grounds (Package/cost,routing =~80 Pins =~12 Pins congestion) Silicon cost Larger Die Area Smaller Die Area Power Approx. 1.2 Watts Approx. 0.6 Watts Performance 320 MB/sec. Peak 1200 MB/sec. Peak Bandwidth Bandwidth Single port, Half duplex Dual port, Full duplex 14 Serial Attached SCSI & Serial ATA Technology Overview 15 Interface Transitions HDD Interfaces Are Moving From Parallel to Serial Architectures Parallel ATA Parallel SCSI 16 What Makes an Industry Standard? Members of T10 Standards Committee Storage Providers and Component/Infrastructure Drive Manufacturers 17 What is Serial ATA? • Four-wire replacement for the physical layer of parallel ATA – 100% SW compatible replacement for ATA – Low voltage (600 mV max) differential signaling w/ 8b10b encoding • “Star” topology (point-to-point, no hubs) – Each device gets full bandwidth – No bus arbitration/collision overhead HDD – ATA RAID becomes simpler to implement • Serial ATA has attributes and features that Host/RAID extend its capabilities Controller HDD – Provides additional capabilities such as hot Each host port connects plug and 1st party DMA to only one HDD HDD SATA connector drawing courtesy of Molex 18 What is Serial Attached SCSI? • Four-wire replacement for the physical layer of parallel SCSI – SW compatible replacement for parallel SCSI – Low voltage (1600 mV max) differential signaling w/ 8b10b encoding System Backplane “Star” topology (point-to-point, no hubs) • or t c e – Each device gets full bandwidth S n A S Minimum arbitration overhead on – l C a le u t g D r n o i rt P S o • SAS has attributes and features that can extend it beyond theP capabilities of parallel SCSI 19 – Provides many additional superset features (such as dual-port and 16K devices -OR - per domain) – Provides for using SATA devices in SAS systems 20 OPEN OPEN OPEN OPEN OPEN OPEN OPEN OPEN OPEN OPEN OPEN OPEN OPEN OPEN OPEN OPEN OPEN OPEN OPEN OPEN OPEN OPEN OPEN OPEN OPEN OPEN OPEN OPEN OPEN OPEN OPEN OPEN OPEN OPEN OPEN OPEN OPEN OPEN OPEN OPEN OPEN OPEN OPEN OPEN OPEN OPEN OPEN OPEN OPEN OPEN OPEN z z z OPEN OPEN OPEN OPEN OPEN OPEN OPEN OPEN OPEN OPEN OPEN OPEN OPEN OPEN OPEN OPEN OPEN OPEN OPEN OPEN OPEN OPEN OPEN OPEN UPS UPS UPS SAN OPEN OPEN OPEN OPEN OPEN OPEN OPEN OPEN NAS OPEN OPEN OPEN OPEN Storage Storage Disk Interface Disk SAS and SATA and SAS Disk Interface Disk SAS and SATA and SAS Or Fibre Channel Fibre Or or Fibre Channel Fibre or I , S l e C et n S i n n , a d er n Ch h a t b e i r E n b i i f F n I LAN SAN LAN SAN I interoperability , S l •of implementation cost Lower • Reduced complexity to improve drives disk of • range broad a for Support e C n S et i n not networking interfaces … Behind the Network! the Behind … , n a d n Where Do SAS and SATA Fit? Fit? SATA and SAS Do Where • Serial Attached SCSI and Serial ATA arestorage, er Ch a h b e i t r n b i E i f F n I OPEN OPEN OPEN OPEN OPEN OPEN OPEN OPEN OPEN OPEN OPEN OPEN OPEN OPEN OPEN OPEN OPEN OPEN OPEN OPEN OPEN OPEN OPEN OPEN OPEN OPEN Where Does Serial Storage Fit? OPEN OPEN OPEN OPEN OPEN OPEN OPEN OPEN z z OPEN OPEN OPEN OPEN SAS or SATA or SAS OPEN OPEN OPEN OPEN Disk Interface Disk OPEN OPEN OPEN OPEN OPEN OPEN OPEN OPEN UPS UPS OPEN OPEN OPEN OPEN OPEN OPEN OPEN OPEN RAID Storage Direct Attached Direct Servers OPEN OPEN OPEN OPEN OPEN OPEN OPEN OPEN OPEN OPEN OPEN OPEN OPEN OPEN OPEN OPEN OPEN OPEN Workstations OPEN OPEN OPEN OPEN Interface Disk OPEN OPEN OPEN OPEN SATA or SAS OPEN OPEN OPEN OPEN OPEN OPEN OPEN OPEN z z OPEN OPEN OPEN OPEN OPEN OPEN OPEN OPEN Cabinet Interface Cabinet OPEN OPEN OPEN OPEN OPEN OPEN OPEN OPEN UPS OPEN OPEN OPEN OPEN UPS OPEN OPEN OPEN OPEN Serial Attached SCSI Attached Serial SAS or SATA Disk Interface Disk SATA or SAS JBOD Storage Direct Attached Direct HDD Interface Comparisons SATA SAS Fibre Channel Arbitrated Loop Half-duplex Full-duplex with Full Duplex Link Aggregation Performance 1.5 Gb/s Introduction 3.0 Gb/s Introduction 2.0 Gb/s 3.0 Gb/s in 2005 6.0 Gb/s in 2007 4 Gb/s in 2005 1.5 m internal cable > 8 m internal and 15 m external cable > 8 m external cable external cables Connectivity One device >128 devices 127 devices (16,384 max) No peer-to-peer Peer-to-peer Peer-to-peer Single-port HDDs Dual-port HDDs Dual-port HDDs Availability Single-host Multi-initiator Multi-initiator Driver Software transparent Software transparent Software transparent Model with Parallel ATA with Parallel SCSI with Parallel SCSI 21 SCSI Trade Association Roadmap SerialSerial Attached Attached SCSISCSI Serial Serial SASSAS 12Gb/s 12Gb/s AttachedAttached SCSI SCSI SerialSerial Attached Attached SASSAS 6Gb/s 6Gb/s SCSISCSI SASSAS 3Gb/s 3Gb/s U640 has been removed from the SCSI Trade Association road map.
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