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Decision Making in Small Animal Oncology

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Decision Making in Small Animal Oncology Decision Making in Small Animal Oncology Decision Making in Small Animal Oncology David J. Argyle B.V.M.S., Ph.D., D.E.C.V.I.M.-C.A. (Oncology) M.R.C.V.S. Malcolm J. Brearley M.A., Vet.M.B., M.Sc. (Clinical Oncology), DipE.C.V.I.M.-C.A. (Oncology), F.R.C.V.S. Michelle M. Turek D.V.M., D.A.C.V.R. (Radiation Oncology), D.A.C.V.I.M. (Oncology) A John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Publication Edition fi rst published 2008 ©2008 Wiley-Blackwell Blackwell Publishing was acquired by John Wiley & Sons in February 2007. Blackwell’s publishing program has been merged with Wiley’s global Scientifi c, Technical, and Medical business to form Wiley-Blackwell. Editorial Offi ce 2121 State Avenue, Ames, Iowa 50014-8300, USA For details of our global editorial offi ces, for customer services, and for information about how to apply for permission to reuse the copyright material in this book, please see our website at www.wiley.com/wiley-blackwell. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use, or the internal or personal use of specifi c clients, is granted by Blackwell Publishing, provided that the base fee is paid directly to the Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923. For those organizations that have been granted a photocopy license by CCC, a separate system of payments has been arranged. The fee codes for users of the Transactional Reporting Service are ISBN-13: 978-0-8138-2275-4/2008. Designations used by companies to distinguish their products are often claimed as trademarks. All brand names and product names used in this book are trade names, service marks, trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective owners. The publisher is not associated with any product or vendor mentioned in this book. This publication is designed to provide accurate and authoritative information in regard to the subject matter covered. It is sold on the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering professional services. If professional advice or other expert assistance is required, the services of a competent professional should be sought. Disclaimer The contents of this work are intended to further general scientifi c research, understanding, and discussion only and are not intended and should not be relied upon as recommending or promoting a specifi c method, diagnosis, or treatment by practitioners for any particular patient. The publisher and the author make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this work and specifi cally disclaim all warranties, including without limitation any implied warranties of fi tness for a particular purpose. In view of ongoing research, equipment modifi cations, changes in governmental regulations, and the constant fl ow of information relating to the use of medicines, equipment, and devices, the reader is urged to review and evaluate the information provided in the package insert or instructions for each medicine, equipment, or device for, among other things, any changes in the instructions or indication of usage and for added warnings and precautions. Readers should consult with a specialist where appropriate. The fact that an organization or Website is referred to in this work as a citation and/or a potential source of further information does not mean that the author or the publisher endorses the information the organization or Website may provide or recommendations it may make. Further, readers should be aware that Internet Websites listed in this work may have changed or disappeared between when this work was written and when it is read. No warranty may be created or extended by any promotional statements for this work. Neither the publisher nor the author shall be liable for any damages arising herefrom. Library of Congress Cataloguing-in-Publication Data Argyle, David J. Decision making in small animal oncology / David J. Argyle, Malcolm J. Brearley, Michelle M. Turek.—1st ed. p.; cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-8138-2275-4 (alk. paper) 1. Dogs—Diseases—Diagnosis—Decision making. 2. Cats—Diseases—Diagnosis—Decision making. 3. Tumors in animals. 4. Veterinary oncology. I. Brearley, Malcolm J. II. Turek, Michelle M. III. Title. [DNLM: 1. Neoplasms—veterinary. 2. Algorithms. 3. Cat Diseases—diagnosis. 4. Cat Diseases—therapy. 5. Decision Support Techniques. 6. Dog Diseases—diagnosis. 7. Dog Diseases—therapy. SF 910.T8 A695d 2008] SF992.C35A74 2008 636.089′6994—dc22 2008007429 A catalogue record for this book is available from the U.S. Library of Congress. Set in 9 on 11.5 pt Sabon by SNP Best-set Typesetter Ltd., Hong Kong Printed in Singapore by Markono Print Media Pte Ltd 1 2008 To Sally, Blythe and Sam. For all your love and support, this is what I was doing upstairs for all those weeks. David J. Argyle To Gregg, for his loving support of my endeavors. And to Mom, Dad and John for their lasting wisdom and encouragement. Michelle M. Turek I should like to dedicate this book to my early mentors, Dave Bostock and the late Larry Owen, who inspired me into clinical oncology. Also to my colleagues over the years with whom I have continued to learn, and fi nally to the oncologists of the future – if I have helped inspire them in any way then I consider that a great honor. Malcolm J. Brearley Contents Contributors ix Foreword xi 1 Introduction: Cancer Biology and Terminology 3 David J. Argyle 2 Paraneoplastic Syndromes 19 Mala G. Renwick and David J. Argyle 3 Clinical Approach to the Cancer Patient 45 David J. Argyle, Malcolm J. Brearley, and Michelle M. Turek 4 Biopsy, Tissue Handling, and Interpretation 51 David J. Argyle and Elspeth Milne 5 Cancer Treatment Modalities 69 David J. Argyle, Malcolm J. Brearley, Michelle M. Turek, and Linda Roberts 6 Tumors of the Skin and Subcutis 129 Valerie MacDonald, Michelle M. Turek, and David J. Argyle 7 Mast Cell Tumors 147 Suzanne Murphy and Malcolm J. Brearley 8 Canine and Feline Histiocytic Disorders 161 David J. Argyle and Laura Blackwood 9 Canine Lymphoma and Leukemia 171 Michelle M. Turek, Corey Saba, Melissa C. Paoloni, and David J. Argyle 10 Feline Lymphoma and Leukemia 197 David J. Argyle, Corey Saba, and Melissa C. Paoloni 11 Splenic Tumors 211 Malcolm J. Brearley and Suzanne Murphy 12 Gastrointestinal Tumors 217 David J. Argyle and Corey Saba 13 Tumors of the Respiratory System 239 Michelle M. Turek 14 Endocrine Tumors 283 David J. Argyle and Laura Blackwood vii viii Contents 15 Tumors of the Urinary System 303 David J. Argyle and Alison Hayes 16 Tumors of the Reproductive Tract 315 David J. Argyle 17 Canine and Feline Mammary Tumors 327 David J. Argyle, Michelle M. Turek, and Valerie MacDonald 18 Tumors of the Musculoskeletal System 337 Malcolm J. Brearley and Alison Hayes 19 Tumors of the Brain, Spinal Cord, Peripheral Nerves, and Special Senses 355 Malcolm J. Brearley and David J. Argyle 20 Miscellaneous Tumors 369 David J. Argyle Index 373 Contributors David J. Argyle BVMS PhD DECVIM-CA Valerie MacDonald, BSc, DVM (Oncology) MRCVS Diplomate ACVIM (Oncology) RCVS and European Specialist in Veterinary Associate Professor Oncology Western College of Veterinary Medicine William Dick Professor of Veterinary University of Saskatchewan Clinical Studies 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B4 Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies The University of Edinburgh Elspeth Milne BVM&S PhD DipECVCP DipRCPath Hospital for Small Animals FRCVS Easter Bush Veterinary Centre Head of Division of Veterinary Clinical Sciences Roslin, Midlothian Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies EH25 9RG Easter Bush Veterinary Centre Roslin Laura Blackwood BVMS PhD MVM CertVR Midlothian DipECVIM-CA (Oncology) MRCVS EH25 9RG RCVS & European Specialist in Veterinary Oncology Senior Lecturer in Medicine (Oncology) Suzanne Murphy BVM&S MSc (Clin Onc) Dip Small Animal Teaching Hospital ECVIM-CA (Oncology) MRCVS The Leahurst Campus European and Royal College Recognised Specialist in Chester High Road Small Animal Oncology Neston Head, Oncology Unit Wirral Animal Health Trust CH64 7TE Lanwades Park Kentford, Suffolk Malcolm J. Brearley, MA VetMB MSc(Clin Onc) UK, CB8 7UU DipECVIM-CA(Oncology) FRCVS European & RCVS Recognised Specialist in Melissa C. Paoloni, DVM, DACVIM (Oncology) Veterinary Oncology National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Principal Clinical Oncologist Institute The Queen’s Veterinary School Hospital Center for Cancer Research, Comparative Oncology University of Cambridge Program Madingley Road NIH/NCI Cambridge CB3 0ES 37 Convent Dr., RM 2144 UK Bethesda, MD 20892 Alison Hayes BVMS CertVR MSC(Clin Onc) Dip Mala G. Renwick BSc. Bvet.Med MSc. (Clinical ECVIM-CA(Oncology) MRCVS Oncology) MRCVS RCVS Recognised Specialist in Veterinary Oncology Lecturer in Clinical Oncology European Specialist in Veterinary Oncology Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies Senior Clinical Oncologist The University of Edinburgh Animal Health Trust Hospital for Small Animals Lanwades Park Easter Bush Veterinary Centre Kentford, Suffolk Roslin, Midlothian UK, CB8 7UU EH25 9RG ix x Contributors Linda Roberts Dip AVN (Medical) RVN Michelle M. Turek, DVM, DACVIM (Oncology), Royal Canin Cancer & Wellness Nurse DACVR (Radiation Oncology), Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies Staff oncologist Hospital for Small Animals Angell Animal Medical Center’s Cancer Care Center, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre Boston, MA Roslin, Midlothian EH25 9RG Corey Saba, DVM, DACVIM (Oncology) Assistant Professor of Oncology University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine 501 DW Brooks Drive Athens, GA 30606 Foreword Cancer is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in domestic animals. Recent reports suggest that there is an increase in the prevalence of diagnosed cases of cancer in dogs and cats, partly because of the increased life span through improved nutrition, vaccination, and control of infectious disease. As a consequence there is increased demand on the practitioner to diagnose and manage cancer patients in general practice.
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