International Association of Scientific Innovation and Research (IASIR) ISSN (Print): 2279-0047 (An Association Unifying the Sciences, Engineering, and Applied Research) ISSN (Online): 2279-0055

International Journal of Emerging Technologies in Computational and Applied Sciences (IJETCAS) www.iasir.net

ADOPTION OF RECOMMENDED CHILLI CULTIVATION PRACTICES BY THE FARMERS

V. S.TEKALE1, N. G. JALIT2, C. J. GAIKWAD3 1Associate Professor (Extension Education), 2Ex-Student, (M.Sc. Extension Education) 3 Librarian, College of Agriculture, (M.S.) . ______

Abstract: The research study was conducted in Bhiwapur Panchayat Samiti of of region of State of India. In this study, the adoption of recommended chilli cultivation practices. The majority of the farmers had medium level overall adoption of recommended chilli cultivation practices. The cent per cent of respondents were fully adopted practice harvesting of red chilli. In chilli nursery management majority of respondents fully adopted practices like age of seedling, type of soil, seed sowing depth and row distance, seed rate, size of seed bed and chilli varieties. In main chilli field majority of respondents fully adopted practices like time of transplanting, land preparation, intercultural operations, dipping of seedlings in chemical, spacing and doses of fertilizers. Majority of respondents faced constraints in chilli cultivation were non availability of labour on time, non availability of adequate FYM, fertilizers, and insecticides in time, high labour charge, high cost of improved variety seeds, non availability of storage facilities, deterioration of chilli in storage, non-remunerative market prices, fluctuating market prices, irregular demand and high cost of transport were major constraints faced by chilli farmers.

Keywords: Adoption; Chilli cultivation practices; Constraints ______

I. INTRODUCTION

In India the area under chilli (Capsicum annuum / Capsicum frutescens) during 2010 was 7.8 lakh ha and in Maharashtra the area of chilli is 1.4 lakh ha while the yield of chilli is 705 kg/ha and 550 kg/ha in India and Maharashtra respectively. The total production of chilli in India and Maharashtra is 5.8 lakh tonnes and 77000 tonnes respectively. In Vidarbha region of Maharashtra the total area under chilli crop is 0.6 lakh ha and yield of chilli per ha is 882 kg, while total production is 52,920 tonnes during year 2010. Vidarbha region accounts 30 per cent of total production of chilli in Maharashtra. (Krishi Patrika, Dr. PDKV Akola, Dec 2010, 1-2). In Maharashtra chilli crop is cultivated in 1.4 lakh hectares. Out of these 68 per cent of production is taken in Nanded, Jalgaon, Dhule, Solapur, Nagpur, Amravati, Chandrapur and Osmanabad District. Total area and production in Nagpur district under chilli cultivation is 14100 ha and 20090 tonnes, respectively. Chilli is the largest spice item exported from India. In terms of best volume and value, during 2009-10, chilli accounted for 41 per cent in volume and 23 per cent in value terms of total export of spices from India. (Anonymous, 2010).

The present study was conducted to understand the level of adoption of the Dr. Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth (PDKV), Akola a State Agricultural University recommended chilli cultivation practices by the farmers. Considering the importance of adoption of recommended chilli cultivation practices by the farmers, this study was carried out during the year 2012, with specific objectives: 1) To study the extent of adoption of recommended chilli cultivation practices by the farmers. 2) To study the constraints faced by the farmers in adoption of recommended chilli cultivation practices.

II. METHODOLOGY

This investigation was carried out in Nagpur District of Vidarbha region of Maharashtra during the year 2012. The exploratory design of social research was used. One Bhiwapur Panchayat Samiti (block) was selected from Nagpur district and from this Panchayat samiti ten villages were selected by simple random sampling method, from these 10 villages, 100 respondents were selected by proportionate random sampling method. The data were collected with the help of personal interview method through structured interview schedule.

IJETCAS 13-568; © 2013, IJETCAS All Rights Reserved Page 235 V. Tekale et al., International Journal of Emerging Technologies in Computational and Applied Sciences, 6(3), September-November, 2013, pp. 235-238

III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Table 1: Distribution of respondents according to their practice wise adoption about recommended chilli cultivation. Sr. Practice wise adoption of recommended chilli cultivation Adoption No. Frequency and Percentage (n=100) A. Nursery FA PA NA 1. Soil type (Well drained, heavy to medium) 72 21 07 (72.00) (21.00) (07.00) 2. Varieties (red chilli – Jayanti, Agnirekha C.A.-960,G-3, X-235, Pant C-1, Tejas 52 29 19 jwala, N.P-46) (52.00) (29.00) (19.00) 3. Seed rate (1 to 1.250 kg seeds ha-1) 70 30 0 (70.00) (30.00) (0.00) 4. Seed treatment (Thirum or Bavistin 3 gm per 1 kg seeds) 35 25 40 (35.00) (25.00) (40.00) 5. Size of seed bed (2mt. Length, 1 mt. breadth, 20 cm height) 70 30 0 (70.00) (30.00) (0.00) 6. Compost application (2kg compost per 2 m2) 42 38 20 (42.00) (38.00) (20.00) 2 7. Dose of fertilizers (20 gm N2, 10 gm P2O5, 10 gm K2O per 2 m ) 51 39 10 (51.00) (39.00) (10.00) 8. Time of fertilizer application (Half dose of N and full dose of P and K before 42 38 20 sowing and half dose of N 20-25 DAS) (42.00) (38.00) (20.00) 9. Seed sowing (Sowing depth 2 cm, row distance 8-10 cm) 71 25 04 (71.00) (25.00) (04.00) 10. Number of seed beds (20-25 beds of seedlings in 1 ha. area) 29 62 09 (29.00) (62.00) (09.00) 11. Age of seedlings (Seedling age 4 weeks) 77 23 0 (77.00) (23.00) (00.00) B. Main field 12. Land preparation (Ploughing and harrowing operation in the month of April – 76 17 07 May) (76.00) (17.00) (07.00) 13. Manure application (9-10 tons FYM/ha) 37 43 20 (37.00) (43.00) (20.00) 14. Time of transplanting Kharif – July – August 79 21 0 (79.00) (21.00) (0.00) 15. Spacing 60 × 45 cm, 68 32 0 60 x 60 cm (68.00) (32.00) (0.00) 16. Dipping of seedlings (2ml Monocrotophos + sulphur (w.p.) 80% 3 gm + 70 29 01 Mancozeb 2.5 gm/lit. of water (70.00) (29.00) (1.00) 17. Dose of fertilizers (Rainfed chilli - 50:25:00 NPK/ha 52 38 10 Irrigated chilli - 150:50:50 NPK/ha in 4 weeks equally and remaining at 4, 11, 13 (52.00) (38.00) (10.00) weeks in split doses). 18. Interculture operations Weeding (3-4) 1st – 15 DAT 76 22 02 2nd – 45 DAT. Hoeing (4 to 5) 8 DAT. Gap filling 15-45 DAT (76.00) (22.00) (02.00) 19. Irrigation schedule 31 25 44 In winter 10-15 days interval (31.00) (25.00) (44.00) In summer 5-8 days interval 20. Pest management 1) Bud borer – spraying of Methyl dematon 25% 8 ml in 10 lit. water. 36 20 44 (36.00) (20.00) (44.00) 2) Sucking pests (Thrips, Mites, Jassids, Aphids, White flies) – spraying of Dimethoate 30% 10 ml in 10 ltr. water. 45 35 20 (45.00) (35.00) (20.00) 3) Caterpillar (Semilooper, Tobacco leaf eating caterpillar) – spraying of Chloropyriphos 20 EC 25 ml in 10 ltr. water. 29 32 39 (29.00) (32.00) (39.00) 21. Disease management 32 46 22 1) Leaf curl – spraying of Malathion 50% 20 ml + Sulphur 80% (w.p.) 25 gm + (32.00) (46.00) (22.00) Mancozeb 20 gm in 10 ltr. water. 27 36 37 2) Root rot – seed treatment with 3 gm Thirum and 4 gm Trichoderma per kg (27.00) (36.00) (37.00) seeds. 32 38 30 3) Fruit rot and dieback – spraying of Mancozeb 25 gm in 10 ltr. Water (32.00) (38.00) (30.00)

4) Mildew – spraying of Sulphur 80% (W.P.) 30 gm in 10 ltr. water. 36 42 22 (36.00) (42.00) (22.00) 22. Harvesting red chilli 100 00 00 (100.00) (00.00) (00.00) (Figures in parenthesis indicate percentage) FA- Full adoption, PA- Partial adoption, NA- No adoption The data regarding practice wise adoption of recommended chilli cultivation practices presented in Table 1

IJETCAS 13-568; © 2013, IJETCAS All Rights Reserved Page 236 V. Tekale et al., International Journal of Emerging Technologies in Computational and Applied Sciences, 6(3), September-November, 2013, pp. 235-238 revealed that, cent per cent of respondents have fully adopted practice of harvesting of red chilli. In case of nursery management majority of respondents have fully adopted practices viz; age of seedling (77.00 %) followed by type of soil required for chilli (72.00 %), seed sowing depth and row distance (71.00 %), seed rate per ha (70.00 %), size of seed bed (70.00 %) and chilli varieties to be used (52.00 %) respectively. Less than half of respondents have fully adopted the chilli practices in nursery were compost application (40.00 %), time of fertilizer application (40.00 %) and number of seed bed per ha (29.00 %). In case of partial adoption of chilli cultivation practices, majority of respondents (62.00 %) have partially adopted practice number of seed bed in one ha. The respondents who were partially adopting practices in nursery management were, doses of fertilizer application (39.00 %), compost application and time of fertilizer application (38.00%), seed rate in nursery (30.00 %) and size of seed bed (30.00 %) for chilli nursery. The 40.00 per cent of respondents were not adopting recommended practice seed treatment, where as meager per cent of respondents were not adopted recommended chilli cultivation practices.

In case adoption of recommended chilli cultivation practices in main field, over three fourth of respondents had fully adopted practices viz; time of chilli transplanting (79.00 %), land preparation (76.00 %), interculture operations weeding, hoeing and gap filling (76.00 %). Whereas majority of respondents have fully adopted recommended practices like dipping of chilli seedling in moncrotophos, sulphur and mancozeb (70.00 %), spacing (68.00 %) and doses of fertilizers application (52.00 %). Less than half of the respondents were fully adopting practices viz., sucking pest management (45.00 %), manure application (37.00 %), bud borer pest management (36.00 %), mildew disease (36.00 %), leaf curl disease management (32.00 %), fruit rot and dieback management (32.00 %).

In case of partially adoption of chilli cultivation practices, less than half of the respondents were adopting leaf curl (46.00%) disease management practices, followed by manure application (37.00%), mildew disease (42,00%), fruit rot and die back disease (38.00%) and application of doses of fertilizers (38.00%), respectively.

In case of no adoption of recommended chilli cultivation practices in main field, over two fifth of respondents were not adopting practices viz., irrigation schedule (44.00 %), bud borer management (44.00 %) and management of disease mildew (42.00 %). Whereas the respondents were not adopting practices like caterpillar pest management (39.00 %), fruit rot and dieback disease (38.00 %), and root rot management (37.00 %), respectively.

Table 2: Distribution of respondents according to their overall adoption level about recommended chilli cultivation practices. Sr. Adoption level Adoption No. Frequency Percentage (n = 100) 1 Low (upto 51.98) 27 27.00 2 Medium (51.99 to 80.47) 57 57.00 3 High (Above 80.47) 16 16.00 Total 100 100.00

The data with regards to the overall level of adoption of respondents of recommended chilli cultivation practices by the respondents had been furnished in Table 2 showed that, majority of the respondents 57 per cent had medium level of adoption of recommended chilli cultivation practices, followed by over one fourth of respondents (27.00 %) had low adoption level whereas only 16.00 per cent respondents were having high adoption level. It could be concluded that chilli farmers had medium level of adoption of recommended chilli cultivation practices. These findings were supported by Salame (2000), Prajapati et. al. (2002) and Sasane (2010).

Table 3: Distribution of respondents according to constraints faced by them in adoption of recommended chilli cultivation practices. Sr. Constraints Frequency Percentage No. (n = 100) A Production 1 Non availability of improved seed in time 66 66.00 2 Shortage of water 20 20.00 B Situational 1 Non availability of adequate FYM 83 83.00 2 Non availability of labour in time 84 84.00 3 Non availability of fertilizers and insecticides in time 76 76.00

IJETCAS 13-568; © 2013, IJETCAS All Rights Reserved Page 237 V. Tekale et al., International Journal of Emerging Technologies in Computational and Applied Sciences, 6(3), September-November, 2013, pp. 235-238

C Technical 1 Lac of knowledge about improved variety 14 14.00 2 Lack of knowledge about appropriate stages and doses of application of fertilizer. 24 24.00 D Economic 1 Inadequate sources of finance 61 61.00 2 High cost of improved variety seeds, fertilizers, FYM and insecticides 85 85.00 3 High labour wages 87 87.00 E Storage 1 Non availability of storage facility for chilli produce 81 81.00 2 Great loss of deterioration of chilli for want of storage facility 80 80.00 F Marketing 1 Fluctuating prices of chilli produce in market 78 78.00 2 Irregular demand for chilli produce 78 78.00 3 Non remunerative prices during the time of glut in market 81 81.00 4 High cost of transportation 71 71.00 5 High cost of packing material 32 32.00 6 Lack of knowledge about current market prices 12 12.00 G Any other 1 Lack of interest 02 02.00 2 Complicated method 03 03.00

It was observed from Table 3 that in case of production constraints majority of respondents were faced constraint in adoption of recommended chilli cultivation practices were non availability of improved seeds of chilli (66.00 %). In situational constraints great majority of respondents reported non availability of labour on time (84.00 %), non-availability of adequate FYM (Farm Yard Manure) (83.00 %), fertilizers and insecticides in time (76.00 %). Whereas under technical constraints nearly one fifth of respondents (24.00 %) were reported lack of knowledge about appropriate stages and dose of application of fertilizers (24.00 %). In economic constraints, the great majority of respondents were faced the constraints, high labour charges (87.00 %), high cost of improved variety seeds, fertilizers, FYM and insecticides (85.00 %) and inadequate sources of finance (61.00 %). In storage constraints, great majority of respondents reported that non availability of storage facility (81.00 %) and great loss due to deterioration (80.00 %) of chilli. Similarly, in market constraints, non-remunerative prices at the time of glut in market (81.00 %), fluctuating prices of chilli produce in market (78.00 %), irregular demand for chilli produce (78.00 %) and high cost of transportation (71.00 %) were the major constraints reported by the farmers in adoption of recommended chilli cultivation practices. The remaining constraints reported by the respondents were in less percentage.

IV. CONCLUSION In case of nursery management majority of respondents were fully adopted chilli cultivation practices viz; age of seedlings, type of soil required for chilli, seed sowing depth and row distance, seed rate per ha and size of seed bed. In main field, over three fourth of respondents had fully adopted practices viz; time of chilli transplanting, land preparation and intercultural operations weeding, hoeing and gap filling, respectively. In case of overall adoption, the majority of the respondents 57 per cent had medium level of adoption of recommended chilli cultivation practices, whereas only 16.00 per cent respondents were having high adoption level. The great majority of respondents faced the constraints, high labour wages, high cost of improved variety seeds, fertilizers, FYM and insecticides, non-availability of labour on time, non-availability of adequate FYM, non-availability of storage facility, non-remunerative market prices, fluctuating prices of chilli produce in market, irregular demand for chilli produce non availability of fertilizers and insecticides in time and high cost of transportation were the major constraints reported by the farmers in adoption of recommended chilli cultivation practices.

V. REFERENCES [1] Anonymous, “History of Chilli.” Ikisan. http://www.ikisan.com/Crop%20Specific/Eng/links/ap_chilliHistory.shtml#Area [2] M. R Prajapati, V. T. Patel, N. V. Chaudhary and M. C Soni, “Constraints experienced by growers in adoption of recommended chilli technology.” Gujarat Journal of Extension Education, 2002. 12-13: 55-58. [3] S. P. Salame, 2000. “Constraints in adoption of chilli cultivation practices by farmers.” M.Sc (Agri.) Thesis, Dr. PDKV Akola. [4] Sasane, M. S. 2010. Knowlede and adoption of recommended poroduction technology by cauliflower growers. M. Sc (Agri) Thesis, MAU, Parbhani (MS).

IJETCAS 13-568; © 2013, IJETCAS All Rights Reserved Page 238