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Twin Peaks, David Lynch: paisaje y arquitectura Autor: Borja Cantín Jorge Director: Raimundo Bambó Naya Escuela de Ingeniería y Arquitectura Twin Peaks, David Lynch: paisaje y arquitectura Borja Cantín Jorge Raimundo Bambó Naya Escuela de ingeniería y arquitectura RESUNEN La idea del estudio de David Lynch para el Trabajo Fin de Grado surge de la reflexión sobre la capacidad del cine para crear mundos propios, y cómo Lynch utiliza el género para representar lugares representativos del paisaje americano según su experiencia y sus ideas. Por ello, se plantea un recorrido por los distintos espacios propios de la obra de Lynch según una reducción progresiva de la escala, partiendo del territorio y llegando hasta el espacio doméstico. Finalmente, nos centraremos en aquellos espacios en los que Lynch desata su capacidad creativa para hablarnos de sus obsesiones más íntimas y propias del subconsciente. Todo ello lo veremos a traves de Twin Peaks como hilo conductor, especialmente la tercera temporada, estrenada en 2017, por ser la obra más reciente de Lynch y que agrupa todos aquellos espacios vividos representados en su obra. Palabras clave: DAVID LYNCH, TWIN PEAKS, TERRITORIO, CIUDAD, CASA, CONNTRAESPACIO. DECLARACIÓN DE AUTORÍA Y ORIGINALIDAD (Este documento debe acompañar al Trabajo Fin de Grado (TFG)/Trabajo Fin de Máster (TFM) cuando sea depositado para su evaluación). D./Dª. __________________________________________________________Borja Cantín Jorge , con nº de DNI ______________________73011476T en aplicación de lo dispuesto en el art. 14 (Derechos de autor) del Acuerdo de 11 de septiembre de 2014, del Consejo de Gobierno, por el que se aprueba el Reglamento de los TFG y TFM de la Universidad de Zaragoza, Declaro que el presente Trabajo de Fin de (Grado/Máster) ___________________________________________Grado , (Título del Trabajo) Twin Peaks, David Lynch: Paisaje y arquitectura. _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________, es de mi autoría y es original, no habiéndose utilizado fuente sin ser citada debidamente. Zaragoza, ____________________________________18/09/2018 TRABAJOS DE FIN DE GRADO / FIN DE MÁSTER / DE GRADO DE FIN TRABAJOS Fdo: __________________________________Borja Cantín Jorge INDICE I._Introducción I.I._Consideraciones previas y objetivos del trabajo...................8 I.II._Fuentes y metodología.....................................................................................9 I.III._Organización del trabajo .......................................................................10 1._David Lynch ..................................................................................................................................12 2._Twin Peaks .....................................................................................................................................20 3._Territorio 3.1._Twin Peaks: Bosques y colinas................................................................28 3.2._Carretera ....................................................................................................................32 4._Ciudad y Small Town..............................................................................................................38 4.1._Ciudad ............................................................................................................................41 4.1.1._Downtown....................................................................................................44 4.1.2._Suburbio....................................................................................................47 4.2._Small Town..................................................................................................................49 5._Espacio doméstico...................................................................................................................54 6._Contraespacios: Utopías/Heterotopías ................................................................62 Consideraciones finales..............................................................................................................72 Filmografía y Bibliografía Filmografía ............................................................................................................................76 Bibliografía .........................................................................................................................83 I. INTRODUCCIÓN Me gusta recordar las cosas a mi manera, no necesariamente como ocurrieron . LOST HIGHWAY I.I Consideraciones previas y objetivos del trabajo El objetivo general del trabajo es el estudio de la representación del paisaje y la arquitectura en narrativas audiovisuales contemporáneas. Para ello, se toma como caso de estudio la obra del cineasta estadounidense David Lynch por su capacidad para representar un paisaje americano1 basado en su experiencia. Como veremos, el paisaje (urbano, rural o natural) es un personaje. El cine nos permite representar una realidad más personal, un espacio modificado por los recuerdos y vivencias del autor. Se elige la serie de televisión Twin Peaks, principalmente su tercera temporada, por considerarse la más representativa de su trayectoria, la más rica desde el punto de vista espacial, y la más reciente, por lo que existe escasa bibliografía al respecto. También se pretende explorar la idea de que en el mundo cinematográfico, cuando hablamos de función espacial, los edificios o lugares no son pasivos, que hay una estructura perceptual entre el arquitecto y el cineasta. “La arquitectura no es sólo ladrillos y mortero, es un instrumento de grabación”.2 1 Denominaremos Estados Unidos como América ya que aunque no corresponde a la totalidad del continente, usamos varias citas en las que se refieren al país de esta manera. 2 Chris Rodley, ed., David Lynch por David Lynch, (Barcelona: Alba Editorial 1998), 169. Twin Peaks, David Lynch: paisaje y arquitectura 8 I.II Fuentes y metodología Las fuentes utilizadas para el trabajo se dividen en dos grupos. El primero está formado por las películas y series de Lynch, especialmente EraserHead, Blue Velvet, Lost Highway y Twin Peaks, así como libros escritos por Lynch y entrevistas. El segundo grupo está formado por textos y documentales hechos por otros autores. Se dividen en tres subgrupos, aquellos que analizan el cine de David Lynch, los que relacionan su cine con la arquitectura, en especial el libro de Richard Martin The Architecture of David Lynch,3 y otros que hablan sobre la arquitectura y el paisaje americano, sin relación directa con Lynch. Una relación de todos ellos se recoge al final del trabajo, identificándolos según el sistema de citación Chicago, según las instrucciones de la revista ZARCH.4 La metodología llevada a cabo comienza con una primera fase de documentación. Que ha consistido en un visionado de la obra de Lynch y otras películas y series relevantes y la lectura de textos sobre el tema objeto de estudio. En una segunda fase se ha realizado una taxonomía de espacios, agrupándolos siguiendo una escala, de mayor a menor, presentan la obra. Finalmente se ha procedido a redactar lo aprendido durante la documentación. 3 Richard Martin, The Architecture of David Lynch (Londres: Ed Bloomsbury, 2014). 4 Disponibles en http://www.zarch.es. 9 Borja Cantín Jorge I.III Organización del trabajo El trabajo se organiza en tres partes: Una primera parte con la biografía y obra de Lynch, relacionando una y otra a través de espacios y paisajes,e incidiendo en aspectos espaciales y arquitectónicos. En la segúnda ya nos centramos en Twin Peaks, la historia de la producción de la serie y el argumento. Y la última, más extensa, organizada en cuatro puntos. Éstos se organizan según una reducción progresiva de la escala: se parte del territorio y la carretera, para pasar a la ciudad y al small town, enfocarse en la casa, y finalizar en los espacios más característicos de Lynch, que llamaremos “contraespacios”. Twin Peaks, David Lynch: paisaje y arquitectura 10 11 Borja Cantín Jorge Es un mundo extraño.1 BLUE VELVET 01_Gordon Cole llama a la comisaría de Twin Peaks. Twin Peaks, David Lynch: paisaje y arquitectura 12 13 Borja Cantín Jorge David Lynch David Lynch (Missuola, 1946) comienza a interesarse por el mundo del arte cuando un compañero de clase en 1961 le regala el libro El Espíritu del Arte del pintor Robert Henri. Pertenecía a la Escuela de Ashcan, cuyos miembros pintaron crudas escenas urbanas y su lema era “el arte por la vida”. Para Lynch, con quince años, aquel libro se convierte en un símbolo de que es posible dedicarse a, como él dice, “la vida artística”.5 Pronto empieza a cuestionarse que ocurriría si sus pinturas se movieran o si tuviesen sonido, y en 1967 realiza 02_Fotogramas de Six Men Getting Sick. su primer corto en un trabajo para la universidad, titulado Six Men Getting Sick(02). Es literalmente un cuadro en movimiento, una pantalla esculpida en la que se ven una serie de personajes retorciéndose de dolor. Fue en el momento en el que Lynch comenzó a preguntarse si el cine podría ser el modo de dar movimiento a la pintura.6 Aunque comenzara su vida como director, nunca ha abandonado la pintura(03)7, y es una de las mayores influencias
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