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Descriptions of Euthynnus and Auxis Larvae from the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans and Adjacent Seas

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Descriptions of Euthynnus and Auxis Larvae from the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans and Adjacent Seas library THE GARLSBERG FOUNDATION’S OCEANOGRAPHIGAL EXPEDITION ROUND THE WORLD 1928—30 AND PREVIOUS “DANA”-EXPEDITIONS UNDER THE LEADERSHIP OF THE LATE PROFESSOR JOHANNES SCHMIDT DANA-BEPOBT No. 50. DESCRIPTIONS OF EUTHYNNUS AND AUXIS LARVAE FROM THE PACIFIC AND ATLANTIC OCEANS AND ADJACENT SEAS BY WALTER M. MATSUMOTO U.S. FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE WITH 31 FIGURES IN THE TEXT PUBLISHED BY THE CARLSBERG FOUNDATION THIS PAPER MAY BE EEFEEBED TO AS: •DANA-REPOKT No. 50, 1959« COPENHAGEN ANDR. FRED. H0ST A S 0 N PRINTED BY BIANCO LUNO A/S CONTENTS Page Introduction ...................................................................... 3 Descriptions of larvae and postlarvae................. 21 Methods.............................................................................. 4 Auxis type I ......................................................... 21 Genus E uthynnus.............................................................. 5 Auxis type I I ....................................................... 2:i Notes on adults and juveniles ............................. 5 Discussion of species dilTerences........................... 25 Descriptions of larvae and postlarvae................. 7 Geographical distribution of Euthynnus and Auxis Euthynnus tineatus.............................................. 7 larvae............................................................................ 25 Euthynnus alletteratus.......................................... 11 Spawning areas as indicated by larval catches___ 27 Euthynnus ijaito ................................................... 15 Summary............................................................................. 2,S Discussion of species differences............................ 17 Literature cited ................................................................ 20 Genus A u x is ...................................................................... 18 Appendix............................................................................. 30 Notes on adults and juveniles ............................. 18 ILLUSTRATIONS Figure Page Figure Page 1. Euthynnus lineatus, 5.0 mm............................................ 7 18. Sketch of Auxis showing corselet formation.. 19 2. Euthynnus lineatus, 6.0 mm.................................. 8 19. Auxis type I, 4.5 mm............................................. 21 3. Euthynnus lineatus, 7.1 mm.................................... 8 20. Auxis type I, 5.5 mm............................................. 21 4. Euthynnus lineatus, 9.3 mm............................................ 9 21. Auxis type I, 7.05 mm........................................... 22 5. Euthynnus lineatus, 10.6 mm......................................... 10 22. Auxis type I, 9.7 mm.............................................. 22 6. Euthynnus lineatus, 18.6 mm......................................... 10 23. Auxis type I, 11.2 mm........................................... 22 7. Euthynnus lineatus, 21.0 nim.................................. 11 24. Auxis type I, 13.2 mm............................................ 23 8. Euthynnus alletteratus, 5.5 mm............................... 12 25. A uxis type I, 25.0 mm............................................ 23 9. Euthynnus alletteratus, 7.5 mm............................... 12 26. A uxis type II, 3.5 mm........................................... 24 10. Euthynnus alletteratus, 9.3 mm...................................... 13 27. Auxis type II, 3.7 mm............................................. 24 11. Euthynnus alletteratus, 12.0 mm............................. 14 28. Auxis type II, 5.2 mm............................................. 24 12. Euthynnus alletteratus, 18.5 mni................................... 14 29. Auxis type II, 7.2 mm........................................... 25 13. Euthynnus alletteratus, 26.0 mm................................... 14 30. Localities of capture of Euthynnus larvae by 14. Euthynnus alletteratus, 58.0 mm............................. 15 the “Dana” ............................................................. 26 15. Euthynnus yaito, 4.6 mm.................................................. 16 31. Localities of capture of Auxis larvae by the 16. Euthynnus yaito, 7.6 mm.................................................. 16 “Dana” and POFI vessel.................................... 27 17. Euthynnus yaito, 9.6 mm.................................................. 16 INTRODUCTION he tunas are of special interest to marine ecologists and fishery biologists. They constitute a major element T of the fish fauna of tropical and subtropical seas the world over, and they are of major economic im­ portance, contributing an important share of the world protein resources. Information on the distribution and abundance of tuna larvae is essential to our knowledge of the life histories of the tunas. V’^ariations in larval distribution may possibly serve as an index to the distribution of adults which is often difficult or impossible to assess by the usual sampling methods. A related problem involves the difficulty of locating spawning grounds through gonad examination, prin­ cipally because ripe females are only seldom taken, even in areas where spawning is known to occur and where commercial fisheries exist. The infrequent capture of ripe females may be due to very rapid devel­ opment of the eggs within a brief time interval in the final stage of maturity, or perhaps because females with ripe eggs may undergo changes in feeding habits during this period. The latter may be one reason for the preponderance of males in the catches of various tunas (Murphy and Shomura, 1953 a, 1953b, and 1955) and may also account for the rarity of capture of females with near, or running, ripe gonads in the Hawaiian skipjack fishery (Brock, 1954). These problems may be approached by examining the tuna eggs and larvae taken in plankton nets, provided the eggs and larvae can be identified readih" and accurately. The eggs and larvae are largely planktonic at this stage of development, and the planktonic catches are not dependent upon the feeding habits of the spawning females. The problem of identifying tuna larvae is an unusually perplexing one. The difficulty lies primarily in obtaining the juveniles which are indispensable to bridge the gap between the postlarval and adult stages of development. In a few areas, such as off the Pacific coast of Central America, the Gulf of Mexico and the central Pacific islands (Line and Phoeni.x Islands), juveniles of yellowfin (Neothunnus macropterus), skipjack {Katsuwonus pelamis), little tunny (Eulhynnus yaito, E. allelteratus, and E. lineatus) and frigate mackerel (Auxis thazard) have been captured under night-lights, but the occurrence of juveniles in other areas is unknown. Practically nothing is known of the distribution of juveniles of species not mentioned above. Consequently, although it is possible to catch sufficient numbers of tuna larvae in plankton nets, it is extremely difficult to identify the larvae at the species level because of the scarcity of juveniles in collections. There would be less difficulty in identifying the young, if tuna eggs could be fertilized artificially and a growth series of larvae obtained. Judging from the dearth of published reports in this field of investi­ gation, and from our own lack of success in capturing ripe adults, we believe that the identification of tuna larvae by this method is highly improbable. Perhaps the closest approach to this method is the work by Sanzo (1932 a, 1932 b, and 1933), who hatched and reared tuna eggs taken in plankton nets. Inasmuch as the eggs were collected in areas in which several species of tuna spawn, the specific identity of these larvae was suspect. The purpose of this paper is to describe the larvae of two genera of tuna, Euthynnus and Auxis, the adults of which have only minor commercial importance at the present time. The bulk of the material used w^as furnished by the Carlsberg Foundation, Copenhagen, Denmark, from collections made by the “ Dana” and other Danish vessels from 1911 to 1938. Other specimens were obtained from the California Department of Fish and Game, the Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission, and the Gulf Fisheries Exploration and Gear Research and the Pacific Oceanic Fishery Investigations^ (POFI) of the United States Fish and Wild­ life Service. The years in which collections were made, names of vessels, number of stations with tuna spe­ cimens, number of hauls with tuna specimens, and total number of tuna specimens captured are summarized in table 1. T able 1. Specimens of Euthynnus and Auxis obtained from various sources. No. of Size range Locality of Species speci­ in Source of material capture mens millimeters Carlsberg Foundation, Copenhagen, Denmark No. No. Year Vessel of stations with of hauls with tuna specimens tuna specimens 1912 “Florida” 1 1 Mid-Atlantic Ocean Auxis IP 1 7.5 1920­ “ Dana” 29 62 Western and Mid- Auxis I' 521 3.7-60.0 22 Atlantic, Gulf of Auxis II* 84 3.5-8.0 Mexico, and Euthynnus alletteratus 47 4.6-11.6 Caribbean Sea Euthynnus lineatus 132 5.0-18.6 Euthynnus (sp. un­ 6 3.7-6.0 known) 1928- “ Dana” 46 133 Mediterranean Sea, Auxis I' 908 3.5-36.0 30 Gulf of Mexico, East A u x is IP 677 3.7-8.0 Indies, Atlantic, Euthynnus alletteratus 2 5.0, 6.5 Pacific and Indian Euthynnus lineatus 4 5.0-7.5 Oceans Euthynnus yaito 238 3.5-12.5 Euthynnus (sp. un­ 34 3.7-10.7 known) 1933 “ Pacific” South China Sea Auxis IP 7 4.5-8.5 1937 “ Pacific” East Indies waters Auxis IP 1 5.5 U. S. Fish & Wildlife
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