DOCSLIB.ORG

Problems and Issues of Higher Education Development in Malaysia Mohamed Suffian Bin Hashim 57

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Problems and Issues of Higher Education Development in Malaysia Mohamed Suffian Bin Hashim 57 DOCUMENT RESUME ED 101 632 HE 006 224 AUTHOR Hoong, Yip Vat, Ed. TITLE Development of Higher Education in Southeast Asia: Problems and Issues. INSTITUTION Regional Inst. of Higher Education and Development, Singapore. PUB DATE 71 NOTE 241p. AVAILABLE FROM Regional Institute of Higher Education and Development, 1973 c/o University of Singapore,Bukit Timah Road, Singapore 10 ($4.00) EDRS PRICE CIF -$0.76 HC Not Available from EDRS. PLUS POSTAGE DESCRIPTORS *Case Studies; *Educational Development;Educational Improvement; Educational Needs; *Educational Problems; Foreign Countries; *Higher Education; *International Education; Universities IDENTIFIERS Indonesia; Khmer Republic; Laos; Malaysia;Singapore; *Southeast Asia; South Vietnam; Thailand ABSTRACT This volume of essays examines some of theproblems and issues in the development of highereducation in Southeast Asia. Part 1 consists of studies on highereducation in Singapore, South Vietnam, Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, and theKhmer Republic. Part 2 consists of a number of casestudies of specific universities in the process of development; and Part 3deals with a number of specific issues in higher education that are of concernto countries in Southeast Asia. (MJM) S ) .1 Pr\ rt DEVELOPMENT OF HIGHER EDUCATION CD IN SOUTHEAST ASIA: 1-4 PROBLEMS AND ISSLES Ltd Yip Yat Hoong Editor PERMISSION 10 REPRODUCE THIS U S DEPARTMENT OP HEALTH. COPYRIGHTED MATERIAL BY MICRO. EDUCATION 11, WELFARE CHI ONLY 14 BEEN R NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF EDUCATION THIS DOCUMENT HAS eEENREPRO DUCED EXACTLY AS RECEIVEDFROM ORIGIN 10 1. c ANL ORGANI/AIIONs OPE RAT THE PERSON OR OGANIZATiON 046 uNOE 01 AGREE Mt N1 S *11R THE NA ATING IT POINTS OF VIEW OROPINIONS 'ORAL INSri WI Or EDUCATION STATED DO NOT NECESSARILYREPRE OF FURTHER REPri )DucliON OUTSIDE SEMI OFFICIAL NATIONAL INSTITUTE 1141 ERIC SYSTER. REQUIRES PERMIS EDUCATION POSITION OR POL ICY SION I14E EOPYRIGui OAINE "ilmammowillFr' Regional Institute of Higher Education and Development Singapore 1973 2/3 4) The Regional Institute of Higher Education and Development, 1973 c/c University of Singapore Bu..it Timah Road Singapore 10 Printed by University of Malaya Press FORWARD One of the most significant and urgent problems facing the countries of Southeast Asia today is that of the educational system and the purposes for which itis designed. The rapid growth of population and the increasing demand for education at all levels pose the most serious problems for national governments at a time when resources are strained by inflation, defence needs, and essential development programmes. In the light of these pressures, the question of how much education and of what sorts a country should provide, and to whom, is of vitil importance. This is the question that political and educational leaders the world over are asking and hoping to find the right answer. The problem is particularly acute in the field of higher education because it is more expensive and because of its importance in fulfilling the technical and professional manpower needs in a country. At the same time, the demo- cratic surges, the rising tide of expectation, and the identification of higher education with individual success and personal happiness have combined to create an almost irresistible demand for college and university education: a demand that has been reinforced by the greater prestige and higher salaries of university graduates. This demand has often succeeded in pressuring na- tional governments into creating new institutions of higher education without regard to the specific manpower needs of the country. Consequently, there are constant complaints that development needs for trained manpower are not being met, that graduates in certain fields of specialization are unem- ployed, and that the mounting costs of university education are showing decreasing returns in terms of overall national development. This therefore poses the question as to whether higher education 'in Southeast Asia is being expanded and developed in the right direction. This is a problem that is acutely felt throughout Southeast Asia. In the Philippines, the Report of the Presidential Commission to Survey Philippine Education states the problem clearly: There is a tremendous pressure of social demand for a university or col lege education which has swollen enrolments through a system of open entry.... Aggregate output of graduates is much greater than market demand or market. needs resulting in unemployment and underemployment of educated manpower. On the other hand, there is a shortage of tech- nicians and welltrained professionals. In Thailand, a rather well planned programrix of university expansion attempted to meet national needs for trained manpower and regional leader- I 6 FORWARD vi ship, but it could not meet the mounting social pressures for university edu- cation. The result was the establishment by the Legislature of Ramkamhaeng jniversity, an open university which any secondary school graduate may enter. It was opened in 1971 with an enrolment of 37,000, thus almost immediately doubling the total enrolment in higher education in Thailand. For many years in Malaysia there was only one university, the University of Malaya, a rather select institution, which, because of its selection pro cedures, and various institutional factors, tended to have a predominantly Chinese student population. Since 1968, there have been several new institu- tions proposed and two have been established: the University of Science of Malaysia (formerly the University of Penang), performing a vital role in that area; and the National thiversity, with instruction almost exclusivelyin Ma- lay. Now two other universities are being considered, one of which, the Agri- cultural Unkersity, has been approved and will begin next year. The other is the proposed Islamic University which would be offering a broad range of subjects other than Islamic studies. The Educational Planning and Research Division of the Ministry of Education is giving serious consideration to the role of these several universities in relation to the urgent needs of primary and econdary education (especially in the Malay stream), and to the mane power needs of mo nation. In Indonesia, likewise, even the very rapid expansion of the university system in the past few years has not fully met the demand for university places while at the same time there is beginning zo develop some educated unemployment. Thus is showing itself in the social sciences and law, in which over 40 per cent. of the students are enrolled. In the Republic of Vietnam, university and secondary school enrolments are setting new records every year. The University of Saigon now has 35,000 students scattered in buildings all over the city and enrolments in the six provincial universities, both public and private, bring the total to nearly 50,000. Students and staff both are seeking identity and purpose in the welter of change that is taking place in the Republic, and Dr. Le Thanh Minh Chau, the Rector of the University of Hue, has declared that !there should be research into higher education itself.I mean research as to what kind of education is suitable for Vietnam, for this society'. In view of this vet y rapid expansion of higher education, the following are some of the problems which have emerged throughout thecountries of Southeast Asia. 1. Social Demands versa, National Manpower Needs In most countries in Southeast Asia, the demand for places in the univer- 7 FORWARD vii shies exceed by far the number of places available; and this has happened despite the fact that during the 1960's university enrolments in Southeast Asia have more than doubled. On the one hand, this increased demand for higher education is due to both a guest for knowledge and the increased earning potential resulting from a university education. On the other hand, many of the secondary school systems in the region do not effectively prepare young people for anything except continuing studies and hence they find it difficult to seek suitable employment after obtaining a secondary school certificate. For these reasons, universities in Southeast Asia can expect to be under even greater pressures to increase their enrolments during the 1970's. Yet, due to an absence of a lack of coordination among the universities and between the universities and the governments, the increased enrolments have not necessarily been in those disciplines most needed for nationai, deve- lopment purposes, thus resulting in graduate unemployment or underemploy- ment.' At the same time, while higher education enrolments and expenditures expanded, these have not been accompanied by a comparable growth in graduates employment opportunities which seems to suggest that the grwing investment in higher education ;s increasingly an investment in unproductive human resources.2 This is evidenced by the fact that the average level of education among the unemployed is rising and that university graduates are turning to jobs that do not require their level of education and training. Uni versity graduates driving taxis in the Philippines is a case in point. Therefore, while universities have an important role to play in producing high-level manpower, the number and types of graduates they produce should also be related to national development needs. On the other hand, ministries of education should not think that so long as the demand for places in the universities exceeds the supply. expansion is justified socially, if not econ- omically. This is hecau',e uncontrolled expansion of higher education without corresponding produccive employment opportunities is likely to generate political as well as educational unrest among the graduates. Meeting the ex- cessive social demand,. for higher education might not he inappropriate during the 1950's and early 1960's when shortages of high-level manpower were At the Ra,ikamhaeng University in Thailand, for instance, out of 30,000 students who remained ..'ter the first semester at the end of 1971, 16,000 were studying law. it is difficult to believe that Thailand needs another 16,000 lawyers as against doctors engin- eers and others or can provide productive employment for this large number of addition al lawyers.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • 60 Years of National Development in Singapore
    1 GROUND BREAKING 60 Years of National Development in Singapore PROJECT LEADS RESEARCH & EDITING DESIGN Acknowledgements Joanna Tan Alvin Pang Sylvia Sin David Ee Stewart Tan PRINTING This book incorporates contributions Amit Prakash ADVISERS Dominie Press Alvin Chua from MND Family agencies, including: Khoo Teng Chye Pearlwin Koh Lee Kwong Weng Ling Shuyi Michael Koh Nicholas Oh Board of Architects Ong Jie Hui Raynold Toh Building and Construction Authority Michelle Zhu Council for Estate Agencies Housing & Development Board National Parks Board For enquiries, please contact: Professional Engineers Board The Centre for Liveable Cities Urban Redevelopment Authority T +65 6645 9560 E [email protected] Printed on Innotech, an FSC® paper made from 100% virgin pulp. First published in 2019 © 2019 Ministry of National Development Singapore All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, distributed, or transmitted in any form or by any means, including photocopying, recording, or other electronic or mechanical methods, without the prior written permission of the copyright owners. Every effort has been made to trace all sources and copyright holders of news articles, figures and information in this book before publication. If any have been inadvertently overlooked, MND will ensure that full credit is given at the earliest opportunity. ISBN 978-981-14-3208-8 (print) ISBN 978-981-14-3209-5 (e-version) Cover image View from the rooftop of the Ministry of National Development building, illustrating various stages in Singapore’s urban development: conserved traditional shophouses (foreground), HDB blocks at Tanjong Pagar Plaza (centre), modern-day public housing development Pinnacle@Duxton (centre back), and commercial buildings (left).
    [Show full text]
  • Title Singapore's Prescription for Successful Control of Transnational
    Singapore's Prescription for Successful Control of Title Transnational Emerging Infectious Diseases Author(s) Yoshikawa, Minako Jen Citation Southeast Asian Studies (2012), 1(2): 301-331 Issue Date 2012-08 URL http://hdl.handle.net/2433/167295 Right Type Departmental Bulletin Paper Textversion publisher Kyoto University Singapore’s Prescription for Successful Control of Transnational Emerging Infectious Diseases* Minako Jen Yoshikawa** Severe acute respiratory syndrome, a previously unknown emerging infectious dis- ease, spread to multiple locations across continents in 2003 without being initially identified as a life-threatening infectious disease. The Republic of Singapore, in Southeast Asia, was one of the countries/areas affected by the global outbreak. With almost no existing procedures on how to deal with an emerging epidemic of such severity and rapid transmission, the country managed to formulate and implement policies to support countermeasures against this infectious disease. The interven- tions by the Singapore government covered of social and economic issues beyond the scope of public health, and promoted the involvement of governmental bodies and the general public. This example set by Singapore has been well recognized by international communities as the employment of successful containment measures. By scrutinizing public health measures deployed by the country, this paper identifies a political will that was embodied in a total governmental approach toward the emerging infectious disease in 2003; analyzes the origin of
    [Show full text]
  • Population Growth Rate and Rate of Natural Increase: Singapore, 1931–95 90
    Population Policies and Programs in East Asia Edited by Andrew Mason EAST-WEST CENTER OCCASIONAL PAPERS Population and Health Series No. 123, July 2001 OCCASIONAL PAPERS The East-West Center was established by the United States Congress in 1960 “to promote better rela- tions and understanding between the United States and the nations of Asia and the Pacific through cooperative study, training and research.” Funding for the Center comes from the U.S. government with additional support provided by private agencies, individuals, corporations, and a number of Asian and Pacific governments. East-West Center Occasional Papers: Population and Health Series reports on significant research in the Asia Pacific region. Contributions to the series reflect diverse perspectives and do not necessarily represent the views of the East-West Center. All manuscripts are peer reviewed. The price per copy is U.S. $7 plus shipping. For information on ordering contact: Publication Sales Office East-West Center 1601 East-West Road Honolulu, Hawaii 96848-1601 Email: [email protected] Tel.: (808) 944-7145 Fax: (808) 944-7376 Website: www.EastWestCenter.org Population Policies and Programs in East Asia Edited by Andrew Mason EAST-WEST CENTER OCCASIONAL PAPERS Population and Health Series No. 123, July 2001 The papers in this volume examine the pop- ulation policies in six East Asian economies as part of a larger project examining the links between population change and eco- nomic development in the most dynamic region in the world. The economies had varied approaches to population policy, but all achieved unusually fast fertility decline. Rapid social and economic development played a primary role in determining birth rates, but effective intervention by the state accelerated the transition to low fertility levels.
    [Show full text]
  • Government, National Identity, and the Arts in Singapore
    University of Pennsylvania ScholarlyCommons Undergraduate Humanities Forum 2013-2014: Penn Humanities Forum Undergraduate Violence Research Fellows 5-2014 State of the Arts: Government, National Identity, and the Arts in Singapore Shawn Teo University of Pennsylvania Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.upenn.edu/uhf_2014 Part of the Asian History Commons, and the Cultural History Commons Teo, Shawn, "State of the Arts: Government, National Identity, and the Arts in Singapore" (2014). Undergraduate Humanities Forum 2013-2014: Violence. 1. https://repository.upenn.edu/uhf_2014/1 This paper was part of the 2013-2014 Penn Humanities Forum on Violence. Find out more at http://www.phf.upenn.edu/annual-topics/violence. This paper is posted at ScholarlyCommons. https://repository.upenn.edu/uhf_2014/1 For more information, please contact [email protected]. State of the Arts: Government, National Identity, and the Arts in Singapore Abstract In the 1960s, countries in Southeast Asia such as Indonesia and Malaysia were wreaked by ethnic violence. Race riots broke out in Malaysia in 1969 between Chinese and Malays. In 1973 and 1974 anti- Chinese riots and pogroms erupted in Indonesia. Amidst a sea of ethnic unrest, the Singaporean government became aware that the multiethnic nature of Singapore rendered it vulnerable to riots.Memories of the 1964 race riots and the 1950 Maria Hertogh riots were still fresh. The government hoped that the creation of a cohesive national identity would reduce the risk of ethnic and racial violence. In this project I examine the development of national identity in Singapore from 1965-1990 to see how the government and civil society interacted to create a national identity.
    [Show full text]
  • An Analysis of the Underlying Factors That Affected Malaysia-Singapore Relations During the Mahathir Era: Discords and Continuity
    An Analysis of the Underlying Factors That Affected Malaysia-Singapore Relations During the Mahathir Era: Discords and Continuity Rusdi Omar Thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Discipline of Politics and International Studies School of History and Politics Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences The University of Adelaide May 2014 TABLE OF CONTENTS TITLE PAGE TABLE OF CONTENTS i ABSTRACT v DECLARATION vi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS vii ABBREVIATIONS/ACRONYMS ix GLOSSARY xii 1 INTRODUCTION 1 1.1. Introductory Background 1 1.2. Statement of the Problem 3 1.3. Research Aims and Objectives 5 1.4. Scope and Limitation 6 1.5. Literature Review 7 1.6. Theoretical/ Conceptual Framework 17 1.7. Research Methodology 25 1.8. Significance of Study 26 1.9. Thesis Organization 27 2 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF MALAYSIA-SINGAPORE RELATIONS 30 2.1. Introduction 30 2.2. The Historical Background of Malaysia 32 2.3. The Historical Background of Singapore 34 2.4. The Period of British Colonial Rule 38 i 2.4.1. Malayan Union 40 2.4.2. Federation of Malaya 43 2.4.3. Independence for Malaya 45 2.4.4. Autonomy for Singapore 48 2.5. Singapore’s Inclusion in the Malaysian Federation (1963-1965) 51 2.6. The Period after Singapore’s Separation from Malaysia 60 2.6.1. Tunku Abdul Rahman’s Era 63 2.6.2 Tun Abdul Razak’s Era 68 2.6.3. Tun Hussein Onn’s Era 76 2.7. Conclusion 81 3 CONTENTIOUS ISSUES IN MALAYSIA-SINGAPORE RELATIONS 83 3.1. Introduction to the Issues Affecting Relations Between Malaysia and Singapore 83 3.2.
    [Show full text]
  • Parliamentary Debates
    Volume V Saturday No. 18 2nd November, 1963 PARLIAMENTARY DEBATES DEWAN RA'AYAT (HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES) OFFICIAL REPORT CONTENTS ADMINISTRATION OF OATH [Col. 1881) ADDRESS OF THANKS TO HIS MAJESTY THE YANG DI-PERTUAN AGONG (OPENING OF NEW PARLIA­ MENT HOUSE) (Motion) [Col. 1883) _PRESENTATION OF THE SPEAKER'S CHAIR [Col. 1890) MOTION OF THANKS TO THE COMMONS HOUSE OF PARLIAMENT OF THE UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN AND NORTHERN IRELAND [Col. 1898] ADJOURNMENT SINE DIE (Motion) [Col. 1906] Dl-CHETAK DI·JABATAN CHETAK KERAJAAN OLER THOR BENG CHONG, A.M.N., PENCHETAK KERAJAAN KUALA LUMPUR 1964 MALAYSIA DEWAN RA'AYAT (HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES) Official Report Fifth Session of the First Dewan Ra'ayat Saturday, 2nd November, 1963 The House met at half-past Eleven o'clock a.m. PRESENT: The Honourable Mr Speaker DATO' HAJI MOHAMED NOAH BIN OMAR, P.M.N., S.P.M.J., D.P.M.B., P.I.S., J.P. the Prime Minister, Minister of External Affairs and Minister of Information and Broadcasting, Y. T. M. TUNKU ABDUL RAHMAN PuTRA AL-HAJ, K.O.M. (Kuala Kedah). the Deputy Prime Minister, Minister of Defence and Minister of Rural Development, TUN HAJI ABDUL RAZAK BIN DATO' HUSSAIN, S.M.N. (Pekan). the Minister of Internal Security and Minister of the Interior, DATO' DR !SMAIL BIN DATO' HAJJ ABDUL RAHMAN, P.M.N. (Johor Timor). the Minister of Finance, ENCHE' TAN Srnw SIN, J.P. (Melaka Tengah). the Minister of Works, Posts and Telecommunications, DATO' v. T. SAMBANTHAN, P.M.N. (Sungei Siput). the Minister of Transport, DATO' HAJI SARDON BIN HAJI JUBIR, P.M.N.
    [Show full text]
  • Majulah Singapura Majulah Singapura: Its Origins and Adoption As Singapore’S National Anthem –A Personal Account
    Te Hunt for Majulah Singapura Majulah Singapura: Its origins and adoption as Singapore’s national anthem –a personal account Professor Bernard T. G. Tan Emeritus Professor of Physics National University of Singapore 12 Te origins of Majulah Singapura as Singapore’s can be obtained from the National Heritage Board’s national anthem began with the renovation of the website (National Heritage Board 2019). Rohana Victoria Teatre by the Singapore City Council in Zubir’s book on her father, Zubir Said, relates the the mid-1950s. An account of the anthem’s history early history of Majulah Singapura and shows “Te can be found in the National Library’s online original City Council version of Majulah Singapura Infopedia (Sim n.d.). Te ofcial arrangements of in number notation” (Zubir 2012; “Numbered Majulah Singapura by Phoon Yew Tien (Figure 1) Musical Notation” 2019) (Figure 2). Figure 1. Majulah Singapura, Phoon Yew Tien piano and voice arrangement. Image courtesy of National Heritage Board. 13 Figure 2. Majulah Singapura, number notation score. Image courtesy of Puan Sri Datin Dr Rohana Zubir. 14 the opening performance appears to have moved the performance of the new song from the end Te invitation from to the beginning of the concert (City Council 1958b). the City Council A memo dated 30 August 1958 from Yap Yan Hong to all participants in the opening performance gives instructions for the rehearsals and As the date of the opening performance of the performance and attaches a copy of the fnalised renovated Victoria Teatre approached, the sub- programme (Yap 1958). Also attached to Yap Yan committee tasked with the organising of the Hong’s memo was a copy of the score of Majulah performance decided at its meeting on 26 May 1958 Singapura.
    [Show full text]
  • The National Theatre Launches the First-Ever Southeast Asia Cultural Festival. 8 August 1963. (NAS) Raja
    Raja works a piling machine to officially start the construction of the National Theatre at King George V Park, 26 March 1962. When completed, the building was iconic. (SPH) The National Theatre launches the first-ever Southeast Asia cultural festival. 8 August 1963. (NAS) Raja (fourth from right) persuades chief delegates from the North Borneo territories to join Malaysia, 1962. (NAS) Raja and Lee Kuan Yew at the signing of the “Memorandum for Malaysia” blueprint ceremony at the Singapore Assembly House. Others involved: Yeo Cheng Hoe (Sarawak), Mustapha bin Dato Harun (North Borneo), Pengiran Ali bin Pengiran Haji Mohd Daud (Brunei), Mohd Khir Johari (Malaya) and Donald Stephens (Sabah), 3 February 1962. (SPH) Left Lee Kuan Yew and Raja prepare to debate with opposition members Lee Siew Choh and David Marshall at a radio forum on merger, 16 August 1962. (SPH) Below Lee and Raja meet the press at the Singapore airport after their merger talks with the Tunku in Kuala Lumpur, 21 June 1963. (SPH) Raja announces plans to build the new Television Singapura studio site at Caldecott hill, 8 June 1963. (NAS) Above The first person appearing on the screen at the launch of Television Singapura was Raja, 15 February 1963. (SPH) Left Thousands throng the opening of Television Singapura at the Victoria Theatre. (SPH) Raja, Piroska and Education Minister Yong Nyuk Lin at a Thaipusam festival, 7 February 1963. (NAS) Raja chats with the Hongkong stars who came for the Southeast Asia cultural festival, 6 August 1963. (NAS) Raja and Toh Chin Chye at a multicultural exhibition during the Malaysia Solidarity Consultative Committee meeting in Singapore, February 1962.
    [Show full text]
  • Left Raja (Extreme Left) at the Third Annual Conference of the PAP at the Singapore Badminton Hall, 1956
    Left Raja (extreme left) at the third annual conference of the PAP at the Singapore Badminton Hall, 1956. (SPH) Below First election campaign: Raja rails against the English press at a rally in Fullerton Square, 1 April 1959. (NAS) The first PAP Cabinet: (left to right) Yong Nyuk Lin, Ong Eng Guan, S. Rajaratnam, Ahmad Ibrahim, Ong Pang Boon, Goh Keng Swee, Toh Chin Chye, K. M. Byrne, Lee Kuan Yew outside the City Hall after the swearing-in ceremony, 5 June 1959. (SPH) Raja talks to the various cultural groups about promoting a Malayan consciousness, 26 July 1959. (NAS) Left Bringing Christmas cheer to blind children at Radio Singapore. With Raja is war heroine Elizabeth Choy, principal of the Singapore School for the Blind, 24 December 1959. (SPH) Below Discussing the problems facing Singapore with civil servants at the Political Study Centre, 22 October 1959. (NAS) Above Promoting photography: Raja at a pan-Malayan photographic exhibition, 31 July 1959. (NAS) Left Books: At the National Library’s opening, officiated by the Yang di-Pertuan Negara Yusof Ishak, 12 November 1960. (SPH) Below Multiculturalism: At the Aneka Ragam Raayat concert at the City Hall steps, 5 December 1959. (SPH) Grassroots work: Opening the Kampong Glam Community Centre, 4 June 1960. (NAS) Nurturing the young at his Kampong Glam Children Club, 24 February 1963. (NAS) Being welcomed by the lion dance troupe to his community centre, 9 June 1963. (NAS) Bidding farewell to William Goode, the last British Governor in Singapore, 2 December 1959. Raja describes Goode as a politically perceptive man and a “fine example of an upright, intelligent British administrator”.
    [Show full text]
  • The Scripting of a National History
    The f A Pas童醫 Hong Lysa and Huang Jianli 香港式學出版社 HONG KONG UNIVERSITY PRESS Hong Kong University Press 141F Hing Wai C巴ntr巴 7 Tin Wan Praya Road Ab巴rd巴巴n Hong Kong 。 Hong Kong Univ巴rsity Pr巴 ss 2008 ISBN 978-962-209-883-1 All rights r巴 serv巴 d. No portion of this publication may b巴 reproduc巴d or transmitt巴d in any form or by any means ，巴l巴ctromc or m巴chanical ， including photocopy, r巴cording ， or any information storag巴 or r巴tn巴 val system, without p巴rmission in writing from th巴 publi 斑白 CJ-LH O 巴一八日c-PAJ- o-w 叫3JV-nn σ 巴一的 L-wm-h 。一 一戶-m 一位 •• 、。 σb British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogu巴 r巴cord for this book is available from th巴 British Library. Printed and bound by Liang Yu Printing Factory Ltd. , in Hong Kong, China Hong Kong Univ巴rsity Pr巴 ss is honoured that Xu Bing, whos巴 art 巴 xplores the compl巴x th巴m巴 s of languag巴 across cultures, has writt巴nth巴 Pr巴 8 日 's nam巴 in his Squan巴 Word Calligraphy. This signals our commitm巴 nt to cross-cultural thinking and th巴 distinctiv巴 natur巴 of our English-languag巴 books publish巴d in China. “At first glance, Square Word Calligraphy appears to be nothing more unusual than Chinese characters, but in fact it is a new way of rendering English words in the format of a square so they resemble Chinese characters. Chinese viewers expect to be able to read Square word Calligraphy but cannot. Western viewers, however are surprised to find they can read it. Delight erupts when meaning is unexpectedly revealed." - Britta Erickson, The Art of Xu Bing Contents Foreword lX List of Photographs Xlll Abbreviations XV Acknowledgements XVll 團且司、 Introduction: Beginning of History The road to ‘in-dependence' UA Light at the end of the tunnel 且可吋 Singapore's postcolonial history /AY Scripting Singapore's past PARTI SCRIPTURE 11 1111222234581279 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Singapore from Malaysia As an Independent and Sovereign State
    No. 8206 SINGAPORE and MALAYSIA Agreement relating to the separation of Singapore from Malaysia as an independent and sovereign State. Sign ed at Kuala Lumpur, on 7 August 1965 Official text: English. Registered by Singapore on 1 June 1966. SINGAPOUR et MALAISEE Accord relatif à la constitution de Singapour en tant qu'État indépendant et souverain, détaché de la Malaisie. Signé à Kuala-Lumpur, le 7 août 1965 Texte officiel anglais. Enregistr par Singapour le 1er juin 1966. 583-7 90 United Nations Treaty Series 1966 No. 8206. AN AGREEMENT 1 RELATING TO THE SEPARA TION OF SINGAPORE FROM MALAYSIA AS AN INDE PENDENT AND SOVEREIGN STATE. SIGNED AT KUA LA LUMPUR, ON 7 AUGUST 1965 An Agreement dated the 7th day of August, 1965, and made between the Govern ment of Malaysia of the one part and the Government of Singapore of the other part. Whereas Malaysia was established on the 16th day of September, 1963, by a federation of the existing states of the Federation of Malaya and the States of Sabah, Sarawak and Singapore into one independent and sovereign nation ; And whereas it has been agreed by the parties hereto that fresh arrangements should be made for the order and good government of the territories comprised in Malaysia by the separation of Singapore from Malaysia upon which Singapore shall become an independent and sovereign state and nation separate from and independent of Malaysia and so recognised by the Government of Malaysia ; Now therefore it is agreed and declared as follows : Article I This Agreement may be cited as the Independence of Singapore Agreement, 1965.
    [Show full text]
  • The Gradual Disappearance of Untouchability in Singapore 1825-1965
    IDENTITY EVOLUTION IN A DIASPORA COMMUNITY: THE GRADUAL DISAPPEARANCE OF UNTOUCHABILITY IN SINGAPORE 1825-1965 JOHN SOLOMON A thesis submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (History) School of Humanities and Languages University of New South Wales 2014 ! ! ! ! Abstract Untouchable migrants made up a significant proportion of Indian labour migration into Singapore in the 19th and 20th centuries. During this period, they were subject to forms of caste prejudice that powerfully reinforced their identities as untouchables overseas. Today however, untouchability has disappeared from the public sphere, replaced by other notions of identity, leaving unanswered questions as to how and when this occurred. This study takes this “disappearance” as a starting point to examine a history of untouchable migration and identity negotiation in Singapore amongst Indians who arrived in Singapore between its modern founding as a British colony in the early 1800s through to its independence in 1965. I argue that that practices of untouchability evolved in close relation to growth of translocal solidarities amongst migrants, their responses to life overseas in a plural colony, and the spread of transnational ideologies and movements. Untouchable identity was negotiated in relation to the development of competing Indian and Tamil identity discourses in Singapore during the colonial period, the Japanese Occupation of Malaya and the post-war period of decolonisation. In this study I argue that caste identities amongst Tamil migrants were eventually replaced by a linguistically defined ethnic Tamil identity in the 1950s and 1960s that was shaped by the emergence of the Dravidian movement in Singapore in the 1930s.
    [Show full text]