New Madrid Seismic Zone: Overview of Earthquake Hazard and Magnitude Assessment Based on Fragility of Historic Structures
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U. S. Department of the Interior U. S. Geological Survey
U. S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY RELATION OF ARIAS INTENSITY TO MAGNITUDE AND DISTANCE IN CALIFORNIA by Raymond C. Wilson1 OPEN-FILE REPORT 93-556 This report is preliminary and has not been reviewed for conformity with U.S. Geological Survey editorial standards or with the North American Stratigraphic Code. Any use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U. S.. Government. iMenlo Park, California 94025 September 1993 TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract..................................................................................! Introduction............................................................................! Definition of Arias Intensity......................................................3 Relating Intensity to the Seismic Source.....................................4 Arias Intensity and the Seismic Source Parameters................4 Arias Intensity as a Function of Moment Magnitude...............6 Empirical Tests of the Theoretical M/R/Ia Model..........................6 Arias Intensity as a Function of Distance...............................8 Arias Intensity as a Function of Magnitude.......................... 12 Analysis of Residuals from a Combined Data Set................... 14 A Possible Simplification.................................................... 18 Summary of Empirical Analyses......................................... 18 Modifications of the M/R/Ia Relation for Special Conditions ........ 20 Site-Response Effects......................................................... -
January to June 1915, Inclusive: Index to the One Hundredth Volume, Vol
DV. financial tillinurrt31 rk INCLUDING broni Bank & Quotation Section Railway & Industrial Section Electric Railway Section Railway Earnings Section Bankers' Convention Section State and City Section WEEKIN NEWSPAPER Representing the Industrial Interests of the United States. JANUARY TO JUNE, 1915, INCLUSIVE. VOLUME C 0 WILLIAM j DANA COMPANY, PUBLISHERS. FRONT, YINE & DEPEYSTER STS., NEW YORK. Digitized for FRASER http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Copyrighted in 1915. according to Act of Coagresq. by WILLIAM 13, DANA COMPANY U office of Librarian of Congress. Washington D. C. Digitized for FRASER http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis JANUARY-JUNE, 1915.1 INDEX. LI t IN HEX TO THE ONE HUNDREDTH VOLUME. JANUARY 1 TO JUNE 30 1915. EDITORIAL AND COMMUNICATED ARTICLES. Page. Page. Page. B C Powers Sign Peace Treaty 1805 Bank Stock Sales__20, 116, 279, 370, 450, Brooklyn Trust Companies 590, 608 Acceptances, Arguments in Favor ot Use of 268 529, 602, 705, 785, 873, 953, 1050, 1141, Bryan, William J., Advice to Railroads_ __ 520 Adams, Charles Francis, Death of _ _1036, 1049 1227, 1320, 1409, 1481, 1647, 1723, 1806, Bryan, and Duty of German-Americans__2060 Administration and the Business Man_ _ _ _1547 1886, 1986, 2063, 2139 Bryan, William j., and Note to Germany.. _ 2059 Aeroplanes Not Considered War Vessels__ _ 526 Bank Stock Tax, N. Y. City Banks' Suit Bryan, William J., Resigns as Secretary of Africa. See Transvaal. for Return of 2063 State 1958, 1963, 1973, 1974 Agricultural Extension, Int. Harvester Bankers' Part in Nation's Development_ _ _2056 Building Operations First Quarter of 1915_ _ 1300 Co. -
Abdus Salam United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization International Centre XA0100122
the IC/2000/170 abdus salam united nations educational, scientific and cultural organization international centre XA0100122 international atomic energy agency for theoretical physics SHAPE ANALYSIS OF ISOSEISMALS BASED ON EMPIRICAL AND SYNTHETIC DATA G. Molchan T. Kronrod and G.F. Panza SEgi 'A*'.' Sri 32/ 05 • _ ^BH |« # ,-a?; IC/2000/170 United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization and International Atomic Energy Agency THE ABDUS SALAM INTERNATIONAL CENTRE FOR THEORETICAL PHYSICS SHAPE ANALYSIS OF ISOSEISMALS BASED ON EMPIRICAL AND SYNTHETIC DATA G. Molchan1, T. Kronrod, International Institute of Earthquake Prediction Theory and Mathematical Geophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Warshavskoe sh., 79, k.2, Moscow 113556, Russian Federation and The Abdus Salam International Centre for Theoretical Physics, SAND Group, Trieste, Italy, and G.F. Panza Department of Earth Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy and The Abdus Salam International Centre for Theoretical Physics, SAND Group, Trieste, Italy. MIRAMARE - TRIESTE November 2000 'E-mail: [email protected]; Tel. +007 (095) 110-7795; Fax: +007 (095) 310-7032 Abstract. We present an attempt to compare modeled ground motion acceleration fields with macroseismic observations. Two techniques for the representation of the observed intensities by isoseismals, a smoothing technique and one which visualizes the local uncertainty of an isoseis- mal, are tested with synthetic and observed data. We show how noise in the data and irregulari- ties in the distribution of observation sites affect the resolution of the isoseismal's shape. In ad- dition to "standard" elongated shapes, we identify cross-like patterns in the macroseismic obser- vations for two Italian earthquakes of strike-slip type; similar patterns are displayed by the theo- retical peak acceleration fields calculated assuming the point source models given in the litera- ture. -
About the New Madrid Seismic Zone
About the New Madrid Seismic Zone The New Madrid seismic zone (NMSZ) extends more than 120 miles southward from Cairo, Illinois, at the junction of the Mississippi and Ohio rivers, into Arkansas and parts of Kentucky and Tennessee. It roughly follows Interstate 55 through Blytheville down to Marked Tree, Arkansas, crossing four state lines and the Mississippi River in three places as it progresses through some of the richest farmland in the country. The greatest earthquake risk east of the Rocky Mountains is along the NMSZ. Damaging earthquakes are not as frequent as in California, but when they do occur, the destruction covers more than 15 times the area because of the underlying geology and soil conditions prevalent in the region. The zone is active, averaging about 200 earthquakes per year, though most of them are too small to be felt. With modern seismic networks, the capability to detect earthquakes has greatly increased, and many more very small earthquakes are being detected now than in the past. There is a common misconception that the number of earthquakes has increased over the years, but the increase is due to more sophisticated recording methods that can detect earthquakes that were previously unrecorded. The history of the region tells us, however, that the earthquake risk is the most serious potential disaster we could face. In the winter of 1811-1812, a series of very large earthquakes occurred along the fault system buried deep within the NMSZ. Using felt information reported in newspapers and from eyewitness accounts of effects, magnitudes have been estimated to be 7.8, 8.0, and 8.1. -
Seismic Tomography Uses Earthquake Waves to Probe the Inner Earth CORE CONCEPTS Sid Perkins, Science Writer
CORE CONCEPTS Seismic tomography uses earthquake waves to probe the inner Earth CORE CONCEPTS Sid Perkins, Science Writer Computerized tomography (CT) scans revolutionized medicine by giving doctors and diagnosticians the ability to visualize tissues deep within the body in three dimensions. In recent years, a different sort of imaging technique has done the same for geophysi- cists. Seismic tomography allows them to detect and depict subterranean features. The advent of the approach has proven to be a boon for researchers looking to better understand what’s going on beneath our feet. Results have of- fered myriad insights into environmental conditions within the Earth, sometimes hundreds or even thou- sands of kilometers below the surface. And in some cases, the technique offers evidence that bolsters models of geophysical processes long suspected but previously only theorized, researchers say. Seismic tomography “lets us image Earth’s structures at all sorts of scales,” says Jeffrey Freymueller, a geo- Data gathered by a network of seismic instruments (red) have enabled researchers physicist at Michigan State University in East Lansing to discern a region of relatively cold, stiff rock (shades of green and blue) beneath eastern North America. This is likely to be the remnants of an ancient tectonic and director of the national office of the National Sci- plate. Image credit: Suzan van der Lee (Northwestern University, Evanston, IL). ence Foundation’s EarthScope. That 15-year program, among other things, operates an array of seismometers— some permanent, some temporary—that has col- through rocks that are colder, denser, and drier. By lected data across North America. -
Simple Estimation Method for the 2016 Kumamoto Earthquake's
Cui, Q. et al. Paper: Simple Estimation Method for the 2016 Kumamoto Earthquake’s Direct Damage Amount Qinglin Cui∗1,†,MingjiCui∗2, Toshihisa Toyoda∗3, and Hitoshi Taniguchi∗4 ∗1National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Resilience 3-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki 305-0006, Japan †Corresponding author, E-mail: [email protected] ∗2Kinugasa Research Organization, Ritsumeikan University, Kyoto, Japan ∗3Center for Social Systems Innovation, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan ∗4Tono Research Institute of Earthquake Science, Gihu, Japan [Received December 27, 2016; accepted June 20, 2017] It takes a significantly long time to estimate a di- economy damaged by natural disaster swiftly,” has been rect damage amount based on a damage investigation. focused on and discussed vigorously. In considering the However, in the response immediately after a disaster, precautions against huge, wide-area earthquakes, it is es- the investigation and estimation of damage are often pecially important to grasp the economic damage caused conducted later because of a lack of human resources. by such earthquakes in advance. As for earthquakes with Especially in the case of a huge earthquake that affects a high possibility of occurrence in the future, the direct a wide area, the disaster cannot be fully responded to damage amount was estimated based on the knowledge of by the municipalities and prefectures alone. Support past earthquake disasters. For example, the direct dam- from the entire country, and in some cases from other age amount caused by the Nankai Megathrust Earthquake countries, is essential to the disaster response. Pre- (a series of interrelated earthquakes under a simulation cise information regarding the direct damage amount where strong ground motion will occur on the shore side) must be transmitted promptly. -
SEISMIC ANALYSIS of SLIDING STRUCTURES BROCHARD D.- GANTENBEIN F. CEA Centre D'etudes Nucléaires De Saclay, 91
n 9 COMMISSARIAT A L'ENERGIE ATOMIQUE CENTRE D1ETUDES NUCLEAIRES DE 5ACLAY CEA-CONF —9990 Service de Documentation F9II9I GIF SUR YVETTE CEDEX Rl SEISMIC ANALYSIS OF SLIDING STRUCTURES BROCHARD D.- GANTENBEIN F. CEA Centre d'Etudes Nucléaires de Saclay, 91 - Gif-sur-Yvette (FR). Dept. d'Etudes Mécaniques et Thermiques Communication présentée à : SMIRT 10.' International Conference on Structural Mechanics in Reactor Technology Anaheim, CA (US) 14-18 Aug 1989 SEISHIC ANALYSIS OF SLIDING STRUCTURES D. Brochard, F. Gantenbein C.E.A.-C.E.N. Saclay - DEHT/SMTS/EHSI 91191 Gif sur Yvette Cedex 1. INTRODUCTION To lirait the seism effects, structures may be base isolated. A sliding system located between the structure and the support allows differential motion between them. The aim of this paper is the presentation of the method to calculate the res- ponse of the structure when the structure is represented by its elgenmodes, and the sliding phenomenon by the Coulomb friction model. Finally, an application to a simple structure shows the influence on the response of the main parameters (friction coefficient, stiffness,...). 2. COULOMB FRICTION HODEL Let us consider a stiff mass, layed on an horizontal support and submitted to an external force Fe (parallel to the support). When Fg is smaller than a limit force ? p there is no differential motion between the support and the mass and the friction force balances the external force. The limit force is written: Fj1 = \x Fn where \i is the friction coefficient and Fn the modulus of the normal force applied by the mass to the support (in this case, Fn is equal to the weight of the mass). -
PRELIMINARY GEOTECHNICAL EVALUATION WASHINGTON PARK RESERVOIR IMPROVEMENTS Portland, Oregon
APPENDIX H PRELIMINARY GEOTECHNICAL EVALUATION WASHINGTON PARK RESERVOIR IMPROVEMENTS Portland, Oregon REPORT July 2011 CORNFORTH Black & Veatch CONSULTANTS APPENDIX H Report to: Portland Water Bureau 1120 SW 5th Avenue Portland, Oregon 97204-1926 and Black and Veatch 5885 Meadows Road, Suite 700 Lake Oswego, Oregon 97035 PRELIMINARY GEOTECHNICAL EVALUATION WASHINGTON PARK RESERVOIR IMPROVEMENTS PORTLAND, OREGON July 2011 Submitted by: Cornforth Consultants, Inc. 10250 SW Greenburg Road, Suite 111 Portland, OR 97223 APPENDIX H 2114 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .................................................................................................................. iv 1. INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 General .......................................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Site and Project Background ......................................................................................... 1 1.3 Scope of Work .............................................................................................................. 1 2. PROJECT DESCRIPTION ...................................................................................................... 3 2.1 General .......................................................................................................................... 3 2.2 Companion Studies ...................................................................................................... -
Application of Response Spectrum Analysis in Historical Buildings
Transactions on the Built Environment vol 15, © 1995 WIT Press, www.witpress.com, ISSN 1743-3509 Application of response spectrum analysis in historical buildings M.E. Stavroulaki, B. Leftheris Institute of Applied Mechanics, Department of Engineering Greece Abstract The basic concepts and assumptions used in the response spectrum analysis method is reviewed in this paper with respect to its application in historical buildings. More specifically, the methodology of modeling and the applica- tion of the response spectrum analysis is described and discussed through our work with the Lighthouse at the Venetian Harbor of Chania. 1 Introduction The main cause of damage in building structures during an earthquake is usually their response to ground induced motions. In order to evaluate the behaviour of the structure for this type of loading condition, the princip- les of structural dynamics must be applied to determine the stresses and deflections generated in the structure. The dynamic characteristics of the building is established by its natu- ral frequencies, modes and damping: the analysis is based on linear-elastic behaviour of materials and the ground input motion is a smoothed de- sign spectrum in order to calculate the maximum values of the structural response. In this work we describe the application of response spectrum analysis to the Lighthouse at the Venetian Harbour of Chania. We use the example, however, to discuss the requirements of response spectrum analy- sis for historical buildings in general. The Lighthouse is a masonry structure built by the Egyptians in 1838. Transactions on the Built Environment vol 15, © 1995 WIT Press, www.witpress.com, ISSN 1743-3509 94 Dynamics, Repairs & Restoration 2 Finite Element modeling of masonry structures The finite element method of analysis requires the selection of an appro- priate model that would sufficiently represent the real structure. -
Lecture 18: Earthquake-Response Spectra
53/58:153 Lecture 18 Fundamental of Vibration ______________________________________________________________________________ Lecture 18: Earthquake-Response Spectra Reading materials: Sections 6.4, and 6.5 1. Introduction The most direct description of an earthquake motion in time domain is provided by accelerograms that are recorded by instruments called Strong Motion Accelerographs. The accelerograph records three orthogonal components of ground acceleration at a certain location. The peak ground acceleration, duration, and frequency content of earthquake can be obtained from an accelerograms. An accelerogram can be integrated to obtain the time variations of the ground velocity and ground displacement. A response spectrum is used to provide the most descriptive representation of the influence of a given earthquake on a structure or machine. - 1 - 53/58:153 Lecture 18 Fundamental of Vibration ______________________________________________________________________________ 2. Structures subject to earthquake It is similar to a vehicle moving on the ground. In both cases there is relative movement between the vibrating system (structures or machines) and the ground. ug(t) is the ground motion, while u(t) is the motion of the mass relative to ground. If the ground acceleration from an earthquake is known, the response of the structure can be computed via using the Newmark’s method. Example: determine the following structure’s response to the 1940 El Centro earthquake. 2% damping. - 2 - 53/58:153 Lecture 18 Fundamental of Vibration ______________________________________________________________________________ 1940 EL Centro, CA earthquake Only the bracing members resist the lateral load. Considering only the tension brace. - 3 - 53/58:153 Lecture 18 Fundamental of Vibration ______________________________________________________________________________ Neglecting the self weight of the members, the mass of the equivalent spring-mass system is equal to the total dead load. -
Study Says USGS Maps for Central U.S. Overstate Earthquake Hazard A
Study says USGS maps for central U.S. overstate earthquake hazard A new publication from the Kentucky Geological Survey at the University of Kentucky concludes that the national earthquake hazard maps developed by the U.S. Geological Survey seriously overstate the hazard in the New Madrid Seismic Zone, which includes western Kentucky, resulting in overly stringent building codes and policies. Research that resulted in the publication also suggests that economic development is reduced and insurance costs are unnecessarily higher in western Kentucky because of the overstated hazard. The publication, “Earthquake Hazard Mitigation in the New Madrid Seismic Zone: Science and Public Policy,” is available at the KGS publications website here. The publication was developed from the master’s degree thesis of principal author Alice M. Orton. The study points out that, with very few damaging earthquakes in the New Madrid Seismic Zone, assessing the zone’s actual earthquake hazard is difficult. In such cases, mathematical earthquake models based on the San Andreas Fault and other western U.S. seismic zones have been developed to calculate seismic hazard in the New Madrid region. Geologic differences between the western United States and the central part of the country limit the applicability of western U.S. data to the central United States. This leads the study’s authors to conclude that the application of the most commonly used mathematical model to determine the hazard in the central United States, probabilistic seismic hazard analysis, is flawed and its results misinterpreted and misused for public policy decisions. The authors point out that large uncertainty is inherent in earthquake hazard assessment for regions like the central United States. -
The Late Prof. Tokuji Utsu: His Career with Geophysics and Seismology
The late Prof. Tokuji Utsu: His career with Geophysics and Seismology R. S. Matsu’ura1 1Association for the Development of Earthquake Prediction, 1-5-18, Sarugaku-cho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0064, Japan Corresponding Author: R. S. Matsu’ura, [email protected] Abstract: Dr. Tokuji Utsu, Professor Emeritus of the University of Tokyo passed away on August 17, 2004. Among his various works on seismology and geophysics, the thorough research on aftershocks and the structure model under island arcs (Utsu model) are the most notable. He devoted more than a half century to the study of seismology and geophysics until he fell down to disease at the age of 76. He left us the enormous information on seismicity by the end of the 20th century in his best book “Seismicity Studies: A Comprehensive Review.” Although he was usually a so silent person, who seldom did conversation with anybody, his book tells us a lot about what we found about seismicity so far and what we should attack from now on. 1. Introduction Prof. Utsu was born in a downtown area of Tokyo on April 13, 1928. After he graduated from Geophysical Institute, the University of Tokyo, he was employed by the Central Meteorological Observatory (which became Japan Meteorological Agency in 1956) in 1951. Although his supervisor was Prof. Takeshi Nagata, and his first paper was on the electromagnetic phenomena, he happened to be posted to the seismological section in the observatory. This was the beginning of his career as a seismologist. If he were posted to the meteorological section or the geomagnetic section at that time, we would not have had Omori-Utsu formula as the decay law of aftershocks, nor the thorough catalog of the world destructive earthquakes.