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Tracing Environmental Change and Human Impact As Recorded in Sediments from Coastal Areas of the Northwestern Baltic Proper Lena Norbäck Ivarsson

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Tracing Environmental Change and Human Impact As Recorded in Sediments from Coastal Areas of the Northwestern Baltic Proper Lena Norbäck Ivarsson in sediments from coastal areas of the northwestern Baltic Proper environmental change and human impact as recorded Tracing Te eutrophication of the Baltic Sea due to increased anthropogenic nutrient loads during the 20th century is well documented and studied. However, in the Baltic Sea drainage area, humans have afected the environment longer than the environmental monitoring can provide data for. Sediment records from lakes and seas can provide fundamental data on the environmental conditions before ecosystems were impacted by humans and give the range of natural variation. Tis thesis presents diatom and geochemistry stratigraphies from fve sediment records along the southeast coast of Sweden, northwestern Baltic Proper. Tese records cover time periods of 500 years to more than 2000 years. Te diatom stratigraphies and geochemical proxies allow for reconstruction of environmental histories at these sites. Te outcomes of this thesis highlight the importance of a longer time perspective than the environmental monitoring can provide. Lena Norbäck Ivarsson carries out research within the feld of environmental science with a focus on understanding past and present ecosystem responses to environmental changes. She holds a M.Sc. in biology from Stockholm University and this is her PhD thesis. LENA NORBÄCK IVARSSON Environmental Science, Environmental Studies, School of Natural Sciences, Technology and Environmental Studies & the Baltic and East European Graduate School, Södertörn University. Tracing environmental change and human impact ISBN 978-91-89109-29-2 (print) / 978-91-89109-30-8 (digital) | Södertörn University | [email protected] as recorded in sediments from coastal areas of the northwestern Baltic Proper Lena Norbäck Ivarsson SDD SÖDERTÖRN DOCTORAL DISSERTATIONS 178 Tracing environmental change and human impact as recorded in sediments from coastal areas of the northwestern Baltic Proper Lena Norbäck Ivarsson Södertörns hgskola Subject: Environmental Science Research Area: Environmental Studies School of Natural Sciences, Technology and Environmental Studies & the Baltic and East European Graduate School Sdertrns hgskola (Sdertrn University) The Library SE-141 89 Huddinge www.sh.se/publications © Lena Norbäck Ivarsson Cover image: Lena Norbäck Ivarsson, Epiphytic diatoms growing on Cladophora sp. Cover layout: Jonathan Robson Graphic form: Per Lindblom & Jonathan Robson Printed by Elanders, Stockholm 2020 Sdertrn Doctoral Dissertations 178 ISSN 1652–7399 ISBN 978-91-89109-29-2 (print) ISBN 978-91-89109-30-8 (digital) Till Berta, Aina och Birgitta Abstract The eutrophication of the Baltic Sea due to increased anthropogenic nutrient loads during the 20th century is well documented and studied. However, in the Baltic Sea drainage area, humans have affected the environment longer than the environmental monitoring can provide data for. Sediment records from lakes and seas can provide fundamental data on the environmental conditions before ecosystems were impacted by humans and give the range of natural variation. This thesis presents diatom and geochemistry stratigraphies from five sediment records along the southeast coast of Sweden, northwestern Baltic Proper. These records cover time periods of 500 years to more than 2,000 years. The diatom strati- graphies and geochemical proxies allow for reconstruction of environmental histories at these sites. Overall, the results show that the environmental changes that have occurred in the coastal zone in recent centuries are unprecedented over the last two millennia. The records from the coastal zone show only minor variations in the diatom stratigraphies and nitrogen stable isotope signals through history until recent centuries. The results show no evidence of increased runoff of nutrients from land during medieval times. Temperature anomalies since 500 CE have had little or no significant effect on the diatom assemblages from the coastal sites, while increased nutrient input from land has had a significant effect. Anthropogenic nutrient runoff has affected the diatom assemblages most markedly during the 20th century. The results show a time lag of the onset of eutrophication of approximately 100 years between the coast and open Baltic Sea, highlighting how the coastal zone acts as a buffer for the open Baltic Sea. The timing for the onset of eutrophication in these coastal areas is site-specific. For several sites, reference conditions prevailed more than 200 years ago. Water trans- parency at this time allowed for extensive distribution of benthic diatom habitats, such as macrophytes. The years of maximum nutrient load to the Baltic Sea during the 1970s–1980s is recorded in the diatom stratigraphies, especially with regard to the concentration of diatom valves in the sediments. There has been a recovery in diatom absolute abundance since maximum pollution years. However, there is no indication of a recovery in diatom species composition in the investigated coastal sites, and these sites are thus far from reaching a “good environmental status” according to the EU Water Framework Directive. The outcomes of this thesis highlight the importance of a longer time perspective than the environmental monitoring can provide. Keywords: Baltic Sea, paleoecology, diatom stratigraphy, stable nitrogen isotopes, hy- poxia, nutrient discharge, eutrophication, Medieval Climate Anomaly, Little Ice Age Svensk sammanfattning Övergdningen av Östersjn under 1900-talet är väldokumenterad och har bland annat resulterat i sämre siktdjup, att cyanobakterieblomningar har blivit mer omfat- tande och vanligare, utbredd syrebrist i bottenvatten, och en förändrad artsamman- sättning av många organismgrupper. Systematiskt provtagna mätdata från miljö- vervakningen finns bara tillgänglig från 1960–70-talet och därmed vet vi väldigt lite om Östersjns ekosystem fre människans storskaliga påverkan. Sedimentkärnor från sjar och hav fungerar som ett historiskt arkiv som under årtusenden lagrat informa- tion om dåtidens ekosystem. I denna avhandling används bevarade subfossila kiselalger och geokemi för att spåra miljfrändringar längs svenska sydostkusten de senaste tvåtusen åren. Resultat presenteras från fem sedimentkärnor från Östersjkusten, från Stockholms skärgård i norr till Gåsfjärden i sder, längs en sträcka på ca 250 km. Alla stratigrafier tyder på stabila frhållanden i dessa kustområden under yngre järnålder (500 fre vår tideräkning – 1050 efter vår tideräkning (evt)) och medeltid (1050–1500 evt), fram till 1700-talet. Varken frändringar i klimat eller markanvänd- ning har påverkat dessa kustområden i någon större utsträckning tills fr några hundra år sedan. Det finns inga tecken på effekter av mänsklig aktivitet som exempelvis jordbruk fram till mer nutida frändringar. Alla underskningsplatser har påverkats av vergdning under de senaste århundradena. Den exakta starten fr kad närings- tillfrsel skiljer sig något mellan platserna. De frsta tecknen på vergdning är från slutet av 1700-talet, och i början av 1800-talet är artsammansättningen av kiselalger redan frändrad. Storskaliga frändringar i markanvändning skedde under 1800- talet och fortsatte in på 1900-talet. Våtmarker och sjar dikades ut, jordbruk med ängar och traditionell träda av jordbruksmark fasades ut till frmån fr vallodling, till det kom konstgdsel i slutet av 1800-talet. Växande städer, industrier och reningsverk är punktkällor som i varierande grad har påverkat dessa kustområden. De första teck- nen på vergdning syns ca 100 år tidigare vid kusten än i ppna Östersjn, vilket belyser kustzonens roll som näringsfilter. I ppna Östersjn har både klimatet och näringstillfrsel från land påverkat artsammansättningen av kiselalger de senaste 2 000 åren. I kustområdet däremot har de direkta effekterna av klimatet spelat en mindre roll, och artsammansättningen av kiselalger har främst varit påverkad av näringstillfrsel från land. Övergdningen har resulterat i kad pelagisk primärproduktion och därmed lägre siktdjup, vilket har begränsat utbredningen av bottenlevande arter. I Östersjn finns inga opåverkade områden kvar, och därmed inga referensområ- den fr att definiera referensvärden enligt EUs vattendirektiv. Resultaten som pre- senteras i denna avhandling visar att i flera av de underskta kustområdena rådde ett miljtillstånd opåverkat av mänsklig aktivitet fr mer än 200 år sedan. Maximal tillfrsel av näring till Östersjn skedde under 1960–70-talet, vilket avspeglar sig i koncentrationen av kiselalger i sedimenten, något som kan användas som en proxy fr primärproduktion. Lägre koncentrationer av kiselalger i sedimenten de senaste årtiondena indikerar en bättre vattenkvalité. Däremot syns ännu ingen frbättring i artsammansättning av kisel- alger som indikerar en tillbakagång till referensvärden. Inte heller syns tecken på någon frbättring vad gäller siktdjup i underskningsområdena. Contents List of papers................................................................................................................................................. 13 Abbreviations and definitions .................................................................................................................... 15 Introduction.................................................................................................................................................. 17 Thesis objectives ........................................................................................................................................... 21 Background ..................................................................................................................................................
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