DOCSLIB.ORG

Woodland Heritage Manual Revised Version Final.Qxd

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Woodland Heritage Manual Revised Version Final.Qxd Woodland Heritage Manual - 2008 Section F:Appendices 1. Glossary of Terms 2. Legal and Planning Designations 3. Place-name Exercise Results 4. Interpreting Archaeological Features 5.Tree Species and Girth Size 6.The Importance of Ancient and Veteran Trees in Woodland 7. Guidance on Specific Management of Features 8. Useful Books, Contacts and Websites Section F Appendices 173 Woodland Heritage Manual - 2008 F.1: Glossary of Terms Peter Glaves, Lindy Smith,Alastair Oswald. Accounts: a record of financial transactions for an asset or individual. Ancient Replanted Woodland: ancient woodland sites where the original native tree cover has been felled and replaced by planting, often with conifers and usually in the twentieth century. Ancient Semi-natural Woodland: ancient woodland sites that have retained the native tree and shrub cover that have not been replanted. They may have been managed by coppicing or felling and allowed to regenerate naturally. Ancient Tree: a tree that is very old and in the declining (end) stage of life; normally such trees have a larger girth than other trees of the same species.The term encompasses trees defined by three guiding principles: 1. trees of interest biologically, aesthetically or culturally because of their age, 2. trees in the ancient stage of their life and 3. trees that are old relative to others of the same species. Ancient Woodland: woodland that has been under continuous tree cover from 1600AD, ancient woodland can be primary woodland Ancient Semi-natural or Ancient replanted. Ancient Woodland Indicators: species which because of their characteristics (shade tolerance, slow colonisation and restriction to woodland habitats) tend to be found in old established woodlands.These are most commonly vascular plants (flowering plants and ferns) or Ancient Woodland Vascular Plants (AWVPs). Archaeology: the study of the human past through its material remains (see also archaeological remains). Archaeological Remains: buildings, earthworks, artefacts (including ecofacts such as veteran trees and hedges), subsurface deposits and environmental data. Artificial Woodland: woodland which is not semi-natural, i.e. a planted wood. Aspect: in geography it refers to the direction to which a slope faces. Association: a group of organisms which occur together at the same geographical location. Beech Mast: the prickly fruits of beech trees contain the beech nuts. Bell Pit: a hollow in the ground created by shallow mining by sinking an unsupported vertical shaft into the ground. Besom: a broom made from twigs (i.e. a witches broom). Biodiversity: the variety of life (including species, populations, habitats and genes). Black Rot: the end point of heartwood decay via either red or white rot where black wood mould causes the wood to look black (also called black wood). Bloomeries: a type of furnace once widely used for smelting iron. Bole: main trunk of a pollard. Bolling: the trunk or stem of a tree, may also be used to describe the trunk and cut branches of a pollarded tree. 174 Woodland Heritage Manual - 2008 Boundary: a border that encloses a space; a boundary in surveying is the dividing line between parcels of land; in landscape history boundaries divide between areas of differing land use. Brash: (also called Shreds) small branches trimmed from the side of a tree. Broadleaved Woodland: woodland where the canopy has less than 10% of coniferous trees. Bronze Age: is the age of Stonehenge, round barrows (see tumuli) and the introduction of the first metals (2000 - 750 BC). Bryophyte: mosses and liverworts. Bundle Planting: when several tree seeds are planted in the same hole, and multiple stems arise (a common feature of historic parks and gardens). Canopy: the layer formed by the leaves of trees which form the highest vertical layer in a woodland. Carr: a term for wet woodland (mainly northern England). Charcoal: a carbon containing material obtained by heating wood or other organic matter in the absence of air. Charcoal Hearth: the area used to process wood into charcoal, nowadays normally all that remains is a round shallow depression in the ground or a flat surface and retaining wall cut into a slope. Chase: a private hunting area, which may be forested or open (see also firth). Chronological Sequence: when over time one thing follows another. Climax Community: the stable end point of the process of succession at a site. Clough: term used for a narrow woodland valley in northern England (see Gill). Coke: mineral coal from which most of the gases have been removed by heating. Commons: a piece of land over which people exercised traditional rights, such as grazing their animals, collecting timber etc. Community: in ecology a naturally occurring assemblage of plant and animal species living within a defined area or habitat. Compartment: a subdivision of a woodland, historically an area of land used for forest inventory and/or management. Conifer Woodland: is woodland where the canopy has 10% or less of broadleaved trees. Coopering: making or repairing casks. Coppice Ring: an old coppiced tree where the middle of the coppice stool/stump has died and new shoots grow outwards from the stump forming a ring of shoots. Coppice: technically a tree whose trunk has been cut close to the ground to encourage growth of young poles (shoots or suckers) which can be then harvested.The term is also used to describe a dense stand of scrub. Coppice-with-standards: an area of woodland where most of the trees are coppiced but a few Section F Appendices are allowed to grow into timber trees. Copse: a small woodland, or a coppiced woodland. 175 Woodland Heritage Manual - 2008 Crown: the spreading foliage and branches of a tree. Cruck: a pair of curved timbers used in to support the walls and roofs of houses. Dead Wood: wood which contains no living cells and which does not contribute towards the functioning of a tree, term used to describe both wood which is still attached to a tree and fallen wood. Deer Leap: a gap in the deer park fence which allows deer to enter the park but not leave. Deer Park: a substantial area of land enclosed (see park pale) to provide a constant supply of deer and other wild animals for hunting and food, these areas were also managed for timber and woodland resources. Den: a former swine pasture, clearing or common (in the Kentish Weald). Designed Landscape: any land purposely planned by humans including parks and gardens. Earth-fast: objects (for example boulders) held in the ground and not easily moveable. Earthwork: any artificial feature surviving as humps and bumps visible on the ground surface. Easting: the eastward measured distance or x co-ordinate of a grid reference. Ecology: the study of the interactions of organisms with their environment and with each other. Ecosystem: the complex of a community of organisms and its environment functioning as an ecological unit. Ellenberg Values: scores given to a plant species in terms of five environmental variables (light, moisture, pH, salt, and soil nitrogen) to indicate the conditions under which that species is usually found - for more details see http://internt.nhm.ac.uk/eb/ellenberg.dsml?button=0. Enclosure: the conversion of common land into individual ownership, may involve the construction of barriers such as banks, ditches, walls and hedges. Epicormic Growth: thin, twiggy shoot growth directly from the trunk of a tree, often forming substantial clumps. Exotic: an alien species, in this context, introduced from outside Great Britain. Faggot: bundles of brushwood tied up with twisted bands (called withies) of ash, birch, hazel or willow. Faggots were used as fuel in bread ovens and for strengthening wood banks. Field Layer: a lower layer of vegetation in a woodland, consisting of small non-woody herbaceous plants eg bluebells, daffodils, ferns, the layer lies between the ground layer and scrub / canopy layers. Firth: a private hunting area, see also chase. Flush: either the sprouting of new leaves, or an area where water has washed over the surface or through the soil creating a small area of wetter habitat. Fodder: see leaf fodder. Forest: nowadays a term used to mean a woodland, historically it applied more broadly to any land on which forest laws applied. Forest Laws: medieval laws introduced into England by the Normans and designed to protect wild animals for hunting by the aristocracy. 176 Woodland Heritage Manual - 2008 Frass: dry powdery remains left beneath a small hole in a tree, indicating invertebrate tunnelling activity. Fruiting Body: the reproductive part of a fungus that contains or bears spores, for example a toadstool. Ganister: a type of sandstone with a very high silica content and which was used to make bricks to line blast furnaces. Ghosts: in the context of the manual, the marks left in a landscape by previous occupants and users of the area. Gill / Ghyll: ravine or narrow stream; in the Kentish Weald and other areas, a narrow sinuous steep-sided woodland. Girth: the circumference of a tree. Goit: see Leat. Grid Reference: a standard method for the location of a point on a map.The grid itself is a co- ordinate system on the map, and is numbered so as to provide a unique way to identify any given feature. Ground Layer: the lowest vertical plant layer of a woodland, up to 10 cm above the ground and consisting of mosses, lichens, small flowering plants and seedlings. Habitat: a particular type of local environment, the place an animal or plant lives. Hammer Pond: pond used for providing power to water-powered forges. Handbill: a printed sheet or pamphlet distributed by hand. Hardwood: a term used to describe broad leaved trees (i.e. non conifers), the term does not refer to the actual hardness of the wood.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • (Insecta) a Mátra És Tarnavidék Területéről
    16_Kovacs_Ritka_rovarok.qxd 2011.01.19. 15:23 Page 181 FOLIA HISTORICO NATURALIA MUSEI MATRAENSIS 2010 34: 181–195 Ritka és természetvédelmi szempontból jelentõs rovarok (Insecta) a Mátra és Tarnavidék területérõl II. KOVÁCS TIBOR, MAGOS GÁBOR & URBÁN LÁSZLÓ ABSTRACT: (Rare and protected insects (Insecta) in the area of the Mátra and Tarnavidék II.) This paper provides locality data of 106 insect species from the Mátra Mountains, the Tarna Region and the Uppony Hills. Eight spe- cies are of community interest listed in the Habitats Directive (Cerambyx cerdo, Cucujus cinnaberinus, Limoniscus violaceus, Lucanus cervus, Osmoderma eremita, Probaticus subrugosus, Rosalia alpina, Saga pedo); one species (Osmoderma eremita) is strictly protected and 49 species are protected in Hungary. Species interesting from faunistical point of view: Omoglymmius germari, Osmoderma eremita, Anthaxia plicata, Cerophytum elateroides, Megapenthes lugens, Podeonius acuticornis, Aplocnemus integer, Prostomis mandibularis, Tetratoma desmarestii, Mycetoma suturale, Necydalis ulmi. The following species are new to the Mátra Mountains: Omoglymmius germari (Rhysodidae); Anthaxia plica- ta (Buprestidae); Cerophytum elateroides (Cerophytidae); Ampedus elegantulus, A. nigerrimus, A. nigroflavus, Ischnodes sanguinicollis, Lacon querceus, Megapenthes lugens, Podeonius acuticornis, Reitterelater bouyoni (Elateridae); Chlorophorus hungaricus, Paracorymbia fulva, Necydalis ulmi (Cerambycidae); Camptorhinus simp- lex, C. statua (Curculionidae). The following natural habitats are especially valuable on the basis of their insect fauna (taking into the considera- tion a previous paper on the same area): Ágasvár – Ágasvár-oldal, Cserepes-tetõ, Disznó-tetõ – Fekete-tó, Ezerháztetõ – Szénégetõ – Tót-hegyes, Kisgombosi-legelõ, Mraznica-tetõ – Tõkés-kút-tetõ, Oroszlánvár, Óvár – Óvár-oldal, Som-hegy, Úrráteszi-rész (Mátra Mountains); Burja-hegyese, Debornya-fõ, Kis-Nádú-völgy, Ökör-hegy, Szállás- verõ-hegy, Szederjes-verõ, Vajdavár (Tarna Region); Damasa-hegy, Damasa-szakadék (Uppony Hills).
    [Show full text]
  • Cambridgeshire and Peterborough County Wildlife Sites
    Cambridgeshire and Peterborough County Wildlife Sites Selection Guidelines VERSION 6.2 April 2014 CAMBRIDGESHIRE & PETERBOROUGH COUNTY WILDLIFE SITES PANEL CAMBRIDGESHIRE & PETERBOROUGH COUNTY WILDLIFE SITES PANEL operates under the umbrella of the Cambridgeshire and Peterborough Biodiversity Partnership. The panel includes suitably qualified and experienced representatives from The Wildlife Trust for Bedfordshire, Cambridgeshire, Northamptonshire; Natural England; The Environment Agency; Cambridgeshire County Council; Peterborough City Council; South Cambridgeshire District Council; Huntingdonshire District Council; East Cambridgeshire District Council; Fenland District Council; Cambridgeshire and Peterborough Environmental Records Centre and many amateur recorders and recording groups. Its aim is to agree the basis for site selection, reviewing and amending them as necessary based on the best available biological information concerning the county. © THE WILDLIFE TRUST FOR BEDFORDSHIRE, CAMBRIDGESHIRE AND NORTHAMPTONSHIRE 2014 © Appendices remain the copyright of their respective originators. All rights reserved. Without limiting the rights under copyright reserved above, no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in any type of retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means (electronic, photocopying, mechanical, recording or otherwise) without the permission of the copyright owner. INTRODUCTION The Selection Criteria are substantially based on Guidelines for selection of biological SSSIs published by the Nature Conservancy Council (succeeded by English Nature) in 1989. Appropriate modifications have been made to accommodate the aim of selecting a lower tier of sites, i.e. those sites of county and regional rather than national importance. The initial draft has been altered to reflect the views of the numerous authorities consulted during the preparation of the Criteria and to incorporate the increased knowledge of the County's habitat resource gained by the Phase 1 Habitat Survey (1992-97) and other survey work in the past decade.
    [Show full text]
  • BRANDON HILL TREE TRAIL Explore the Trees, Both Rare and Native, with This Specially Designed Tree Trail
    Getting there BRANDON HILL TREE TRAIL Explore the trees, both rare and native, with this specially designed tree trail • The hill has historically been used for grazing and generally been without many trees except hawthorn and oak. • Now it has one of the best collections of trees in the city with just under 500 trees on the hill covering nearly 100 different species. • If you would like help to identify other trees on the hill such as box elder, maple, tulip, wild service, turkey oak and the many fruit trees in the orchard area the Bristol City Council ‘Know Your Place’ website maps all the trees at http://tinyurl.com/brandonkyp Brandon Hill is located just off Park Street in Bristol City Centre. • If you get a chance once you’ve finished take the time to There are many buses that go by, including services from Temple climb to the top of Cabot Tower to get a birds eye view of Meads Train Station (www.firstgroup.com). There is a bicycle rank the trees on the trail. at the Park Street end of both Charlotte Street and Great George Street. Two NCP car parks are within easy walking distance as well • We hope you will return in other seasons to appreciate the as many parking meters in the immediate vicinity. continually changing features of the trees. The area is well served with food shops, so why not take a picnic, but please dispose of your waste in the bins provided. How the Wellingtonia will look when fully mature in relation to Cabot Tower Postcode: BS1 5QB Grid Reference: ST580729 The Wellingtonia (Tree Trail no.
    [Show full text]
  • Timber in Architecture Supplement CONTENTS
    TIMBER IN adf ARCHITECTURE 10.16 A great deal BETTER than ply Join in the conversation, #SterlingOSB @Sterling_OSB SterlingOSB 10.16 Timber in architecture supplement CONTENTS 4 Industry news and comment PROJECTS 15 French resistance to concrete A CLT office building currently on site in Paris is set to become an emblem of timber construction in France, as the country’s largest building of its kind. Jess Unwin speaks to its architects about how modern engineered timber is gaining traction as a solution 21 Timber transformation Cross-laminated timber provided an ingenious structural solution as well as a crisp-lined urban aesthetic for the refurbishment and extension of 142 Bermondsey Street in Central London. Stephen Cousins reports 27 Winners in wood design The winners of the 45th annual Wood Awards will be revealed in November. Ahead of the ceremony, Sarah Johnson exclusively previews the 27 shortlisted projects in the Buildings Competition section FEATURES 33 Oriented towards design Stuart Devoil of Smartply explains how the humble sheet of OSB has become a design solution as engineered timber panels are being used across the building sector, from the construction of energy efficient and low carbon homes to site hoardings and everything in between 35 Stamping out fire risk Dire consequences await designers and construction firms if fire retardant treatments fail to perform during a blaze. Mike Smith of Lonza outlines how to ensure your protected timbers are compliant 38 38 Why a wood first policy stacks up Greg Cooper of B & K Structures
    [Show full text]
  • Printable Intro (PDF)
    round wood timber framing make an A shape. They can still be found in old barns and cottages. But they had to find very long pieces of wood, so people started making small squares and building them up to the right shape, then joining the squares diagonally to make a roof. By now, everyone was squaring their timber, because a) it's more uniform, and removes uncertaintly; b) all joints can be almost identical – you don't have to take into consideration the shape of the tree; unskilled people can then be employed to make standard joints; and c) right- angles fit better, joints become stronger, and you can fit bricks / wattle & daub in more easily. Everything is flat and flush. what are the benefits? So round wood could be considered old- fashioned, but the reasons for resurrecting it are aesthetic and ecological. It looks pretty; it's a Hammering a peg into a round wood joint with a natural antidote to the square, flat, generic world home-made wooden mallet. that we build; it reconnects people with the forms of the natural world that are more relaxing to the eye; and it reminds us that wood comes from what is it? trees. Also, you can use coppiced wood and Round wood is straight from the tree (with or smaller dimension timber. If you use squared without bark), without any processing, squaring or wood, you need to cut down mature trees and re- planking. Timber framing is creating the structural plant, but a coppiced tree continually re-grows. framework for a building from wood.
    [Show full text]
  • International Auction Gallery 1580 S
    International Auction Gallery 1580 S. Sinclair St., Anaheim, CA 92806 714-935-9294 July 8, 2013 Auction Catalog Prev. @Sun. (7/7) 10am-4pm & Mon. from 10am, Sale Starts 4pm 1 Bar light with tall ship on porcelain stein 2 3 Haviland plates, 3 Haviland saucers, 2 sets cups and saucer, and a signed R.S. Prussia porcelain plate painted with 3 7 hat pins 4 Amber style snuff bottle 5 Copper and glass wall light and milk glass globe ceiling light 6 2 pre-Columbian style pottery figures 7 7pc 50's dinette set (as is) 8 Antique Japanese Satsuma vase (rim repair) 9 Chinese famille noir wine jar painted with butterflies with handle in monkey motif 10 Carved stone plaque with copper shield, possibly American Indian 11 Carved wood framed mirror 11A 2 wood framed mirror and a mosaic panel 11B 7 paintings and prints 11C 2 signed lithograph 11D Oriental motif watercolor and a Chinese figure collage 12 A fine antique wood carved storage box 13 2pc India embroidery wall hangings 14 Gilt metal wall light 15 Antique South Asia wood carved building ornament in beast motif 16 lot of misc. pottery and porcelain pieces, and wood carved pieces, some are antique 17 2 antique copper trays and an antique cookie mold 18 Lot of copper and silverplate items 19 Lot of Christmas figures, an inlaid box and pair wood carved panels depicting central American figures 20 Lot of misc. Asian items 21 Lot of figures, glass, and a large wood carved box 22 3 Chinese figures under glass dome 22A Decorative Japanese sword 22B A Forged sword (long knife) 22C A glass pepper shaker with sterling overlay 22D 5 floor lamps, some are antique 23 2 signed etching depicting abstract subjects, signed with name and Taxco location 24 Color etching "abstract", signed, dated 1959, and ed.
    [Show full text]
  • A Baseline Invertebrate Survey of the Knepp Estate - 2015
    A baseline invertebrate survey of the Knepp Estate - 2015 Graeme Lyons May 2016 1 Contents Page Summary...................................................................................... 3 Introduction.................................................................................. 5 Methodologies............................................................................... 15 Results....................................................................................... 17 Conclusions................................................................................... 44 Management recommendations........................................................... 51 References & bibliography................................................................. 53 Acknowledgements.......................................................................... 55 Appendices.................................................................................... 55 Front cover: One of the southern fields showing dominance by Common Fleabane. 2 0 – Summary The Knepp Wildlands Project is a large rewilding project where natural processes predominate. Large grazing herbivores drive the ecology of the site and can have a profound impact on invertebrates, both positive and negative. This survey was commissioned in order to assess the site’s invertebrate assemblage in a standardised and repeatable way both internally between fields and sections and temporally between years. Eight fields were selected across the estate with two in the north, two in the central block
    [Show full text]
  • Coleoptera: Introduction and Key to Families
    Royal Entomological Society HANDBOOKS FOR THE IDENTIFICATION OF BRITISH INSECTS To purchase current handbooks and to download out-of-print parts visit: http://www.royensoc.co.uk/publications/index.htm This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License. Copyright © Royal Entomological Society 2012 ROYAL ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON Vol. IV. Part 1. HANDBOOKS FOR THE IDENTIFICATION OF BRITISH INSECTS COLEOPTERA INTRODUCTION AND KEYS TO FAMILIES By R. A. CROWSON LONDON Published by the Society and Sold at its Rooms 41, Queen's Gate, S.W. 7 31st December, 1956 Price-res. c~ . HANDBOOKS FOR THE IDENTIFICATION OF BRITISH INSECTS The aim of this series of publications is to provide illustrated keys to the whole of the British Insects (in so far as this is possible), in ten volumes, as follows : I. Part 1. General Introduction. Part 9. Ephemeroptera. , 2. Thysanura. 10. Odonata. , 3. Protura. , 11. Thysanoptera. 4. Collembola. , 12. Neuroptera. , 5. Dermaptera and , 13. Mecoptera. Orthoptera. , 14. Trichoptera. , 6. Plecoptera. , 15. Strepsiptera. , 7. Psocoptera. , 16. Siphonaptera. , 8. Anoplura. 11. Hemiptera. Ill. Lepidoptera. IV. and V. Coleoptera. VI. Hymenoptera : Symphyta and Aculeata. VII. Hymenoptera: Ichneumonoidea. VIII. Hymenoptera : Cynipoidea, Chalcidoidea, and Serphoidea. IX. Diptera: Nematocera and Brachycera. X. Diptera: Cyclorrhapha. Volumes 11 to X will be divided into parts of convenient size, but it is not possible to specify in advance the taxonomic content of each part. Conciseness and cheapness are main objectives in this new series, and each part will be the work of a specialist, or of a group of specialists.
    [Show full text]
  • Insect Fauna Compared Between Six Polypore Species in a Southern Norwegian Spruce Forest
    --------------------------FaunanorY. Ser. B 42: 21-26.1995 Insect fauna compared between six polypore species in a southern Norwegian spruce forest Bj0rn 0kland 0kland, B. 1995. Insect fauna compared between six polypore species in a southern Norwegian spruce forest. - Fauna norv. Ser. B 42: 21-26. Beetles and gall midges were reared from dead fruiting bodies of the polypore species Phellinus tremulae, Piptoporus betulinus, Fomitopsis pinicola, Pycnoporus cinnabari­ nus, Fomes fomentarius and Inonotus radiatus. The number of species differed signifi­ cantly among the polypore species. The variation in species richness conformed well with the hypothesis that more insect species may utilize a fungi species with (1) increasing durational stability, and (2) increasing softness of the carpophores. Strong preferance for certain polypore species was indicated for most of the Cisidae species, and a few species in the other families of beetles and gall midges (Diptera). The host preferances of the Cisidae species were in good agreement with records from other parts of Scandinavia. The host records in two of the gall midge species are new. Many of the species were too low-frequent for an evaluation of host preferances. Bjf/Jrn 0kland, Norwegian Forest Research Institute, Hf/Jgskolevn. 12, 1432 As, Norway. INTRODUCTION Karst., Fomes fomentarius (Fr.) Kickx, Piptoporus betulinus (Fr.) Karst., Phellinus A large number of mycetophagous insects uti­ tremulae (Bond.) Bond.& Borisov, Pycnoporus lize fruiting bodies of wood-rotting fungi as cinnabarinus (Fr.) Karst. and Inonotus radiatus food and breeding sites (Gilberston 1984). The (Fr.) Karst. All six species form sporocarps of a species breeding in Polyporaceae display vary- bracket type, and are associated with different t ing degree of host specificity.
    [Show full text]
  • Inventory of Woodland Key Habitats
    State Forest Service, Latvia Regional Forestry Board, Östra Götaland, Sweden INVENTORY OF WOODLAND KEY HABITATS METHODOLOGY Tommy Ek, Uvis Suško, Rolands Auzinš RIGA 2002 Methodology Inventory of Woodland Key Habitats ___________________________________________________________________ PREFACE This is the methodology for an inventory of Woodland Key Habitats (Methodology) which is suggested for a full-scale inventory of Latvia, within the framework of the project ”Inventory of Woodland Key Habitats” (Ek and Auzinš, 1998). The methodology used in the inventory is based on assessing whether or not a particular forest stand is a Woodland Key Habitat, by looking mainly at indicator species and habitat specialists, features important for habitat specialists (Key Elements) and the overall structure and history of the forest. A Woodland Key Habitat is defined within the framework of the project as: an area which contains habitat specialists, that cannot sustainably survive in stands managed for timber production. A well-founded expectation that a habitat specialist exists is a sufficient criterion for designating an area as a Woodland Key Habitat. On Nov. 9, 2001 the Ministry of Agriculture issued Instructions 7 “Methodology for Identifying Woodland Key Habitats to be in the Status of a Microreserve” (Instructions 7). It establishes the principal WKH types and the criteria for identifying them following a list of habitat specialist and indicator species. Following Instructions 7 the status of a microreserve can be applied to the WKHs identified following the Methodology. The habitats referred to in Instructions 7 fully agree with the WKHs described in Methodology. After the status of a misroreserve is conferred to the respective WKH it is then named Forest Habitat.
    [Show full text]
  • Traditional Timber Framing COMMONWEALTH of AUSTRALIA Copyright Regulations 1969
    ABPL90085 CULTURE OF BUILDING traditional timber framing COMMONWEALTH OF AUSTRALIA Copyright Regulations 1969 Warning This material has been reproduced and communicated to you by or on behalf of the University of Melbourne pursuant to Part VB of the Copyright Act 1968 (the Act). The material in this communication may be subject to copyright under the Act. Any further copying or communication of this material by you may be the subject of copyright protection under the Act. do not remove this notice CARPENTRY AND THE MORTICE & TENON grooved stone axe head from Vevey, France Amerindian axe Jean-François Robert, Rêver l’Outil: gestes essentiels – outils de toujours (Éditions Cabédita, La Lêchére [Savoie] 1995), p 91 stone axe in a wooden haft, earlier Neolithic, about 3700-3100 BC, Ehenside Tarn, Cumbria, England. British Museum PE POA 109.6, 190.7 Miles Lewis Egyptian adze, 18th Dynasty, reign of Hatshepsut, c 1673-58 BC British Museum EA 26279 J H Taylor [ed], Journey through the Afterlife: Ancient Egyptian Book of the Dead (British Museum Press, London 2010), p 99 Egyptian carpenter’s tools Lewis, Architectura, p 53 Egyptian maul & adze carpenter on a scaffold, using an adze Rose-Marie & Rainer Hagen, Egypt: People, Gods, Paroahs (Taschen, Koln & London 1999), p 82, 83 Egypt: model carpenter's shop, including a carpenter cutting a tenon joint in a plank Egyptian Museum, Cairo, JE 46722 Miles Lewis detail of the Egyptian carpenter’s shop. Lewis, Architectura, p 132 fresco of an Egyptian carpenter using a saw Hagen, Egypt, p 72 mortice and
    [Show full text]
  • Working Today for Nature Tomorrow
    Report Number 574 Revision of the Index of Ecological Continuity as used for saproxylic beetles English Nature Research Reports working today for nature tomorrow English Nature Research Reports Number 574 Revision of the Index of Ecological Continuity as used for saproxylic beetles Keith N A Alexander 59 Sweetbrier Lane Heavitree Exeter EX1 3AQ You may reproduce as many additional copies of this report as you like, provided such copies stipulate that copyright remains with English Nature, Northminster House, Peterborough PE1 1UA ISSN 0967-876X © Copyright English Nature 2004 Acknowledgements Thanks are due to Jon Webb for initiating this project and to the many recorders who have made their species lists available over the years. The formation of the Ancient Tree Forum has brought together a wide range of disciplines involved in tree management and conservation, and has led to important cross-fertilisation of ideas which have enhanced the ecological understanding of the relationships between tree and fungal biology, on the one hand, and saproxylic invertebrates, on the other. This has had tremendous benefits in promoting good conservation practices. Summary The saproxylic beetle Index of Ecological Continuity (IEC) was originally developed as a means of producing a simple statistic which could be used in grading a site for its significance to the conservation of saproxylic (wood-decay) beetles based on ecological considerations rather than rarity. The approach has received good recognition by the conservation agencies and several important sites have been designated as a result of this approach to interpreting site species lists as saproxylic assemblages of ecological significance. The Index is based on a listing of the species thought likely to be the remnants of the saproxylic beetle assemblage of Britain’s post-glacial wildwood, and which have survived through a history of wood pasture management systems in certain refugia.
    [Show full text]