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Woodland Heritage Manual - 2008 Section F:Appendices 1. Glossary of Terms 2. Legal and Planning Designations 3. Place-name Exercise Results 4. Interpreting Archaeological Features 5.Tree Species and Girth Size 6.The Importance of Ancient and Veteran Trees in Woodland 7. Guidance on Specific Management of Features 8. Useful Books, Contacts and Websites Section F Appendices 173 Woodland Heritage Manual - 2008 F.1: Glossary of Terms Peter Glaves, Lindy Smith,Alastair Oswald. Accounts: a record of financial transactions for an asset or individual. Ancient Replanted Woodland: ancient woodland sites where the original native tree cover has been felled and replaced by planting, often with conifers and usually in the twentieth century. Ancient Semi-natural Woodland: ancient woodland sites that have retained the native tree and shrub cover that have not been replanted. They may have been managed by coppicing or felling and allowed to regenerate naturally. Ancient Tree: a tree that is very old and in the declining (end) stage of life; normally such trees have a larger girth than other trees of the same species.The term encompasses trees defined by three guiding principles: 1. trees of interest biologically, aesthetically or culturally because of their age, 2. trees in the ancient stage of their life and 3. trees that are old relative to others of the same species. Ancient Woodland: woodland that has been under continuous tree cover from 1600AD, ancient woodland can be primary woodland Ancient Semi-natural or Ancient replanted. Ancient Woodland Indicators: species which because of their characteristics (shade tolerance, slow colonisation and restriction to woodland habitats) tend to be found in old established woodlands.These are most commonly vascular plants (flowering plants and ferns) or Ancient Woodland Vascular Plants (AWVPs). Archaeology: the study of the human past through its material remains (see also archaeological remains). Archaeological Remains: buildings, earthworks, artefacts (including ecofacts such as veteran trees and hedges), subsurface deposits and environmental data. Artificial Woodland: woodland which is not semi-natural, i.e. a planted wood. Aspect: in geography it refers to the direction to which a slope faces. Association: a group of organisms which occur together at the same geographical location. Beech Mast: the prickly fruits of beech trees contain the beech nuts. Bell Pit: a hollow in the ground created by shallow mining by sinking an unsupported vertical shaft into the ground. Besom: a broom made from twigs (i.e. a witches broom). Biodiversity: the variety of life (including species, populations, habitats and genes). Black Rot: the end point of heartwood decay via either red or white rot where black wood mould causes the wood to look black (also called black wood). Bloomeries: a type of furnace once widely used for smelting iron. Bole: main trunk of a pollard. Bolling: the trunk or stem of a tree, may also be used to describe the trunk and cut branches of a pollarded tree. 174 Woodland Heritage Manual - 2008 Boundary: a border that encloses a space; a boundary in surveying is the dividing line between parcels of land; in landscape history boundaries divide between areas of differing land use. Brash: (also called Shreds) small branches trimmed from the side of a tree. Broadleaved Woodland: woodland where the canopy has less than 10% of coniferous trees. Bronze Age: is the age of Stonehenge, round barrows (see tumuli) and the introduction of the first metals (2000 - 750 BC). Bryophyte: mosses and liverworts. Bundle Planting: when several tree seeds are planted in the same hole, and multiple stems arise (a common feature of historic parks and gardens). Canopy: the layer formed by the leaves of trees which form the highest vertical layer in a woodland. Carr: a term for wet woodland (mainly northern England). Charcoal: a carbon containing material obtained by heating wood or other organic matter in the absence of air. Charcoal Hearth: the area used to process wood into charcoal, nowadays normally all that remains is a round shallow depression in the ground or a flat surface and retaining wall cut into a slope. Chase: a private hunting area, which may be forested or open (see also firth). Chronological Sequence: when over time one thing follows another. Climax Community: the stable end point of the process of succession at a site. Clough: term used for a narrow woodland valley in northern England (see Gill). Coke: mineral coal from which most of the gases have been removed by heating. Commons: a piece of land over which people exercised traditional rights, such as grazing their animals, collecting timber etc. Community: in ecology a naturally occurring assemblage of plant and animal species living within a defined area or habitat. Compartment: a subdivision of a woodland, historically an area of land used for forest inventory and/or management. Conifer Woodland: is woodland where the canopy has 10% or less of broadleaved trees. Coopering: making or repairing casks. Coppice Ring: an old coppiced tree where the middle of the coppice stool/stump has died and new shoots grow outwards from the stump forming a ring of shoots. Coppice: technically a tree whose trunk has been cut close to the ground to encourage growth of young poles (shoots or suckers) which can be then harvested.The term is also used to describe a dense stand of scrub. Coppice-with-standards: an area of woodland where most of the trees are coppiced but a few Section F Appendices are allowed to grow into timber trees. Copse: a small woodland, or a coppiced woodland. 175 Woodland Heritage Manual - 2008 Crown: the spreading foliage and branches of a tree. Cruck: a pair of curved timbers used in to support the walls and roofs of houses. Dead Wood: wood which contains no living cells and which does not contribute towards the functioning of a tree, term used to describe both wood which is still attached to a tree and fallen wood. Deer Leap: a gap in the deer park fence which allows deer to enter the park but not leave. Deer Park: a substantial area of land enclosed (see park pale) to provide a constant supply of deer and other wild animals for hunting and food, these areas were also managed for timber and woodland resources. Den: a former swine pasture, clearing or common (in the Kentish Weald). Designed Landscape: any land purposely planned by humans including parks and gardens. Earth-fast: objects (for example boulders) held in the ground and not easily moveable. Earthwork: any artificial feature surviving as humps and bumps visible on the ground surface. Easting: the eastward measured distance or x co-ordinate of a grid reference. Ecology: the study of the interactions of organisms with their environment and with each other. Ecosystem: the complex of a community of organisms and its environment functioning as an ecological unit. Ellenberg Values: scores given to a plant species in terms of five environmental variables (light, moisture, pH, salt, and soil nitrogen) to indicate the conditions under which that species is usually found - for more details see http://internt.nhm.ac.uk/eb/ellenberg.dsml?button=0. Enclosure: the conversion of common land into individual ownership, may involve the construction of barriers such as banks, ditches, walls and hedges. Epicormic Growth: thin, twiggy shoot growth directly from the trunk of a tree, often forming substantial clumps. Exotic: an alien species, in this context, introduced from outside Great Britain. Faggot: bundles of brushwood tied up with twisted bands (called withies) of ash, birch, hazel or willow. Faggots were used as fuel in bread ovens and for strengthening wood banks. Field Layer: a lower layer of vegetation in a woodland, consisting of small non-woody herbaceous plants eg bluebells, daffodils, ferns, the layer lies between the ground layer and scrub / canopy layers. Firth: a private hunting area, see also chase. Flush: either the sprouting of new leaves, or an area where water has washed over the surface or through the soil creating a small area of wetter habitat. Fodder: see leaf fodder. Forest: nowadays a term used to mean a woodland, historically it applied more broadly to any land on which forest laws applied. Forest Laws: medieval laws introduced into England by the Normans and designed to protect wild animals for hunting by the aristocracy. 176 Woodland Heritage Manual - 2008 Frass: dry powdery remains left beneath a small hole in a tree, indicating invertebrate tunnelling activity. Fruiting Body: the reproductive part of a fungus that contains or bears spores, for example a toadstool. Ganister: a type of sandstone with a very high silica content and which was used to make bricks to line blast furnaces. Ghosts: in the context of the manual, the marks left in a landscape by previous occupants and users of the area. Gill / Ghyll: ravine or narrow stream; in the Kentish Weald and other areas, a narrow sinuous steep-sided woodland. Girth: the circumference of a tree. Goit: see Leat. Grid Reference: a standard method for the location of a point on a map.The grid itself is a co- ordinate system on the map, and is numbered so as to provide a unique way to identify any given feature. Ground Layer: the lowest vertical plant layer of a woodland, up to 10 cm above the ground and consisting of mosses, lichens, small flowering plants and seedlings. Habitat: a particular type of local environment, the place an animal or plant lives. Hammer Pond: pond used for providing power to water-powered forges. Handbill: a printed sheet or pamphlet distributed by hand. Hardwood: a term used to describe broad leaved trees (i.e. non conifers), the term does not refer to the actual hardness of the wood.
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