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Archéologie Préventive Et ''Heritage Impact Assessment' Archéologie préventive et ”heritage impact assessment” au Kenya Lucas Bwire To cite this version: Lucas Bwire. Archéologie préventive et ”heritage impact assessment” au Kenya. Archéologie et Préhistoire. 2016. dumas-01514589 HAL Id: dumas-01514589 https://dumas.ccsd.cnrs.fr/dumas-01514589 Submitted on 26 Apr 2017 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. UNIVERSITÉ DE PAU ET DES PAYS DE L'ADOUR UFR LETTRES, LANGUES, SCIENCES HUMAINES ET SPORTS MASTER 1 RECHERCHE CULTURE, ARTS ET SOCIÉTÉS (CAS) SPÉCIALITÉ : ARCHÉOLOGIE PRÉVENTIVE PARCOURS: PREMIÈRE ANNÉE ARCHÉOLOGIE PRÉVENTIVE ET « HERITAGE IMPACT ASSESSMENT » AU KENYA Politique et pratique MÉMOIRE PRÉSENTÉ PAR M. LUCAS LEONARDO WANDERA BWIRE SOUS LA DIRECTION DE M. FRANÇOIS RÉCHIN JUIN 2016 UNIVERSITÉ DE PAU ET DES PAYS DE L'ADOUR UFR LETTRES, LANGUES, SCIENCES HUMAINES ET SPORTS MASTER 1 RECHERCHE CULTURE, ARTS ET SOCIÉTÉS (CAS) SPÉCIALITÉ : ARCHÉOLOGIE PRÉVENTIVE PARCOURS : PREMIÈRE ANNÉE ARCHÉOLOGIE PRÉVENTIVE ET « HERITAGE IMPACT ASSESSMENT » AU KENYA Politique et pratique MÉMOIRE PRÉSENTÉ PAR M.LUCAS LEONARDO WANDERA BWIRE SOUS LA DIRECTION DE M. FRANÇOIS RÉCHIN JUIN 2016 BWIRE Lucas L.Wandera :Archéologie préventive et « Heritage Impact Assessment » au Kenya 3 ARCHÉOLOGIE PRÉVENTIVE ET « HERITAGE IMPACT ASSESSMENT » AU KENYA Politique et pratique BWIRE Lucas L.Wandera :Archéologie préventive et « Heritage Impact Assessment » au Kenya 4 Dédicace À ma mère Florence Ajiambo pour son amour, sa patience, son soutien continu et la valeur de l'éducation qu'elle m'a donné; à mon père Peter BWIRE pour son amour et son soutien continu. À ma femme Griffin Anyango et ma fille Stacy Wandera pour leur patience, amour et soutien, ils m'ont manqué pendant mon séjour en France. À mes frères Patrick, Daniel, Chrispinus et mes sœurs Millicent, Emma, Maureen et Naomi : merci pour votre soutien. BWIRE Lucas L.Wandera :Archéologie préventive et « Heritage Impact Assessment » au Kenya 5 Remerciements Je tiens à remercier Dieu pour la santé, la paix et le courage qu'il m'a donné tout au long de ces travaux. Mes sincères remerciements à mon directeur de recherche Monsieur François Réchin, qui m'a guidé, m'a conseillé, m'a accordé son attention à chaque foi que j'ai lui demandé et m'a donné toute l'aide nécessaire. C'est grâce à son patience et motivation que ce travaux est réalisé. Je tiens également à remercier Monsieur Christian Thibon qui m'a conseillé et m'a gentiment guidé pendant cette étude. Je voudrais aussi remercier tout l'équipe pédagogique, l'équipe de la Bibliothèque Universitaire, les responsables du Master Monsieur Laurent Jalabert et Monsieur Philippe Chareyre, et le Secrétariat Master Cultures, Arts et Sociétés, Madame Mireille LACOUSTILLE, pour leur motivation tout le long de ces travaux. Du Kenya, je tiens particulièrement à remercier Dr.Washington Ndiiri, Dr. Susan Mwangi (Kenyatta University), qui m'ont guidé et soutenu pour cette étude, sans oublier le service de Coopération Attaché à L'Ambassade de France au Kenya, en particulier Mrs. Sarah Ayito Nguema, sans eux cette étude ne pourrait pas être réalisable. Je voudrais aussi remercier Dr. Okelo David, Dr. Mildred Ndeda et Mr. Kennedy Gitu (Kenyatta University), Dr. Gordon Omenya, Mr. David Mbuthia, Dr. Fabian Kigadye, et Dr. Christine Abongo pour leur guide, motivation et soutien. Sans oublier, je voudrais remercier Mrs. Nelly Njuguna pour sa soutien. Je voudrais sincèrement remercier mes ami(e)s Coralie Nazabali, Jean-Baptist Garo, Priscilia Barbuti, Aurelie Tumas, Eric Ndayisaba, Valentine Erwin, Dyhia Ameiri, Temana Sengues, Ambre Tisserand, Léa Soulat, Morgane Ferrere , Floriane Limorte, Kim Sauvaget, Amandine et toutes et tous mes camarades pour leur soutien tout le long de ces travaux. Enfin, je tiens mes remerciements au service de Direction des Relations Internationale, Madame Marielle Plumet et Madame Marielle Peyret pour leur gentillesse et soutien. BWIRE Lucas L.Wandera :Archéologie préventive et « Heritage Impact Assessment » au Kenya 6 INTRODUCTION Les deux dernières décennies sont été une période très importante dans l'histoire de la gestion du patrimoine culturel au Kenya. D'un côté, nous voyons la création des institutions et la mise en place des dispositions relative à la gestion du patrimoine culturel. D'un autre côté, cette période est marquée par de considérables transformations. Le pays a en effet vécu des grands projets de travaux d'aménagement. Parmi eux il faut mentionner avant tout la construction des autoroutes telles que Thika Road Super-Highway, le projet de Lamu Port-South Sudan-Ethiopia Transport (LAPSSET), l’establishment de grandes usines d'hydroélectricité tel que Sondu-Miriu et Olkaria et la construction de la chemin de fer. Aussi importante est la découverte du pétrole à Turkana qui a attiré des investissement dans cette région. En plus, la promulgation de la constitution en 2010 a été une grande transformation. Cette dernière a mise en place un nouveau système de gouvernement impliquant principalement en particulier une importante décentralisation du pouvoir ; partagé entre le gouvernement au niveau national et régional, les comtés. Tous ces développements sont en lien avec le plan dit 'The Kenya Vision 2030', un plan du développement qui vise à l’industrialisation du Kenya à l'horizon 2030. Ce dernier, précédé par un plan dit 'Economic Recovery Strategy (ERS) de 2003 et les Objectifs du développement du millénaire (Millenium Development Goals, MDG)1. Au regard de ces développements, il est possible de se demander quelle est la place du patrimoine culturel ? Comment balancer entre développement et la protection et gestion du patrimoine culturelle, plus particulièrement, le patrimoine archéologique au Kenya. Cette étude sera consacrée à l'analyse des politiques et pratiques de l'étude d'impact patrimonial (Heritage Impact Assessment) au Kenya, selon une démarche comparative par rapport à l'archéologie préventive en France. Le contexte de cette réflexion s'inscrit dans le cadre d'une région de l'Afrique de l'Est qui est considéré comme très important dans l'histoire de l'humanité. Selon Jean-Paul Demoule «L’apparition même de l’humanité, avec les Austrapithéques, a été attribuée à un dessèchement climatique consécutif à l’élévation géologique de l’Afrique orientale (...)»2. D'après Mounir Bouchenaki, « le patrimoine culturel immobilier africain est particulièrement digne d'intérêt. Elle contribue à la 1 Kenya Vision 2030: http://www.researchictafrica.net/countries/kenya/Kenya_Vision_2030_-_2007.pdf 2 Demoule, J-P, et.al. éd.2009, 228. BWIRE Lucas L.Wandera :Archéologie préventive et « Heritage Impact Assessment » au Kenya 7 compréhension des cultures du monde (...) »3. Cependant, face à la mondialisation et aux mécanismes qui l'accompagnent , en particulier le développement des zones urbaines et des infrastructures, ce patrimoine est en danger. Pourtant, ils jouent souvent un rôle décisif dans la qualité de vie des communautés qui les utilisent ou qui vivent près d'eux4. En effet nous avons beaucoup des sites archéologiques au Kenya qui sont très significatif dans les processus de la restitution de l’histoire de l’humanité, par exemple, Koobi Fora et Wadh Lang'o. Aussi nombreux sont des mobilières et fossiles découverte par les archéologues par exemple les mobilières de la tradition d’acheuléen tel que les bifaces similaire aux ceux découvert en France sont prédominants au site de Kariandusi près de Nakuru. Avec ce riche patrimoine archéologique il y a un véritable raison à penser sur leurs protections pour avancer la connaissance archéologique et assurer le mieux compréhension des évolutions socio-culturels, politiques, économiques, technologiques et biologiques de l'homme. Selon Namunaba I.B., et W. Oloo, le Kenya est l’un des pays possédant un rapport archéologique presque complet avec la datation d’approximativement dés années 2,4 millions 5. Selon Arazi, N., la dernière décennie a été une période importante pour la gestion du patrimoine culturel ( Cultural Heritage Management,CHM ) en Afrique. Cela a entraîné des sommes considérables en partie par l'intégration de la culture et développement. Par la suite on voir la reconnaissance de l'intégration des politiques culturelles dans les processus de développement. Les institutions régional de la gestion du patrimoine culturel ont ouvert, et les agences internationales impliquées dans la coopération culturelle ont contribué à la restauration et la réhabilitation des villes historiques et monuments. Arazi constat que les sites archéologiques sont souvent exclues des programmes de coopération culturelle, sauf des sites inscrits sur la Liste du patrimoine mondial 6. Avec les progresses remarquables dans les politiques et les pratiques de la gestion du patrimoine au Kenya, la place du patrimoine culturel est devient très central parmi les trois piliers de la Vision 2030. En sein de la balance entre développement d'aménagement et la protection du patrimoine culturel, la place du patrimoine culturel est clair dans les lois : Physical Planning
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