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The Shells of Félix Candela

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The Shells of Félix Candela The Shells of Félix Candela Juan Ignacio del Cueto Ruiz-Funes * rchitect Félix Candela became in France, Franz Dischinger in Germany The intellectual loss that Spain suf - internationally renowned for his and Eduardo Torroja in Spain. In 1936 fered after its civil war was sharply felt in Asurprising, innovative reinforced he won a scholarship to study this spe - the field of architecture. Under the concrete shells —known in Spanish as cialization in Germany, but at the out - Falangists, the postulates of rationalist cascarones — built in Mexico in the 1950s break of the Spanish Civil War (1936- architecture that the Republican govern - and 1960s. He lived his life, marked by 1939), he gave up those plans to vo lunteer ment had begun to officially accept were the Spanish Civil War and exile, in for the army to defend the legally elected banned. About 50 Spanish architects, Spain, Mexico and the United States. Republican government from Francisco among them those who subscribed to Born in Madrid, January 27, 1910, in Franco’s fascist army. the most advanced, progressive ideas, his youth he was an outstanding student Candela served as captain of engi - went into exile. Twenty-five ended up in and athlete, a member of his country’s neers on different fronts. In February Mexico, many with long professional and political careers behind them, like Ber - o t e nardo Giner de los Ríos, Francisco Azorín, u C l e d Tomás Bilbao, Roberto Fernández Bal - o i c a n buena, José Luis M. Benlliure and Jesús g I n a u J Martí. The younger exiles, like Juan de y b s o t Madariaga, Arturo Sáenz de la Calzada, o h P Enrique Segarra, José Caridad, Juan Ri - vaud, Francisco Detrell, Esteban Marco, Oscar Coll, Ovidio Botella and Eduardo Robles Piquer, would develop most of their work in their new homeland. Félix Candela, among the youngest of The Bacardí bottling plant, Naucalpan, 1959. these, arrived in Veracruz June 13, 1939, national downhill ski and rugby teams. 1939, when the Falangist victory was aboard the Sinaia in one of the first of He graduated from the Madrid Higher practically complete, he led his battalion many expeditions prepared by aid organi - School of Architecture in 1935 amidst across the Pyrenees into exile. After zations for the Spanish Republic that the vibrant cultural upsurge Spain exper - sev eral months of detention in Saint facilitated the transport of thousands of ienced during the Second Spanish Re - Cyprien, one of the concentration camps refugees to Mexico. When these archi - pub lic, from 1931 to 1939. the French government had prepared tects arrived in the early 1940s, Mexico From his youth, Candela was attract - for the thousands of Spanish refugees, was experiencing an economic boom, ed by the reinforced concrete shells he received the surprising news that a which propelled the construction indus - being built in the first decades of the country he was totally unfamiliar with, try, thus favoring their integration into twentieth century by Eugène Freyssinet Mex ico, would admit him thanks to the milieu. President Lázaro Cárdenas’ administra - The first steps in Candela’s profes - tion policy to grant a great number of sional career in Mexico were difficult. A * Researcher in the UNAM Archi tecture De - partment. Republicans exile. month after he arrived he was appointed 36 Science, Art and Culture head of construction for the Colonia and builder, Félix Candela put up the case of the University City’s Cosmic Agrícola Santa Clara, in the northern first shells that would make him world Rays Pavilion (built in 1951 in collabora - state of Chihuahua, an attempt by renowned: ruled surfaces (built using tion with Jorge González Reyna), the first Republican officials to found a model straight segments) with double curva - to bring him prestige nationwide. After colony of agricultural production to be ture which, given their hyperbolic that, many architects approached Cu - populated by Spanish exiles. The experi - paraboloid geometric —or hypar— biertas Ala to include different kinds of ment failed a year later and Candela form, exclusively transmit compression shells in their projects. Thus, most of went to Acapulco, where he built part of stress, making it possible to create con - Candela’s work was done in conjunction the Papagayo Hotel, owned by Emilio tinuous surfaces of minimal thickness, with his Mexican colleagues as an advi - Azcárraga Vidaurreta. In 1941, Candela in the form of a shell. sor on their projects and proposals for became a Mexican citizen and was given The covering most often requested coverings; they usually presented a gen - his first stable job in the Vías y Obras from Cubiertas Ala by businessmen and eral sketch that Candela then defined construction company, headed up by his architects was the “umbrella,” which geometrically, systematized and turned countryman Jesús Martí. consisted of four hypar segments held up into blueprints ready for building. All this In late 1946, he left Vías y Obras and by a central support that looked like an won him the name of “the magician of went into partnership with his brother open umbrella. Quick to make —the the shells.” His collaboration was funda - Antonio, a technical architect, to put up same center framework was used to make mental for the execution of these pro - some buildings in Mexico City, among them the Cathedral Hotel on Donceles Street. Fortune smiled on them in those years, and they also won the first prize in the lottery, but they lost the money ven - turing into the movie business with the Películas Paricutín production company, where they made two movies (Candela himself called them “two real bombs”): La venenosa (Poisonous Woman) and La virgen desnuda (The Naked Virgin). Candela never lost interest in shells, and he devoured all the information he Los Manantiales Restaurant, Xochimilco, 1958. could get about them. In 1949 was able several pieces— and effective, several jects. His firm’s client list reads like a to put his dreams into practice when he “umbrellas” could be used to very eco - “who’s who” of contemporary Mexican built his first experimental shell. En - nom ically put up buildings that required architecture, including names like Mario couraged by its success and convinced large covered surfaces, like factories, ware - Pani, Juan Sordo Madaleno, Enrique that a myriad of possibilities were open - houses and markets. Many gasoline sta - Yáñez, Pedro Ramírez Vázquez, Enrique ing up in this field, together with his tions throughout Mexico have this kind of de la Mora, Federico Mariscal, Alejandro brother Antonio, his sister Julia and roof. But the shells that made Can de la’s Prieto, Max Cetto and Vladimir Kaspé. Mex ican architects Fernando and Raúl international reputation were those His reputation spread abroad and he car - Fernández, he opened up the first Cu - whose twisted forms were very complex, ried out projects and construction in the biertas Ala construction company to with spectacular, soft, sinuous forms. United States, Cuba, Puerto Rico, Co - introduce concrete shells into industrial Most of his coverings were 4 cm lombia, Venezuela, Honduras, Guate ma - architecture. Acting as architect, engi - thick, although on special occasions he la, Spain, Great Britain, Norway, Kuwait neer, consultant, calculator, contractor made them as thin as 1.5 cm. This is the and Saudi Arabia. 37 VOICES of MEXICO • 50 One of Candela’s emblematic works, tect Mies van der Rohe ever built in and the only one considered completely Mex ico: the corporate headquarters of his, is the Church of the Virgin of the the “bat brand” (so named for its label), Miraculous Medallion, built in Mexico Bacardí. City in 1953. This building, with a tradi - Over the 26 years Cubiertas Ala tional, three-nave church foundation, is served the public, from 1950 to 1976, its covered with a daring combination of twist - portfolio grew to impressive proportions: ed surfaces that create a fantastic interior the firm designed almost 1,500 projects, space reminiscent of the spaciousness of more than half of which were actually the gothic and the work of Gaudí. built. The key to building the shells was Outstanding among the constructions the complicated construction of the wood - that he did in collaboration with other en frame for the arch, made of straight architects are the customs warehouses pieces of wood that made a double- that he built in 1953 with Carlos Re ca - curved ruled surface that gave it its form. mier; several Mexico City markets, done Church of the Virgin of the Miraculous Above the frame, the concrete was poured Medallion, Mexico City, 1953. from 1955 to 1958 together with Pedro into a fine rigging of rods, and after it set Ramírez Vázquez and Rafael Mi jares; At the Barcardí plant in Naucalpan, and the frame was removed, the shell the Los Manantiales Restaurant, built in built in 1959, Candela used different took on its final form. Many low-paid, Xochimilco in 1958, with Joa quín Alva - solutions to cover several buildings. skilled construction workers were need - rez Ordóñez; and the Palmira Chapel, Outstanding among them are the “umbrel - ed for this. A government de creed wage built in Cuernavaca in 1959 with Gui ller - las” that he put up over the open-air cask hike in 1964 made labor more expensive, mo Rosell and Manuel Larrosa. storage area and, especially, the bottling at the same time that the price of con - Candela’s collaboration with archi - plant where he put up the largest shells struction materials rose, rendering shells tects Enrique de la Mora and Fernando of his career: six parabolic vaults, each unprofitable. At that point, Cu biertas Ala López Carmona, beginning in 1955 with clearing 30 meters on each side, cover ing went into decline.
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