DOCSLIB.ORG

Prioritize the Use of Kashmar Plain Agricultural Lands by Using Multi

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Prioritize the Use of Kashmar Plain Agricultural Lands by Using Multi G!ren OnGen COeneG,7.00.6.0..3.0102 nene entG FGPeen COenentGB eerG r GerGU yG detneeneG 7th ASAE Conference, Hanoi Year: 2011 Prioritize the use of Kashmar plain agricultural lands by Gusing multi criteria programming (VIKOR) Somayeh Shirzadi Laskookalayeh1 , Mahmood Sabouhi Sabuni*2 Abstract The drought Phenomena and its consequences reduce the level of groundwater, lack proper nutrition, dry surface water resources and more harvest of the groundwater resources substantially the sum of these cases is Cause transfer the salty waters to ground water table and will limit capacity required harvest from aquifer and quality of the water. The VIKOR method was applied to determine the best feasible solution according to the selected criteria including the region rainfall situation during different years, soil permeability, land slope and water quality indicators, including SAR, RSC, salinity for determine of groundwater resources quality and land- use restrictions in Kashmar plain in east-north of Iran. The results of sampling in the Kashmar Plains showed that water quality decreased in move path from north to south the groundwater table of Kashmar plains. The use of groundwater resource excessively, downfall of the groundwater level and followed to salinity increased, has been caused to decrease of agriculture water quality and the land- use restriction. Furthermore, the results of the model in years 2008 and 2010 showed that to continue the current form indiscriminate harvesting of groundwater resource due to is the advancing front of salinity to upstream regions with low salinity. Therefore, it is necessary for sustainable management of groundwater resources, control the indiscriminate harvesting and minimizing damage to the groundwater table of the county, experts perform limits the use of agricultural land with the modified cultivated model, the use of deficit irrigation methods. Keyword: Agricultural land use, Ground water table protection, Quality, VIKOR 1 . PhD Student of Agricultural Economics Department of University of Zabol Iran. Email: [email protected] 2 . Associate Professor of Agricultural Economics Department of University of Zabol Iran. Email: [email protected] G!ren OnGen COeneG,7.00.6.0..3.0102 nene entG FGPeen COenentGB eerG r GerGU yG detneeneG Introduction The 90 percent of agricultural water use is devoted to the world (Rahman et al, 2004). This figure is in Iran's 93 to 94 percent (http://ict.moe.org.ir, 2004). Due to climatic conditions, rainfall distribution, the slope of the land, location and position of Iran in the row of arid countries, water shortages are enumerated, one of the developing limiting factors in Iran. Severe restrictions and declining of water quality in one hand, population increase, urban development, agriculture, industry and increased demand for water on the other hand, these are challenges that If the inattention to its development in the country is facing with serious bottlenecks and obstacles in the near future. Hence to prevent the critical situation of water and the consequences reduce the overuse of groundwater resources in these areas, more attention to these issues seems necessary. The Kashmar county areas with a shortage of water resources are a problem region in Iran and gradually are increasing the amount of problems. This county has located in southwestern of Khorasan Razavi province and the eastern periphery of Kavir plain. Amount of rainfalls is 680 Mm3 in year That about 483 Mm3 (71%) is evaporated directly and about 156 Mm3 (23%) as surface runoff and 41 Mm3 (6%) to infiltrate the groundwater aquifers. A large variety of agricultural products is high in this county and are cultivated various products of subtropical regions and moderate (Kashmar Agricultural Jihad (KAJ, 2010). The groundwater is included dominant source of water in agriculture and the amount of water discharged is higher than the charged rate, so that the average decline in groundwater levels in the county of Kashmar is reported in more than one meter in each year (KAJ, 2010). The effective factors of ground water table charged is included the infiltration of rainfall in the basin, the surface flows of input from adjacent basins, the entrance amount of ground water, transfer water from other basins, Infiltration of flood, the return water from farms and urban and industrial wastewater that their value depends on different regions conditions of the Kashmar plains (Kashmar regional water office, 2010). In this study, about 700 hectares of agricultural land was considered plain Kashmar subsection 8 of deep wells was divided. This subsection is to change the quality of underground water resources for irrigation of lands to be harvested. For this purpose, Eight wells in the north to south along the plains were selected each of the G!ren OnGen COeneG,7.00.6.0..3.0102 nene entG FGPeen COenentGB eerG r GerGU yG detneeneG wells, land located in the north west, west, south west and south of the irrigated plains are Kashmar. These wells according to area under irrigation in the north-south direction of plains is including Kalate Khan, Haji Abad, Argha, Shoorab Noghab, Ali Abad Barkal, Gharbe Shoorab, Shargh Sad Al-din, Jafar Abad, respectively. According to source of groundwater table witch has emanated from mountains of north west of the county of Kashmar, the well is located in the Kalate Khan subdivision is well closest to the watershed that was selected as the sample source. The other wells distance to the watershed has measured to obtain water quality standards and salinity. And with sampling of water wells in this path (north to south) was investigated. The water quality, water quantity, discharge, physical and chemical changes in water, and water quality impacts on surrounding agricultural land (irrigated with water). Weather of Kashmar plain, rainfall, permeability, soil characteristics, slope and excess harvesting from the groundwater resources due to the population increasing has affected environmental quality of using natural resource and consequently, it has effected on region people life, efficiency and sustainability of water resources and agriculture. Therefore, protect of groundwater resources with application of agricultural land use restrictions is appropriate strategies that should be considered further. Accordingly, it is necessary to will be planned land use restrictions strategies ranking for various Subdivision of Kashmar watershed that emanate from the northern mountains with varying degrees of potential effects on environmental quality of groundwater sources (wells) and agricultural land. Since the investigation of destruction and potential harm to groundwater resources due to excess using of agriculture land to measure and is expressed on based of several criteria, The multi-criteria analysis method was used as technical for loss quality problem and damage to groundwater resources. The VIKOR method was used in this study, this method expand Multi-criteria optimization of complex systems to find alternative compromised ranking according to criteria selection (Opricov and Tzeng, 2003, 2004). In recent years, Multi-criteria optimization is widely used in environmental resource management (Bryan and Crossman, 2008 & Chung and Lee, 2009). In used field of multi-criteria decision methods used making (MCDM) via Vikor method have not been done many studies in agriculture. But some studies which have used the VIKOR method G!ren OnGen COeneG,7.00.6.0..3.0102 nene entG FGPeen COenentGB eerG r GerGU yG detneeneG in other research areas are included: Krystbal (2011) studied the selection of renewable energy projects in Spain using VIKOR method. In this study, was used via Analysis Hierarchical Process (AHP) for determination of weights and degree of different criteria importance. The results showed that plant biomass, according to the considered options in the model, are the best choice. Liu et al (2010), used the VIKOR modified multi- criteria decision method to improve the quality of airline passenger services to families in Taiwan and ultimately, it was expressed to improve of different programs for customer satisfaction increase. Koo and Liang (2011) studied the combined VIKOR method and analysis of Gray relationship to assess the quality of service in seven north east Asia international airports. The results showed that the method is effective and applicable to multi-criteria decision making problems and includes the unique quality traits in the fuzzy environment. Kaya and Ghahraman (2010) proposed the planning for multi-criteria renewable energy via hierarchical combined method and fuzzy VIKOR in Istanbul for the best selection and location of energy policy. Results showed that among the considered options by for creation of wind turbines, the wind energy is a renewable and important energy in Katalka in Istanbul. Sanai et al (2010), studied the group decided method to choose their supplier via fuzzy VIKOR method. In this study, the main purpose is determination of problem region ranking to achieve sustainable agriculture. the area of each irrigated agriculture region by wells have considered between 50 to 100 acres and crops products is including wheat, barley, melons, grapes, pomegranates, saffron. Groundwater samples obtained from the wells is only water supplier resource for these products. Data for the study were collected from Agricultural Jihad and regional water office of Kashmar county during the years 2008 and 2010 and Kashmar meteorological office during the years 2008 to 2010. Material and Method Multi Criteria analysis via the VIKOR method For priority determine of the agriculture problem areas there are several criteria which are conflict together, so it is preferred the determinant of one compromise solution than an optimal solution. the Vikor method is a tool applicable to multi-criteria analysis, can used by selecting and ranking from a set of alternatives the conflicting criteria in G!ren OnGen COeneG,7.00.6.0..3.0102 nene entG FGPeen COenentGB eerG r GerGU yG detneeneG recognition solution adaptive weights and criteria (Opricovic,1998., Opricovic and Tzeng, 2004., Tzeng et al, 2005., Tong et al, 2007).
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Geochronology, Geochemistry, Alteration and Mineralization of Intrusive Rocks from the Roshtkhar Fe-Cu-Au Deposit, Northeastern
    Geochronology, Geochemistry, Alteration and Mineralization of Intrusive Rocks from the Roshtkhar Fe-Cu-Au Deposit, northeastern Iran: evidence for a Cenozoic tectono-magmatic event and associated IOCG systems in the Khaf-Kashmar-Bardaskan belt E.Alizadeh a, Gh.Ghadami a, D.Esmaeily b , Changqian Ma c, David R. Lentz d a Department of Geology, College of Science, University of Hormozgan, Bandar Abbas, Iran [email protected] b Department of Geology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran, [email protected] c Faculty of Earth Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China, [email protected] d New Brunswick Geological Surveys Branch, P.O. Box 50, Bathurst, N.B. E2A 321, Canada, [email protected] Corresponding author (e-mail: [email protected]) Abstract: The Roshtkhar Fe-Cu±Au (IOCG) prospecting area is located in the northeastern part of Lut Block, and 12 km north of Shahrak village and about 75 km northwest Sangan iron mine. This area belongs to the Khaf-Kashmar-Bardaskan volcano-plutonic belt (KKB-VPMB) of northeastern Iran along the E-W trending regional Dorouneh Fault. The mineralization is related to intrusive rocks with an area of approximately 65 km2 that intruded into Early Eocene volcanic rocks (andesite, andesite-basalt, trachy- andesite, and pyroclastic rocks), and is also cut by diabase dikes. Petrographic studies indicate that intrusive rocks consists mainly of syenite to monzonite with minor amount of syenite porphyry, monzonite porphyry, and diorite porphyry with granular and porphyritic texture, respectively. U-Pb dating of zircons from a syenite using laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) yields an ages of ca.
    [Show full text]
  • Analytical Report on the Status of the Target Villages, Nov 2014.Pdf
    Analytical Report on the Status of the target Villages November 30th, 2014 Introduction Saffron value chain development program has been implemented since the end of year 2013 with the aim of promoting production and obtaining the maximum value added of saffron by the beneficiaries of this industry in various sectors of agriculture, processing and export of saffron with the cooperation of Agriculture Bank of Iran through United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO). In the agricultural and production sector, according to studies carried out, there is no optimum performance and efficiency in comparison with the international standards and norms; in addition the beneficiaries of this sector do not obtain appropriate value from activities made in this sector. To this end, in one of the executive parts of this program, under improving the efficiency of saffron production, 20 villages in two provinces of southern and Razavi Khorasan were selected. The Characteristics of these villages, being as the center as well as being well known regarding the production of saffron, were the reasons of choosing these areas. Also, in all these villages, local experts and consultants, who have been trained by the executive project team and have been employed under this program will make technical advices to the farmers and hold different training courses for them. The following report is part of the data collected and analyzed by these consultants in 16 selected villages up to the reporting date. These reports, training courses, and technical advices, are an attempt to improve the manufacturing process, and increase production efficiency and product quality in the production of saffron.
    [Show full text]
  • Arachnida: Araneae)
    Iranian Journal of Animal Biosystematics (IJAB) Vol. 1, No. 1, 59-66, 2005 ISSN: 1735-434X Faunistic study of spiders in Khorasan Province, Iran (Arachnida: Araneae) OMID MIRSHAMSI KAKHKI* Zoology Museum, Faculty of Sciences, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, IRAN The spiders of Iran are still very incompletely known. As a result of the study of spider fauna in different localities of Khorasan Province and other studies which have been done by other workers a total of 26 families, 63 genera and 95 species are recorded from these areas. Distribution in Khorasan Province and in the world, field and some taxonomic notes are given for each species. Available biological or ecological data are provided. Key Words: Araneae, spider fauna, Khorasan, Iran INTRODUCTION The order Araneae ranks seventh in global diversity after the five insect orders (Coleoptera, Hymenoptera, Lepidoptera, Diptera, and Hemiptera) and Acarina among the Arachnids in terms of species described (Coddington and Levi, 1991). Because spiders are not studied thoroughly estimation of total diversity is very difficult. On the basis of records, the faunas of Western Europe, especially England, and Japan are completely known, and areas such as South America, Africa, the pacific region and the Middle East are very poorly known (Coddington and Levi, 1991). Platnick in his World Spider Catalog (2005) has estimated that there are about 38000 species worldwide, arranged in 110 families. Despite this diversity among spiders, limited studies could be found in literature on spider fauna of Iran. Indeed, taxonomic and faunistic studies on spiders of Iran have begun during the last 10 years. Before that our knowledge of Iranian spiders was limited to the studies of some foreign authors such as Roewer (1955); Levi (1959); Kraus & Kraus (1989); Brignoli (1970, 72, 80, 81); Senglet (1974); Wunderlich (1995); Levy & Amitai (1982); Logunov (1999,2001,2004); Logunov et al (1999, 2002); Saaristo et al(1996) .
    [Show full text]
  • Future Climate Projection and Zoning of Extreme Temperature Indices
    Future Climate Projection and Zoning of Extreme Temperature Indices Mohammad Askari Zadeh Climatological Research Institute Gholamali Mozaffari ( [email protected] ) Yazd University Mansoureh Kouhi Climatological Research Institute Younes Khosravi University of Zanjan Research Article Keywords: Climate change, global warming, extreme index, trend, Razavi Khorasan. Posted Date: July 23rd, 2021 DOI: https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-688612/v1 License: This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Read Full License Page 1/25 Abstract Global warming due to increasing carbon dioxide emissions over the past two centuries has had numerous climatic consequences. The change in the behavior and characteristics of extreme weather events such as temperature and precipitation is one of the consequences that have been of interest to researchers worldwide. In this study, the trend of 3 extreme indices of temperature: SU35, TR20, and DTR over two future periods have been studied using downscaled output of 3 GCMs in Razavi Khorasan province, Iran. The results show that the range of temperature diurnal variation (DTR) at three stations of Mashhad, Torbat-e-Heydarieh and Sabzevar during the base period has been reduced signicantly. The trend of the number of summer days with temperatures above 35°C (SU35) in both Mashhad and Sabzevar stations was positive and no signicant trend was found at Torbat-e-Heydarieh station. The number of tropical nights index (TR20) also showed a positive and signicant increase in the three stations under study. The results showed highly signicant changes in temperature extremes. The percentage of changes in SU35 index related to base period (1961–2014) for all three models (CNCM3, HadCM3 and NCCCSM) under A1B and A2 scenarios indicated a signicant increase for the future periods of 2011–2030 and 2046–2065.
    [Show full text]
  • See the Document
    IN THE NAME OF GOD IRAN NAMA RAILWAY TOURISM GUIDE OF IRAN List of Content Preamble ....................................................................... 6 History ............................................................................. 7 Tehran Station ................................................................ 8 Tehran - Mashhad Route .............................................. 12 IRAN NRAILWAYAMA TOURISM GUIDE OF IRAN Tehran - Jolfa Route ..................................................... 32 Collection and Edition: Public Relations (RAI) Tourism Content Collection: Abdollah Abbaszadeh Design and Graphics: Reza Hozzar Moghaddam Photos: Siamak Iman Pour, Benyamin Tehran - Bandarabbas Route 48 Khodadadi, Hatef Homaei, Saeed Mahmoodi Aznaveh, javad Najaf ...................................... Alizadeh, Caspian Makak, Ocean Zakarian, Davood Vakilzadeh, Arash Simaei, Abbas Jafari, Mohammadreza Baharnaz, Homayoun Amir yeganeh, Kianush Jafari Producer: Public Relations (RAI) Tehran - Goragn Route 64 Translation: Seyed Ebrahim Fazli Zenooz - ................................................ International Affairs Bureau (RAI) Address: Public Relations, Central Building of Railways, Africa Blvd., Argentina Sq., Tehran- Iran. www.rai.ir Tehran - Shiraz Route................................................... 80 First Edition January 2016 All rights reserved. Tehran - Khorramshahr Route .................................... 96 Tehran - Kerman Route .............................................114 Islamic Republic of Iran The Railways
    [Show full text]
  • The Geotourism Potential Investigation in Khorasan Razavi with the Emphasis on Kashmar Township (Northeast of Iran)
    The 1 st International Applied Geological Congress, Department of Geology, Islamic Azad University - Mashad Branch, Iran, 26-28 April 2010 The geotourism potential investigation in Khorasan Razavi with the emphasis on Kashmar Township (Northeast of iran) Morteza Taherpour Khalil Abad *1, Ibrahim Fazelvalipour2, Habib Allah Torshizian3, Mohsen Allameh4, Mitra Taherpour Khalil Abad5 1: Islamic Azad University, Mashhad branch, Faculty of Science, Department of GeologyYoung researchers Club ([email protected]) 2,3,4: Islamic Azad University, Mashhad branch, Faculty of Science, Department of Geology. 5: Islamic Azad University, Mashhad branch, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology. Abstract The remains of natural and human activities in some parts of the earth register as geopark. Actually, geopark is one or more geological phenomenon which is important from ecological, historical, cultural and archeological view. The aim of geotourism description in an area and creating a geopark is trying to keep the earth's inheritance and locality the economic of the area. Iran with an old history, diversity of the environment and a lot of geological phenomenon has a great potential in creating geoparks. From this point of view, we can divide it into 5 geotourism area which are North, South, East, West and Central of Iran. One of the deposed area is Kashmar which is located in Kharasan Razavi province in northeast of Iran. This area because of the nearness into the desert is hot and dry. The main rocks of the area are volcanic rocks and from stratigraphical view, there are Paleozoic (Cambrian – Ordovician – Silurian – Devonian), Mesozoic (Triassic – Jurassic – Lower Cretaceous) and Cenozoic (Middle Eocene – Upper Miocene) units.
    [Show full text]
  • A Case of Razavi Khorasan, Iran)
    American Journal of Engineering Research (AJER) 2014 American Journal of Engineering Research (AJER) E-ISSN: 2320-0847 p-ISSN: 2320-0936 Volume-03, Issue-11, pp-12-17 www.ajer.org Research Paper Assessment of Regional Development Using Taxonomy Model (A Case of Razavi Khorasan, Iran) Hadi Ivani1*, Maryam Sofi2* 1 Faculty of Art and Architecture, Payame Noor University, Iran (Corresponding author) 2* MSc student of Geography & Urban Planning, Payam Noor University, Iran ABSTRACT : Today, for balanced growth in all regions of the country, economists believe that the idea of dynamic growth pole was unsuccessful because not only did it fail in decreasing regional inequalities in the country, but it also caused existing inequality-ties to intensify. In order to, the aim of current research is assessment of regional development using taxonomy model in the Razavi Khorasan province of Iran. Applied methodology is based on descriptive- analytical methods. we have used of numerical taxonomy as an most common approaches to categorize of development level in the Khorasan Razavi cities. Results show that Torbat- E- Jam (0.5) city has the highest level of development in case study region, while Fariman (0.15) has the lowest level. Finally, in the end of this presented some solve ways. KEY WORDS: Urban Development, Regional Development, Razavi Khorasan, Taxonomy I. INTRODUCTION Regional development is a broad term but can be seen as a general effort to reduce regional disparities by supporting (employment and wealth-generating) economic activities in regions. In the past, regional development policy tended to try to achieve these objectives by means of large-scale infrastructure development and by attracting inward investment.
    [Show full text]
  • Revista De La Universidad Del Zulia
    DEPÓSITO LEGAL ppi 201502ZU4666 Esta publicación científica en formato digital es continuidad de la revista impresa ISSN 0041-8811 DEPÓSITO LEGAL pp 76-654 Revista de la Universidad del Zulia Fundada en 1947 por el Dr. Jesús Enrique Lossada Ciencias del Agro Ingeniería y Tecnología Año 11 N° 29 Enero - Abril 2020 Tercera Época Maracaibo-Venezuela REVISTA DE LA UNIVERSIDAD DEL ZULIA. 3ª época. Año 11 N° 29, 2020 Sayed Abdalreza Mostafavi/// Detection of raveling layers of water … 217-238 Detection of raveling layers of water well by electrical resistivity method and evaluation of the causes of sand making of deep well and it’s confronting approach Sayed Abdalreza Mostafavi * ABSTRACT The collapse and destruction of the wall of drilled wells is one of the challenges of drilling water wells, leading to a shortening and reduction of well irrigation over time. This research has been carried out in an area where most of the drilled wells have faced the problem of sand generation in various dimensions. Many drill holes in Bardaskan City, Khorasan Province, their layers at depths of more than 90 meters, face the challenge of drilling, due to the presence of loam and silty sand, which first requires the drilling of wells at low distances and, secondly, the average life of the wells in these areas is generally less than 8 years and in most cases between 6 and 8 years of age. Furthermore, the problem of cutting or collapsing the tube, especially in the highest part of the first network, is also indirectly correlated with the generation of sand in the wells.
    [Show full text]
  • Evaluation of Land Subsidence in Kashmar-Bardaskan Plain, NE Iran
    Iranian Journal of Earth Sciences IJES Vol. 12, No. 4, 2020, 280-291. Evaluation of land subsidence in Kashmar-Bardaskan plain, NE Iran 1 1 1 Hamid Saeidi , Gholamreza Lashkaripour* , Mohammad Ghafoori 1. Department of Geology, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran Received 18 September 2019; accepted 16 May 2020 Abstract The development of agriculture and industry and the increase of population in countries with arid to semi-arid climates have led to more harvesting of groundwater resources and as a result land subsidence in different parts of the worlds. Decades of groundwater overexploitation in the Kashmar-Bardaskan plain in the north-east of Iran has resulted substantial land subsidence in this plain. The plain is considered as an arid to semi-arid zone and facing a negative water balance. The average annual precipitation in the plain is around 191 mm and the evaporation rate is 3956 mm. According to the unit hydrograph of the plain, the annual decline of water level is 1.12 m. In this study, the velocity of subsidence has been determined using Interferometric SAR technique (In-SAR) and radar images of Envisat ASAR and Sentinel-1 for a time period from 2003 to 2017. The results of an InSAR time series analysis indicated that an area of 1200 km2 with different speeds of 5 to 26 cm/year in the satellite line of sight (LOS) is subsiding. The results showed that in addition to the decline of groundwater level, subsurface conditions such as sediments types (fine-grained layers) and their thickness also affect the occurrence and amount of land subsidence.
    [Show full text]
  • Islamic Republic of Iran As Affected Country Party
    United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification Performance Review and Assessment of Implementation System Fifth reporting cycle, 2014-2015 leg Report from Islamic Republic of Iran as affected country Party July 25, 2014 Contents I. Performance indicators A. Operational objective 1: Advocacy, awareness raising and education Indicator CONS-O-1 Indicator CONS-O-3 Indicator CONS-O-4 B. Operational objective 2: Policy framework Indicator CONS-O-5 Indicator CONS-O-7 C. Operational objective 3: Science, technology and knowledge Indicator CONS-O-8 Indicator CONS-O-10 D. Operational objective 4: Capacity-building Indicator CONS-O-13 E. Operational objective 5: Financing and technology transfer Indicator CONS-O-14 Indicator CONS-O-16 Indicator CONS-O-18 II. Financial flows Unified Financial Annex III. Additional information IV. Submission Islamic Republic of Iran 2/225 Performance indicators Operational objective 1: Advocacy, awareness raising and education Number and size of information events organized on the subject of desertification, land degradation CONS-O-1 and drought (DLDD) and/or DLDD synergies with climate change and biodiversity, and audience reached by media addressing DLDD and DLDD synergies Percentage of population informed about DLDD and/or DLDD synergies 30 % 2018 Global target with climate change and biodiversity National contribution Percentage of national population informed about DLDD and/or DLDD 2011 to the global target synergies with climate change and biodiversity 27 2013 2015 2017 2019 % Year Voluntary national Percentage
    [Show full text]
  • Effective Factors in Rural Entrepreneurship Development: a Case Study of Villages in the Central District of Bardaskan City
    Ukrainian Journal of Ecology Ukrainian Journal of Ecology, 2017, 7(4), 330–339, doi: 10.15421/2017_124 ORIGINAL ARTICLE Effective factors in rural entrepreneurship development: A case study of villages in the central district of Bardaskan city Mojtaba Hoseinzadeh, Hamid Ja’fari*, Mohammad Ali Ahmadian Islamic Azad University Mashhad Branch, Mashhad, Iran. E-mail: [email protected], [email protected] (corresponding author), [email protected] Submitted: 04.11.2017. Accepted: 06.12.2017 In the last few decades, entrepreneurship as a strategy in the development and prosperity of human societies has turned into an unmatched alternative through which all factors, resources and facilities of a society are spontaneously mobilized through being placed in an evolutionary process in order to achieve high social ideals so that they become the source of many positive socio-economic consequences. Considering the importance of rural settlements in the national and regional space, the main purpose of the present study is to investigate the factors influencing rural entrepreneurship development at the villages in the central district of Bardaskan city. This research is an applied study in terms of purpose and a descriptive-analytical study in terms of methodology. Data has been collected through questionnaire and field survey. The research statistical population comprised 22 villages with over 100 inhabitants in the central district of Bardaskan, In the present study, which with regard to the limited statistical population (number of villages including above 100 people), sampling was not performed and all the villages of this district were considered as the sample population. The population of these 22 villages in 2016 amounted to 10,331 people in the form of 3,636 households, which by calculating through the modified Cochran formula, 374 households were obtained.
    [Show full text]
  • Some Lichens from Kashmar, NE Iran
    AL SC R IEN 286 TU C A E N F D O N U A N D D A E I T Journal of Applied and Natural Science 1(2): 286-290 (2009) L I JANS O P N P A ANSF 2008 Some lichens from Kashmar, NE Iran Mahroo H. Moniri1 *, Aazam Soltani1 and Saleh Kamyabi1 1Biology Department, Faculty of Science, Islamic Azad University, Mashhad Branch, Mashhad, Iran. * Biology Department, Faculty of Science, Islamic Azad University, Rahnamaie str., Mashhad, Iran * Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected] Abstract : The present paper is based on recent collection of lichens made between 2007-2008 on Kashmar in the central part of the Razavi Khorasan province. A total of 31 taxa of lichens are reported from three localities in the investigated area. Two species are new to Iran, eight species are new to the province. Keywords: Lichenized fungi, Iran, New record INTRODUCTION 2. IRAN: Razavi Khorasan province, Kashmar, Kalate The current lichen diversity of Iran remained poorly albalou, 35°202 552 2 N and 58° 272 152 2 E, 1560 m. studied until recently (Szatala., 1940, 1957). Iran’s first 3. IRAN: Razavi Khorasan province, Kashmar, Kalate checklist has published in 2004 by Seaward et al. which albalou, 35°212 102 2 N and 58°262 402 2 E, 1850 m. includes 396 lichenized fungi. Of course in the revised Due to the inadequacy of the literature available for mentioned checklist, 63 species have been recorded from identification about 40 samples could be identified to Razavi Khorasan province so far (Seaward et al., 2008).
    [Show full text]