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USOO684.9613B2 (12) United States Patent (10) Patent No.: US 6,849,613 B2 Prasad et al. (45) Date of Patent: Feb. 1, 2005

(54) MULTIPLE ANTIOXIDANT 3,446,899 A 5/1969 Louis et al...... 514/474 MICRONUTRENTS 3,584,114. A * 6/1971 Cavalli...... 424/465 3,777,029 A * 12/1973 Magrid ...... 514/356 4,740,373 A * 4/1988 Kesselman et al...... 424/638 (76) Inventors: Kedar N. Prasad, 351 Fairfax St., 5,571.441. A 11/1996 Andon et al...... 252/1 Denver, CO (US) 80220; Gerald M. 5,976,568 A * 11/1999 Riley ...... 424/451 Haase, 5655 S. Grape Ct., Greenwood 5,985,339 A * 11/1999 Kamarei ...... 426/72 Village, CO (US) 80121 6,451,341 B1 * 9/2002 Slaga et al...... 424/468 (*) Notice: Subject to any disclaimer, the term of this * cited by examiner patent is extended or adjusted under 35 U.S.C. 154(b) by 249 days. Primary Examiner Raymond J. Henley, III (74) Attorney, Agent, or Firm-Ostrolenk, Faber, Gerb & (21) Appl. No.: 10/229,271 Soffen, LLP (22) Filed: Aug. 28, 2002 (57) ABSTRACT (65) Prior Publication Data A method for administering an antioxidant composition to humans according to their age and SeX is disclosed wherein US 2003/0147996 A1 Aug. 7, 2003 the method comprises administering to Said humans a daily dose of a multiple antioxidant micronutrient composition Related U.S. Application Data comprising A (palmitate), beta caroteine (from natu (60) Provisional application No. 60/315,523, filed on Aug. 29, ral d. Salina), ( ascorbate), -3 2001. (cholecalciferol), natural Source including both (51) Int. Cl...... A61K 31/70; A61K 31/555; d-alpha tocopheryl and d-alpha tocopheryl acid Succinate, A61K 31/59; A61K 31/525; A61K 31/355 thiamine mononitrate, riboflavin, niacinamide ascorbate, (52) U.S. Cl...... 514/52; 514/188; 514/167; d-calcium panto the nate, pyridoxine hydrochloride, 514/251; 514/458; 514/474; 514/494; 514/574; , folic acid (folacin), d-biotin, 514/725 (1-Seleno methionine), picolinate, glycinate, (58) Field of Search ...... 514/52, 188, 167, calcium citrate, and citrate. For persons over the 514/251, 458, 474, 494,574, 725 age of about 51, the composition preferably further com prises one or more of co-enzyme Qo, N-acetyl cysteine, and (56) References Cited alpha . Preferably, also, vitamin D is added for women over the age of about 36. U.S. PATENT DOCUMENTS 2.939,821. A * 6/1960 Eigen et al...... 514/52 16 Claims, No Drawings US 6,849,613 B2 1 2 MULTIPLE ANTOXIDANT (palmitate), beta-caroteine (from natural d. Salina), MICRONUTRIENTS vitamin C (calcium as corbate), vitamin D-3 (cholecalciferol), natural Source Vitamin E including both We claim the benefit under Title 35, United States Code, d-alpha tocopherol and d-alpha tocopheryl acid Succinate, thiamine mononitrate, riboflavin, niacinamide ascorbate, $120 of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/315,523, filed d-calcium panto the nate, pyridoxine hydrochloride, Aug. 29, 2001, entitled MULTIPLE ANTIOXIDANT cyanocobalamin, folic acid (folacin), d-biotin, Selenium MICRONUTRIENTS FOR OPTIMAL, HEALTH (l-Seleno methionine), chromium picolinate, Zinc glycinate, BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION calcium citrate, and magnesium citrate. For perSons over the age of about 51, the composition In the beginning, the earth's atmosphere had no oxygen. preferably further comprises one or more of co-enzyme Qo, Anaerobic organisms, which can live without oxygen, were N-acetyl cysteine, and alpha lipoic acid. Preferably, also, thriving. About 2.5 billion years ago, blue-green algae in the vitamin D is added for women over the age of about 36. ocean acquired the ability to split water into hydrogen and oxygen and this chemical reaction initiated the release of DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED oxygen into the atmosphere. The increased levels of atmo 15 EMBODIMENTS Spheric oxygen caused extinction of many anaerobic organ Generally healthy patients on an optimal preventive isms owing to oxygen's toxicity. This important biological health formula are routinely categorized by age and Sex, i.e., event also led to the evolution of multicellular organisms, Ages 13 to 17 years, male and female; including humans, who utilize oxygen for Survival. The Ages 18 to 35 years, male and female; content of oxygen in the air gradually increased to the Ages 36 to 50 years, male; current amounts of about 21 percent in dry air and about 34 Ages 36 to 50 years, female; percent in water. The use of oxygen by any organism Ages 51 to 65 years, male; generates free radicals that are toxic. Therefore, during this Ages 51 to 65 years, female, period of atmospheric oxygenation, organisms must have Ages 66 and over, male; and Struggled to Survive the Sudden exposure to oxygen toxicity. 25 Ages 66 and over, female. There must have been enormous rearranging of nucleotides Most commercially available multiple Supplement formu in genes to produce Specific proteins that could protect lations contain , , and/or . It is well organisms against the damage produced by free radicals. known that these Substances actively generate free radicals This process eventually led to the production of three when combined with vitamin C. In addition, these minerals antioxidant enzymes. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) requires are more easily absorbed from the intestinal tract in the manganese, copper, or Zinc for its biological activity. presence of antioxidants, Such as Vitamin C, and thereby Mn-SOD is present in mitochondria, whereas Cu-SOD and increase the body stores of these minerals. Increased iron Zn-SOD are present in the cytoplasm and nucleus of the cell. Stores have been associated with many chronic human All three can destroy free radicals and hydrogen peroxide. conditions, including heart disease, cancer, and neurological Another enzyme, catalase, requires iron for its biological 35 diseases. Therefore, the addition of iron, copper, or manga activity and it destroys H2O in cells. Human tissue also nese to any multiple antioxidant preparation has no Scientific contains glutathione peroxidase which requires Selenium for merit for optimal health or disease prevention. Only in cases its biological activity. It is also responsible for removing where a perSon has iron-deficiency , is a short-term hydrogen peroxide. essential. 40 Many commercially available preparations contain heavy Although iron, copper, and manganese are essential for metals. Such as boron, Vanadium, and . Suffi the activities of antioxidant enzymes, a slight excess of free cient amounts of these metals are obtained from the diet and iron, Cu, or Mn can increase the production of free radicals, the daily consumption of exceSS amounts over a long period and Subsequently enhance the risk of various chronic dis of time can be neurotoxic. eases. In addition, organisms, including mammals, consume 45 Many commercial preparations contain inoSitol, certain antioxidants that are needed for growth and Survival methionine, and in varying amounts, e.g., 30 mg to from plant Sources. These antioxidants include carotenoids, 60 mg. These Small doses Serve no useful purpose for A, C, and E, flavonoids, polyphenols, and herbal improving health because 400 mg to 1000 mg of these antioxidants. nutrients are obtained daily from even the most minimal Currently, the doses of antioxidants for the greatest benefit 50 diet. to human health are not well established. Nevertheless, Para-aminobenzoic acid (PABA) is present in some mul increasing numbers of people are taking Some form of tiple vitamin preparations. PABA has no biologic function in Supplements in the hope that it will optimize their health. mammalian cells and can block the antibacterial effect of Unfortunately, at present, they rely on advice from health Sulfonamides. Therefore, the effectiveness of a Sulfonamide related magazines, books, advertising, radio and television 55 may be reduced in Some patients being treated for a bacterial reports or Vitamin Store Salespeople. In fact, most people . consume these nutrients without any Scientific rationale. Commercially Sold multiple antioxidant preparations Furthermore, the majority of Vitamin/ preparations often contain varying amounts of N-acetyl cysteine or alpha have not given adequate attention to the dose, type, and lipoic acid. These nutrients are utilized because they are chemical form of antioxidants, and appropriate minerals and 60 known to increase glutathione levels in the cells. Reduced other micronutrients. glutathione is a powerful antioxidant and actively protects both normal and cancer cells against radiation damage. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION Many cancer patients take antioxidant Supplements without The present invention is directed to a method for opti the knowledge of their oncologists. Therefore, the consump mizing the health of humans according to their age and SeX 65 tion of antioxidant preparations containing N-acetyl cysteine comprising administering to Said humans a daily dose of a or alpha lipoic acid by these patients undergoing radiation multiple antioxidant micronutrient composition comprising therapy could interfere with important anti-cancer treatment. US 6,849,613 B2 3 4 The addition of both beta-caroteine and vitamin A to any Another advantage of the Supplements of the present multiple Vitamin preparation is essential, because beta invention is that they can be consumed at the most appro caroteine not only acts as a precursor of Vitamin A, but also priate time to maximize their effectiveness in preventing the performs important biological functions that cannot be per formation of toxic chemicals (mutagens and carcinogens) in formed by Vitamin A. Beta-caroteine increases the expression the gastrointestinal tract during digestion. For example, if of the connexin gene, which codes for a gap junction protein that is necessary for maintaining the normal cellular pheno Vitamins C and E are taken immediately before eating type. While other carotenoids, Such as , nitrite-rich food, the formation of mutagenic nitrosamines in Xanthophylls, and lutein, are also important for health, they the Stomach may be reduced, whereas taking these vitamins can be obtained from an adequate diet with tomato 1O a few hours after Such a meal may not be effective in (lycopene), spinach (lutein), and paprika (Xanthophylls) in reducing the formation of this cancer-causing Substance. amounts that are higher than those that can be Supplied from Furthermore, studies have demonstrated that levels of fecal Supplements. Therefore, the addition of a few milligrams of mutagens (a possible Source of cancer) in people who lycopene, Xanthophylls, and lutein to any multiple Vitamin regularly eat meat are much higher than in vegetarians. preparation Serves no useful purpose for health or disease 15 prevention. Ingestion of Vitamins C and E has been shown to reduce the The proper ratio of two forms of vitamin E, d-alpha levels of mutagens in the feces. Therefore, these Supple tocopherol, which is normally present in the body, and ments should be taken before, or right after, eating meat, d-alpha tocopheryl Succinate, to a multiple antioxidant whereas consuming them Several hours after Such a meal preparation is essential. Alpha tocopheryl Succinate is the may not be as effective. most effective form of vitamin E inside the cells, whereas The risk of chronic illnesses may depend upon the relative alpha tocopherol can readily act as an antioxidant in the consumption of protective verSuS toxic Substances. If the intestinal tract and in the extracellular environment of the daily intake of protective Substances is higher than toxic body. Alpha-tocopherol at doses of 20–60 ug/ml can Stimu agents, the incidence of chronic illness may be reduced. late the immune System, while the beta, gamma, and delta 25 forms at Similar doses can inhibit immune System. This Since we know very little about the relative levels of toxic effect of these forms of tocopherol may not be related to and protective Substances in any diet, a daily Supplement of their antioxidant action and, Since they are less effective than micronutrients including antioxidants would assure a higher alpha tocopherol, their Supplementation is not recom level of preventive protection. mended. Free radicals are examples of primary agents involved in Tocotrienols are also antioxidants, but they may inhibit increasing the risk of cancer, heart disease, and neurological cholesterol synthesis. Since this activity is not beneficial in disease. If they damage normal dividing cells, the risk of healthy individuals, prolonged consumption of tocotrienols cancer is increased. If they damage non-dividing cells, Such as a Supplement is not optimal. as neurons, the risk of neurological diseases is enhanced. Vitamin C is usually administered as ascorbic acid, which 35 can cause Stomach upset, , and other complications Therefore, quenching free radicals with antioxidants is in Some individuals. However, using the calcium ascorbate important for the maintenance of optimal health. form is most Suitable because it is non-acidic and has not The basic micronutrient formulation of the present inven been shown to produce negative side effects. The use of tion Satisfies all of the required components previously ascorbate and magnesium ascorbate in any mul 40 outlined and provides a foundation for a maximally effective tiple Vitamin preparation is unnecessary. Also, any multiple preventive formula for otherwise healthy people. Since the micronutrient preparation should include adequate amounts biological half-life of most micronutrients is much less than of B-vitamins (2-3 times of RDA) and appropriate minerals. 12 hours, it is essential to take these Supplements twice a A Supplement that attempts to include all antioxidants or day. micronutrients without regard to age, Sex, general health and 45 disease Status, is irrational and cannot be recommended. It In older age groups (greater than 50 years), the addition appears more appropriate to utilize a basic antioxidant of co-enzyme Qo is important because it may improve formulation that contains the necessary nutrients for optimal mitochondrial function and increase energy level. In health, and then Supplement that product with additional addition, the likelihood of mitochondrial damage increases nutrients based on the above individual factors. 50 with age. A balanced diet may be sufficient for normal growth, but Supplemental micronutrients, including antioxidants, are Furthermore, the Sulfhydryl compounds, Such as important for optimal health. With the current typical Ameri glutathione, are important antioxidants that protect cells can diet, one would have difficulty eating fresh fruit and against free radical damage. Although glutathione levels vegetables daily in the amounts and at the frequencies each 55 decrease with aging, it cannot be taken as a Supplement day necessary to maintain Sustained optimal levels of beta because it is completely destroyed during digestion. caroteine and Vitamins A, C, and E in body tissues. In Therefore, N-acetyl cysteine and alpha lipoic acid, which addition, when one travels away from home, the availability increase cellular levels of glutathione, are recommended for of these vital foods may be limited. While some scientists older individuals. believe that a balanced diet is Sufficient for maintaining 60 optimal health, many Studies Suggest that most foods contain To reduce the risk of Osteoporosis in Women, an appro naturally occurring toxic, as well as protective, Substances. priate calcium/magnesium preparation with Vitamin D is While a balanced diet may prevent vitamin deficiency, it required. The citrate form is most efficiently absorbed where may not be Sufficient for disease prevention Since the con as the oxide form is not. The presence of Vitamin D increases cept of “balance' may vary markedly from one individual to 65 the absorption of calcium from the intestinal tract. This another. In addition, environmental Sources of toxins (Such Supplementation is especially important after menopause as pesticides) may well vary from region to region. where the loSS of calcium increases with age. US 6,849,613 B2 S 6 Suggested Daily Formulation -continued Ages 13-17 Years, Male and Female Zinc glycinate 15 mg calcium citrate 250 mg 5 magnesium citrate 125 mg vitamin A (palmitate) 2,500 I.U. beta-carotene (from natural d. Salina) 7.5 mg For Women, the Following Supplements Should Be Added vitamin C (calcium ascorbate) 250 mg vitamin D-3 (cholecalciferol) 2OO I.U. natural source vitamin E 1O (d-alpha tocopherol) SO I.U. calcium citrate 1,500 mg (d-alpha tocopheryl acid succinate) SO I.U. magnesium citrate 750 mg thiamine mononitrate 2 mg vitamin D 1OO I.U. riboflavin 2.5 mg niacinamide ascorbate 15 mg 15 Ages 51-65 Years, Male d-calcium pantothenate 5 mg pyridoxine hydrochloride 2.5 mg cyanocobalamin 5 lug folic acid (folacin) 400 ug d-biotin 100 tug vitamin A (palmitate) 5,000 I.U. selenium (l-seleno methionine) 50 ug 2O beta-carotene (from natural d. Salina) 15 mg chromium picolinate 25 ug vitamin C (calcium ascorbate) 1,500 mg Zinc glycinate 7.5 mg vitamin D-3 (cholecalciferol) 400 I.U. calcium citrate 125 mg natural source vitamin E magnesium citrate 62.5 mg (d-alpha tocopherol) 1OO I.U. (d-alpha tocopheryl acid succinate) 3OO I.U. 25 thiamine mononitrate 4 mg Ages 18-35 Years, Male and Female riboflavin 5 mg niacinamide ascorbate 30 mg d-calcium pantothenate 10 mg pyridoxine hydrochloride 5 mg cyanocobalamin 10 leg vitamin A (palmitate) 5,000 I.U. 3O folic acid (folacin) 800 tug beta-carotene (from natural d. Salina) 15 mg d-biotin 200 tug vitamin C (calcium ascorbate) 500 mg selenium (1-seleno methionine) 1OO vitamin D-3 (cholecalciferol) 400 I.U. chromium picolinate- 50 figtug naturalo source vitamin E Zinc glycinate 15 mg (d-alpha tocopherol) 100 I.U. Nial s ES (d-alpha tocopheryl acid succinate) 100 I.U. 35 S. S. thiamine mononitrate 4 mg co-enzyme Qo 30 mg riboflavin 5 mg n-acetyl cysteine 250 mg niacinamide ascorbate 30 mg pyridoxined-calcium pantothenate hydrochloride 105 mg For Women, the Following Supplements Should Be Added cyanocobalamin 10 lig 40 folic acid (folacin) 800 tug d-biotin 200 tug selenium (l-seleno methionine) 100 tug calcium citrate 1,500 mg chromium picolinate 50 ug magnesium citrate 750 mg Zinc glycinate 15 mg vitamin D 1OO I.U. calcium citrate 250 mg 45 magnesium citrate 125 mg Age 66 and Over, Male Ages 36-50 Years, Male 50 vitamin A (palmitate) 5,000 I.U. beta-carotene (from natural d. Salina) 15 mg vitamin C (calcium ascorbate) 2,500 mg vitamin A (palmitate) 5,000 I.U. vitamin d-3 (cholecalciferol) 400 I.U. beta-carotene (from natural d. Salina) 15 mg natural source vitamin E vitamin C (calcium ascorbate) 1,500 mg vitamin D-3 (cholecalciferol) 400 I.U. 55 (d-alpha tocopherol) 1OO I.U. natural source vitamin E (d-alpha tocopheryl acid succinate) 3OO I.U. thiamine mononitrate 4 mg (d-alpha tocopherol) 100 I.U. riboflavin 5 mg (d-alpha tocopheryl acid succinate) 3OO I.U. niacinamide ascorbate 30 mg thiamine mononitrate 4 mg d-calcium pantothenate 10 mg riboflavin 5 mg 60 pyridoxine hydrochloride 5 mg niacinamide ascorbate 30 mg cyanocobalamin 10 leg d-calcium pantothenate 10 mg folic acid (folacin) 800 tug pyridoxine hydrochloride 5 mg d-biotin 200 tug cyanocobalamin 10 mcg selenium (l-seleno methionine) 100 tug folic acid (folacin) 800 tug chromium picolinate 50 tug d-biotin 200 tug Zinc glycinate 15 mg selenium (l-seleno methionine) 100 tug 65 calcium citrate 250 mg chromium picolinate 50 ug magnesium citrate 125 mg US 6,849,613 B2 8 2. A composition for administration to male and female -continued humans in the age range of from about 18 to about 35 years consisting essentially of: co-enzyme Qo 30 mg n-acetyl cysteine 250 mg alpha lipoic acid 30 mg vitamin A (palmitate) 5,000 I.U. For Women, the Following Supplements Should Be Added beta-carotene (from natural d. Salina) 15 mg vitamin C (calcium ascorbate) 500 mg vitamin D-3 (cholecalciferol) 400 I.U. 1O natural source vitamin E calcium citrate 1,500 mg (d-alpha tocopherol) 1OO I.U. magnesium citrate 750 mg (d-alpha tocopheryl acid succinate) 1OO I.U. vitamin D 1OO I.U. thiamine mononitrate 4 mg riboflavin 5 mg 15 niacinamide ascorbate 30 mg It will be understood that, in addition to antioxidant d-calcium pantothenate 10 mg micronutrients, diet and lifestyle recommendations from the pyridoxine hydrochloride 5 mg healthcare professional are also very important in maintain cyanocobalamin 10 leg folic acid (folacin) 800 tug ing optimal health and preventing disease risk. For example, d-biotin 200 tug in the diet, one should increase consumption of fresh fruits selenium (l-seleno methionine) 100 tug and vegetables, increase consumption of fiber (26 grams per chromium picolinate 50 tug day) from fruits, vegetables, and fiber-rich cereals; reduce Zinc glycinate 15 mg fat consumption to 20 percent of total calories (1 gram of fat calcium citrate 250 mg, and equals nine calories); avoid excessive calories; reduce con magnesium citrate 125 mg. Sumption of food with high nitrate or nitrite content (e.g. preserved meats) and whenever eating Such foods, first 25 3. A composition for administration to male humans in the consume antioxidants, avoid excessive amounts of charcoal age range of from about 36 to about 50 years consisting broiled or Smoked meat or fish; reduce the consumption of essentially of: pickled fruits and vegetables, reduce the consumption of caffeine containing beverages, and, for women age 36 and older, consume a calcium-rich diet. vitamin A (palmitate) 5,000 I.U. Additionally, one should: beta-carotene (from natural d. Salina) 15 mg 1. avoid drinking excessive amounts of alcohol; vitamin C (calcium ascorbate) 1,500 mg 2. NOT SMOKE or chew tobacco and should avoid expo vitamin D-3 (cholecalciferol) 400 I.U. Sure to Second-hand Smoke; natural source vitamin E 35 3. exercise 3 to 5 days a week for 30 minutes and, if doing (d-alpha tocopherol) 1OO I.U. aerobic exercise for 30 minutes or more, take antioxidant (d-alpha tocopheryl acid succinate) 3OO I.U. Supplements beforehand; thiamine mononitrate 4 mg . adopt a lifestyle of reduced StreSS, and riboflavin 5 mg niacinamide ascorbate 30 mg ... avoid excessive Sun exposure and use of UV light for skin d-calcium pantothenate 10 mg tanning or hyperbaric oxygen "cocktails” for energy 40 pyridoxine hydrochloride 5 mg bursts. cyanocobalamin 10 mcg What is claimed is: folic acid (folacin) 800 tug d-biotin 200 tug 1. A composition for administration to male and female selenium (l-seleno methionine) 100 tug humans in the age range of from about 13 to about 17 years chromium picolinate 50 tug consisting essentially of: 45 Zinc glycinate 15 mg calcium citrate 250 mg, and magnesium citrate 125 mg. vitamin A (palmitate) 2,500 I.U. beta-carotene (from natural d. Salina) 7.5 mg 4. A composition for administration to female humans in vitamin C (calcium ascorbate) 250 mg 50 the age range of from about 36 to about 50 years consisting vitamin D-3 (cholecalciferol) 2OO I.U. essentially of: natural source vitamin E (d-alpha tocopherol) SO I.U. (d-alpha tocopheryl acid succinate) SO I.U. thiamine mononitrate 2 mg 55 vitamin A (palmitate) 5,000 I.U. riboflavin 2.5 mg beta-carotene (from natural d. Salina) 15 mg niacinamide ascorbate 15 mg vitamin C (calcium ascorbate) 1,500 mg d-calcium pantothenate 5 mg vitamin D-3 (cholecalciferol) 400 I.U. pyridoxine hydrochloride 2.5 mg natural source vitamin E cyanocobalamin 5 lug (d-alpha tocopherol) 1OO I.U. folic acid (folacin) 400 ug 60 (d-alpha tocopheryl acid succinate) 3OO I.U. d-biotin 100 tug thiamine mononitrate 4 mg selenium (l-seleno methionine) 50 ug riboflavin 5 mg chromium picolinate 25 ug niacinamide ascorbate 30 mg Zinc glycinate 7.5 mg d-calcium pantothenate 10 mg calcium citrate 125 mg, and pyridoxine hydrochloride 5 mg magnesium citrate 62.5 mg. 65 cyanocobalamin 10 mcg folic acid (folacin) 800 tug US 6,849,613 B2 9 10

-continued vitamin A (palmitate) 5,000 I.U. d-biotin 200 tug beta-carotene (from natural d. Salina) 15 mg selenium (l-seleno methionine) 100 tug 5 vitamin C (calcium ascorbate) 2,500 mg chromium picolinate 50 ug vitamin d-3 (cholecalciferol) 400 I.U. Zinc glycinate 15 mg naturalo source vitamin E calcium citrate 1500 mg (d-alpha tocopherol) 1OO I.U. magnesium citrate 750 mg; and (d-alpha tocopheryl acid succinate) 3OO I.U. 1O thiamine mononitrate 4 mg vitamin D 100 I.U. riboflavin 5 mg niacinamide ascorbate 30 mg d-calcium pantothenate 10 mg 5. A composition for administration to male humans in the pyridoxine hydrochloride 5 mg age range of from about 51 to about 65 years consisting 15 olicYati, acid (folacin) 80010 tugleg essentially of: d-biotin 200 tug selenium (l-seleno methionine) 100 tug chromium picolinate 50 tug Zinc glycinate 15 mg vitamin A (palmitate) 5,000 I.U. calcium citrate 250 mg beta-carotene (from natural d. Salina) 15 mg 2O magnesium citrate 125 mg vitamin C (calcium ascorbate) 1,500 mg co-enzyme Qo 30 mg vitamin D-3 (cholecalciferol) 400 I.U. n-acetyl cysteine 250 mg, and natural source vitamin E alpha lipoic acid 30 mg.

d-alpha tocopherol 100 I.U. SE Reid succinate) 3OO I.U. 25 8. A composition for administration to female humans of thiamine mononitrate 4 mg the age of about 66 and over consisting essentially of: riboflavin 5 mg niacinamide ascorbate 30 mg d-calcium pantothenate 10 mg pyridoxine hydrochloride 5 mg vitamin A (palmitate) 5,000 I.U. cyanocobalamin 10 lig 3O beta-carotene (from natural d. Salina) 15 mg folic acid (folacin) 800 tug vitamin C (calcium ascorbate) 2,500 mg d-biotin 200 tug vitamin d-3 (cholecalciferol) 400 I.U. selenium (1-seleno methionine) 100 lug natural source vitamin E chromium picolinate 50 ug o Zinc glycinate 15 mg (d-alpha tocopherol) 1OO I.U. calcium citrate 250 mg (d-alpha tocopheryl acid succinate) 3OO I.U. magnesium citrate 125 mg 35 thiamine mononitrate 4 mg co-enzyme Quo 30 mg, and riboflavin 5 mg n-acetyl cysteine 250 mg. niacinamide ascorbate 30 mg d-calcium pantothenate 10 mg 6. A composition for administration to female humans in E.ridoxine hwdrochloride 1O5 C.m the age range of from about 51 to about 65 years consisting 40 s acid (folacin) 800 tug -biotin 200 tug essentially of: selenium (l-seleno methionine) 100 tug chromium picolinate 50 tug Zinc glycinate 15 mg calcium citrate 1500 mg vitamin A (palmitate) 5,000 I.U. 45 magnesium citrate 750 mg beta-carotene (from natural d. Salina) 15 mg co-enzyme Q 30 mg vitamin C (calcium ascorbate) 1,500 mg n-acetyl cysteine 250 mg vitamin D-3 (cholecalciferol) 400 I.U. alpha lipoic acid 30 mg, and natural source vitamin E vitamin D 1OO I.U. (d-alpha tocopherol) 100 I.U. 50 (d-alpha tocopheryl acid succinate) 3OO I.U. 9. A method for administering an antioxidant composition thiamine mononitrate 4 mg to male and female humans comprising administering to Said niacinamideriboflavin ascorbate 305 mg humans in the age range of from about 13 to about 17 years d-calcium pantothenate 10 mg a composition consisting essentially of pyridoxine hydrochloride 5 mg cyanocobalamin 10 lig 55 folic acid (folacin) 800 tug d-biotin 200 tug vitamin A (palmitate) 2,500 I.U. selenium (1-seleno methionine) 100 tug beta-carotene (from natural d. Salina) 7.5 mg chromium picolinate 50 ug vitamin C (calcium ascorbate) 250 mg Zinc glycinate 15 mg vitamin D-3 (cholecalciferol) 2OO I.U. calcium citrate 1500 mg 60 natural source vitamin E magnesium citrate 750 mg o co-enzyme Qo 30 mg (d-alpha tocopherol) SO I.U. n-acetyl cysteine 250 mg, and (d-alpha tocopheryl acid succinate) SO I.U. vitamin D 100 I.U. thiamine mononitrate 2 mg riboflavin 2.5 mg 65 niacinamide ascorbate 15 mg 7. A composition for administration to male humans of the d-calcium pantothenate 5 mg age of about 66 and over consisting essentially of: US 6,849,613 B2 11 12

-continued pyridoxine hydrochloride 2.5 mg vitamin A (palmitate) 5,000 I.U. cyanocobalamin 5 lug beta-carotene (from natural d. Salina) 15 mg folic acid (folacin) 400 ug 5 vitamin C (calcium ascorbate) 1,500 mg d-biotin 100 tug vitamin D-3 (cholecalciferol) 400 I.U. selenium (l-seleno methionine) 50 ug natural source vitamin E chromium picolinate 25 ug Zinc glycinate 7.5 mg (d-alpha tocopherol) 1OO I.U. calcium citrate 125 mg, and (d-alpha tocopheryl acid succinate) 3OO I.U. 1O thiamine mononitrate 4 mg magnesium citrate 62.5 mg. riboflavin 5 mg niacinamide ascorbate 30 mg 10. A method for administering an antioxidant composi- RSSR g R tion to male and female humans comprising administering to cyanocobalamin 10 mcg said humans in the age range of from about 18 to about 35 15 issid (folacin) s fig years a composition consisting essentially of: selenium (l-seleno methionine) 1OO E. chromium picolinate 50 tug Zinc glycinate 15 mg calcium citrate 1500 mg vitamin A (palmitate) 5,000 I.U. 2O magnesium citrate 750 mg; and beta-carotene (from natural d. Salina) 15 mg vitamin D 1OO I.U. vitamin C (calcium ascorbate) 500 mg vitamin D-3 (cholecalciferol) 400 I.U. natural source vitamin E 13. A method for administering an antioxidant composi tion to male humans comprising administering to Said (d-alpha tocopherol)tocopheryl acid succinate) 100 I.U. 25 humans in the age range of from about 51 to about 65 years thiamine mononitrate 4 mg a composition consisting essentially of riboflavin 5 mg niacinamide ascorbate 30 mg d-calcium pantothenate 10 mg pyridoxine hydrochloride 5 mg vitamin A (palmitate) 5,000 I.U. cyanocobalamin 10 lig 3O beta-carotene (from natural d. Salina) 15 mg folic acid (folacin) 800 tug vitamin C (calcium ascorbate) 1,500 mg d-biotin 200 tug vitamin D-3 (cholecalciferol) 400 I.U. selenium (l-seleno methionine) 100 tug natural source vitamin E chromium picolinate 50 ug o zinc. glycinate 15 mg (d-alpha tocopherol) 1OO I.U. calcium citrate 250 mg, and 35 (d-alpha tocopheryl acid succinate) 3OO I.U. magnesium citrate 125 mg. thiamine mononitrate 4 mg riboflavin 5 mg niacinamide ascorbate 30 mg 11. A method for administering an antioxidant composi- d-calcium pantothenate 10 mg tion to male humans comprising administering to Said pyridoxine hydrochloride 5 mg 40 cyanocobalamin 10 leg humans in the age range of from about 36 to about 50 years folic acid (folacin) 800 tug a composition consisting essentially of d-biotin 200 tug selenium (l-seleno methionine) 100 tug chromium picolinate 50 tug Zinc glycinate 15 mg vitamin A (palmitate) 5,000 I.U. 45 calcium citrate 250 mg beta-carotene (from natural d. Salina) 15 mg magnesiumco-enzyme Qcitrate 12530 mgmg, and vitamin C (calcium ascorbate) 1,500 mg -acetwl cwstei 250 vitamin D-3 (cholecalciferol) 400 I.U. n-acetyl cysteine mg. natural source vitamin E (d-alpha tocopherol) 100 I.U. 50 14. A method for administering an antioxidant composi (d-alpha tocopheryl acid succinate) 3OO I.U. tion to female humans comprising administering to Said his mononitrate mg humans in the age range of from about 51 to about 65 years niacinamideOaw ascorbate 30 mg a composition consisting essentially of d-calcium pantothenate 10 mg pyridoxine hydrochloride 5 mg 55 cyanocobalamin 10 mcg folic acid (folacin) 800 tug vitamin A (palmitate) 5,000 I.U. d-biotin 200 tug beta-carotene (from natural d. Salina) 15 mg selenium (l-seleno methionine) 100 tug vitamin C (calcium ascorbate) 1,500 mg chromium picolinate 50 ug vitamin D-3 (cholecalciferol) 400 I.U. Zinc glycinate 15 mg 60 natural source vitamin E calcium citrate 250 mg, and magnesium citrate 125 mg. (d-alpha tocopherol) 1OO I.U. (d-alpha tocopheryl acid succinate) 3OO I.U. thiamine mononitrate 4 mg 12. A method for administering an antioxidant composi- riboflavin 5 mg tion to female humans comprising administering to said 65 -calciumsail pantothenate ascorbate 3010 mg humans in the age range of from about 36 to about 50 years pyridoxine hydrochloride 5 mg a composition consisting essentially of US 6,849,613 B2 13 14

-continued -continued cyanocobalamin 10 lig n-acetyl cysteine 250 mg, and folic acid (folacin) 800 tug alpha lipoic acid 30 mg. d-biotin 200 tug 5 selenium (l-seleno methionine) 100 tug chromium picolinate 50 ug 16. A method for administering an antioxidant composi zinccalcium glycinate citrate 150015 mg tion to female humans comprising administering to Said magnesium citrate 750 mg humans of the age of about 66 and over a composition co-enzyme Qo 30 mg 10 consisting essentially of: n-acetyl cysteine 250 mg, and vitamin D 100 I.U.

15. A method for administering an antioxidant composi- vitamin A (palmitate) 5,000 I.U. beta-carotene (from natural d. Salina) 15 mg tion to male humans comprising administering to said 15 vitamin C (calcium ascorbate) 2,500 mg humans of the age of about 66 and over a composition vitamin d-3 (cholecalciferol) 400 I.U. consisting essentially of: natural source vitaminWall E (d-alpha tocopherol) 1OO I.U. (d-alpha tocopheryl acid succinate) 3OO I.U. 2O thiamine mononitrate 4 mg vitamin A (palmitate) 5,000 I.U. riboflavin 5 mg beta-carotene (from natural d. Salina) 15 mg niacinamide ascorbate 30 mg vitamin C (calcium ascorbate) 2,500 mg d-calcium pantothenate 10 mg vitamin d-3 (cholecalciferol) 400 I.U. pyridoxine hydrochloride 5 mg natural source vitamin E cyanocobalamin 10 leg o 25 folic acid (folacin) 800 tug (d-alpha tocopherol) 100 I.U. d-biotin 200 tug (d-alpha tocopheryl acid succinate) 3OO I.U. selenium (l-seleno methionine) 100 tug thiamine mononitrate 4 mg chromium picolinate 50 tug riboflavin 5 mg Zinc glycinate 15 mg niacinamide ascorbate 30 mg calcium citrate 1500 mg d-calcium pantothenate 10 mg 3O magnesium citrate 750 mg pyridoxine hydrochloride 5 mg co-enzyme Qo 30 mg cyanocobalamin 10 lig n-acetyl cysteine 250 mg folic acid (folacin) 800 tug alpha lipoic acid 30 mg, and d-biotin 200 tug vitamin D 1OO I.U. selenium (l-seleno methionine) 100 tug chromium picolinate 50 ug Zinc glycinate 15 mg 35 calcium citrate 250 mg magnesium citrate 125 mg co-enzyme Qo 30 mg