DOCSLIB.ORG

Harvesting Mopane Worm in Limpopo and Underlying Ecological Infrastructure

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Harvesting Mopane Worm in Limpopo and Underlying Ecological Infrastructure Harvesting mopane worm in Limpopo and underlying Ecological Infrastructure Ruan Veldtman*, Zwanda Nethavhani & Stefan Foord Utilizing mopane worms • Food Security • Natural harvesting • Benefits of Biodiversity • Ecologically based Adaptation • Minimum intervention techniques • Mapping of Ecological Infrastructure Gardiner et al. Some aspects of the ecology and sustainable utilization of mopane worm Life cycle of the mopane worm Wild silk moth species - Gonometa spp. Gonometa postica Cryptic vs. non-cryptic Gonometa rufobrunnea Phylogenetic constraints on dynamics Flying Egg clumping Larval Dynamics ability aggregation Latent N less eggs small batches few larvae Time N Eruptive more eggs large batches many larvae Time Variability across field sites 600 V1 500 V2 H 400 G 300 Ku Ko Number of pupae of 200 100 0 CS1CS2CS3CS4 Survey date Gonometa postica cocoons surveyed during fieldwork (on 100 host plants) Distribution of Colophosphermum mopane (blue icons) and sites with mopane worm outbreaks in 2016 and 2017 (yellow icons). Predicted and actual distribution of the mopane tree Slide: Dr Alan Gardiner Picture: Dr Alan Gardiner Picture: Dr Alan Gardiner Gardiner et al. Some aspects of the ecology and sustainable utilization of mopane worm MSc project: Development of minimum intervention techniques to reduce variability in Mopane worms supply for harvesting. By Zwannda Nethavhani Supervisor: Prof Stefan Foord University of Venda Co‐supervisor: Dr Ruan Veldtman SANBI Research objectives and aims of MSc i. Develop techniques to reduce variability in mopane worm supply for harvesting in both space and time. ii. Develop an understanding of mopane worm population dynamics and spatial structuring. iii. Quantify the effectiveness of sleeves to reduce I–III instar mortality in the field. iv. To determine the spatial structure of mopane worm. v. To compare mortality rate of seeded local population to that of established populations Preventing mortality from parasitism Increasing the benefits from mopane worm harvesting Provincial Municipality Village Neighbourhood Watch this space Semi-domestication of mopane worm can increase the amount of biomass available for harvesting This means that more mopane veld can potentially be used as mopane worm forage as a biodiversity compatible resource use In the face of climate change population management can reduce variability in mopane worm supply and thus improve food security. This case study has many cross cutters that can highlight the importance of mapping EI that supports food security and ensuring sustainable benefits from biodiversity Acknowledgements • Dr Alan Gardiner (SAWC) • Morgan Raath (Plant Sciences, UP) Key mopane worm related references Akpalu, W., Muchapondwa, E., & Zikhali, P. (2009). Can the restrictive harvest period policy conserve mopane worms in southern Africa? A bioeconomic modelling approach. Environment and Development Economics, 14(05), 587-600. Gardiner, A.J. (2003) Internal Final Report: Mopane Woodlands and the Mopane Worm: Enhancing Rural Livelihoods and Resource Sustainability, DFID Project No. R7822. The Domestication of Mopane Worms (Imbrasia belina). Veld Products Research & Development, Gaborone, Botswana. Ghazoul, J. (2006). Mopane woodlands and the mopane worm: enhancing rural livelihoods and resource sustainability. Forest Research Programme Report, 7822. Hope, R. A., Frost, P. G., Gardiner, A., & Ghazoul, J. (2009). Experimental analysis of adoption of domestic mopane worm farming technology in Zimbabwe. Development Southern Africa, 26(1), 29-46. Madibela, O. R., Mokwena, K. K., Nsoso, S. J., & Thema, T. F. (2009). Chemical composition of Mopane worm sampled at three sites in Botswana and subjected to different processing. Tropical animal health and production, 41(6), 935-942. Makhado, R.A., Potgieter, M.J., Wessels, D.C., Saidi, A.T., Masehela, K.K., 2012. Use of mopane woodland resources and associated woodland management challenges in rural areas of South Africa. Ethnobot. Res. Appl. 10, 369–379..
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Arthropod Facilitation by Wood-Boring Beetles: Spatio-Temporal Distribution Mediated by a Twig-Girdler Ecosystem Engineer
    Journal of Insect Science, (2018) 18(5): 14; 1–7 doi: 10.1093/jisesa/iey097 Research Arthropod Facilitation by Wood-Boring Beetles: Spatio-temporal Distribution Mediated by a Twig-girdler Ecosystem Engineer Samuel Novais,1,2,3 Nancy Calderón-Cortés,4 Gumersindo Sánchez-Montoya,2,3 and Mauricio Quesada1,2,3,5 1Laboratório de Ecologia de Insetos, Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil, 2Laboratorio Nacional de Análisis y Síntesis Ecológica, Escuela Nacional de Estudios Superiores Unidad Morelia, 58190, Morelia, Michoacán, México, 3Instituto de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas y Sustentabilidad, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 58190 Morelia, Michoacán, México, 4Escuela Nacional de Estudios Superiores Unidad Morelia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Morelia, Michoacán 58190, México, and 5Corresponding author, e-mail: [email protected] Subject Editor: Konrad Fiedler Received 6 July 2018; Editorial decision 11 September 2018 Abstract The twig-girdler beetle Oncideres albomarginata chamela (Chemsak and Giesbert) (Cerambycidae: Lamiinae) detaches branches of Spondias purpurea L. (Sapindales: Anacardiaceae) that fall on the forest floor or remain suspended on vegetation. Many wood-boring beetles also oviposit in these branches and larval development creates cavities that are abandoned when the adults emerge. The objective of this study was to evaluate the role of wood-boring beetles as facilitators by creating new habitats for arthropods, and test for vertical stratification and temporal variation of arthropods associated with S. purpurea branches that were previously engineered by O. albomarginata chamela in a tropical dry forest (TDF) in Jalisco, Mexico. In order to determine the effects of vertical strata and seasons on branch colonization by arthropods, we placed 60 branches on the forest floor (ground stratum) and 60 were placed in trees (vegetation stratum) from February to April (dry season), and from August to October 2016 (rainy season), for 240 branch samples in total.
    [Show full text]
  • Biodiversity and Ecology of Critically Endangered, Rûens Silcrete Renosterveld in the Buffeljagsrivier Area, Swellendam
    Biodiversity and Ecology of Critically Endangered, Rûens Silcrete Renosterveld in the Buffeljagsrivier area, Swellendam by Johannes Philippus Groenewald Thesis presented in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Masters in Science in Conservation Ecology in the Faculty of AgriSciences at Stellenbosch University Supervisor: Prof. Michael J. Samways Co-supervisor: Dr. Ruan Veldtman December 2014 Stellenbosch University http://scholar.sun.ac.za Declaration I hereby declare that the work contained in this thesis, for the degree of Master of Science in Conservation Ecology, is my own work that have not been previously published in full or in part at any other University. All work that are not my own, are acknowledge in the thesis. ___________________ Date: ____________ Groenewald J.P. Copyright © 2014 Stellenbosch University All rights reserved ii Stellenbosch University http://scholar.sun.ac.za Acknowledgements Firstly I want to thank my supervisor Prof. M. J. Samways for his guidance and patience through the years and my co-supervisor Dr. R. Veldtman for his help the past few years. This project would not have been possible without the help of Prof. H. Geertsema, who helped me with the identification of the Lepidoptera and other insect caught in the study area. Also want to thank Dr. K. Oberlander for the help with the identification of the Oxalis species found in the study area and Flora Cameron from CREW with the identification of some of the special plants growing in the area. I further express my gratitude to Dr. Odette Curtis from the Overberg Renosterveld Project, who helped with the identification of the rare species found in the study area as well as information about grazing and burning of Renosterveld.
    [Show full text]
  • Colophospermum Mopane – a Potential Host for Rearing Wild Silk Worm (Gonometa Rufobrunnea) in Arid Rajasthan
    Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2017) 6(3): 549-560 International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 6 Number 3 (2017) pp. 549-560 Journal homepage: http://www.ijcmas.com Original Research Article https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2017.603.064 Colophospermum mopane – A Potential Host for Rearing Wild Silk Worm (Gonometa rufobrunnea) in Arid Rajasthan V. Subbulakshmi*, N.D. Yadava, Birbal, M.L. Soni, K.R. Sheetal and P.S. Renjith ICAR-Central Arid Zone Research Institute, Regional Research Station, Bikaner-334004, Rajasthan, India *Corresponding author ABSTRACT India is the biggest consumer of raw silk and silk fabrics and second largest K e yw or ds producer of raw silk after China. There are two types of silk viz., mulberry silk Mopane; and vanya silk (non-mulberry silk). India has vast potential for production of wild silkworm; Gonometa vanya silks which plays a major role in rural livelihood security. Vanya silk rufobrunnea, can also be produced from the cocoons of wild silkworm, Gonometa vanya silk. rufobrunnea insect. The main food plant of Gonometa rufobrunnea is Article Info Colophospermum mopane commonly called as mopane. Mopane is a xeric species of South Africa and introduced in India for sand dune stabilization. Accepted: The review discuss about the possibility of rearing Gonometa rufobrunnea in 10 February 2017 already available mopane plantations in arid regions of the country to increase Available Online: 10 March 2017 production of vanya silk and to improve the rural economy in arid regions of India. Introduction Silk is a textile fibre produced by insects and (Ahmed and Rajan, 2011).
    [Show full text]
  • Ngoka, Thesis Final 2012
    RELATIVE ABUNDANCE OF THE WILD SILKMOTH, Argema mimosae BOISDUVAL ON DIFFERENT HOST PLANTS AND HOST SELECTION BEHAVIOUR OF PARASITOIDS, AT ARABUKO SOKOKE FOREST BY Boniface M. Ngoka (M.Sc.) I84/15320/05 Department of Zoological Sciences A THESIS SUBMITTED IN FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN THE SCHOOL OF PURE AND APPLIED SCIENCES OF KENYATTA UNIVERSITY NOVEMBER, 2012 ii DECLARATION This thesis is my original work and has not been presented for a degree in any other university or any other award. Signature----------------------------------------------Date--------------------------------- SUPERVISORS We confirm that the thesis is submitted with our approval as supervisors Professor Jones M. Mueke Department of Zoological Sciences, School of Pure and Applied Sciences Kenyatta University Nairobi, Kenya Signature----------------------------------------------Date--------------------------------- Dr. Esther N. Kioko Zoology Department National Museums of Kenya Nairobi, Kenya Signature----------------------------------------------Date--------------------------------- Professor Suresh K. Raina International Center of Insect Physiology and Ecology Commercial Insects Programme Nairobi, Kenya Signature----------------------------------------------Date--------------------------------- iii DEDICATION This thesis is dedicated to my family, parents, brothers and sisters for their perseverance, love and understanding which made this task possible. iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS My sincere thanks are due to Prof. Suresh K. Raina, Senior icipe supervisor and Commercial Insects Programme Leader, whose contribution ranged from useful suggestions and discussions throughout the study period. My sincere appreciations are also due to Dr. Esther N. Kioko, icipe immediate supervisor who provided me with wealth of literature and made many suggestions that shaped the research methodologies. Her support and keen supervision throughout the study period gave me a lot of inspiration. I would like to thank Prof.
    [Show full text]
  • Traditional Consumption of and Rearing Edible Insects in Africa, Asia and Europe
    Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition ISSN: 1040-8398 (Print) 1549-7852 (Online) Journal homepage: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/bfsn20 Traditional consumption of and rearing edible insects in Africa, Asia and Europe Dele Raheem, Conrado Carrascosa, Oluwatoyin Bolanle Oluwole, Maaike Nieuwland, Ariana Saraiva, Rafael Millán & António Raposo To cite this article: Dele Raheem, Conrado Carrascosa, Oluwatoyin Bolanle Oluwole, Maaike Nieuwland, Ariana Saraiva, Rafael Millán & António Raposo (2018): Traditional consumption of and rearing edible insects in Africa, Asia and Europe, Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2018.1440191 To link to this article: https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2018.1440191 Accepted author version posted online: 15 Feb 2018. Published online: 15 Mar 2018. Submit your article to this journal Article views: 90 View related articles View Crossmark data Full Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at http://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=bfsn20 CRITICAL REVIEWS IN FOOD SCIENCE AND NUTRITION https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2018.1440191 Traditional consumption of and rearing edible insects in Africa, Asia and Europe Dele Raheema,b, Conrado Carrascosac, Oluwatoyin Bolanle Oluwoled, Maaike Nieuwlande, Ariana Saraivaf, Rafael Millanc, and Antonio Raposog aDepartment for Management of Science and Technology Development, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam; bFaculty of Applied Sciences, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam;
    [Show full text]
  • Cabesl Project Report Rolf Gloor, Clement Ng'oriareng, Mercy Kiyapyap, Paul Losute
    Cabesl ProJect Report Rolf Gloor, Clement Ng'oriareng, Mercy Kiyapyap, Paul Losute Wild Silk Development in the North Rift Region of Kenya © 2009 lcipe, African Insect Science for Food and Health All rights reserved ISBN : 92 9064 2149 Published by: Cabesi, P.O. Box 342, Kapenguria, Kenya Tel. 0720-21 55 46 e-mail: [email protected] Illustrated and designed by Rolf Gloor Edited by Dr. Suresh K. Raina Photographs: Rolf Gloor, Mercy P Kiyapyap Printed by: Kul Graphics Limited P.O. Box 18095-00500, Nairobi, Kenya Page Pictures Cabasl Market Place Kapenguria 4 1 Foreword 5 2 Introduction 6 3 Host Plants 7 4 The Life Cycle ot Epiphora bauhlnlae 9 5 Reanng of ErJiphora bauhm18fJ 11 6 Karvesting 14 7 Post ptoduct1on 15 8 Wlld Silk Farm1ng 1n the North Rift 17 Cabesi Marker Place m Kapengvris: HanBy is the main-bvsiness .. The North Rift of Kenya Is a marginalized region where natural resources are under-utilized due to lack of technologies, market access and transportation. The Cabesi Project (from Camels, Bees and Silk) started in 2004 under lcipe's Commercial Insect Program. The camel program offered courses in camel husbandry and - health, and trainings for using camels for transportation. And in connection with ASAL Cabesi was able to increase the camel population by 30 animals. Cabesi provides since 2008 the complete infrastructure from beekeeping to production and sales of various bee-products. The system includes six honey collection centers in Pokot Central, West Pokot, North Pokot and Turkana Districts, and one Market Place in Kapenguria, where final processing, packaging and marketing are done.
    [Show full text]
  • Wild Silk Free Download
    WILD SILK FREE DOWNLOAD Zara Devereux | 320 pages | 01 May 2014 | Little, Brown Book Group | 9780349400457 | English | London, United Kingdom Wild Silk Textiles: Stitching together habitat recovery and income generation in Madagascar A closer look at wild silks. This moth is economically important for it is the primary producer of silk. Experience the luxury Wild Silk superior Mulberry silk for yourself. The natural colored fabric was hand-woven in India using handspun yarns. Warps: mulberry silk Bombyx mori Wefts: tasar silk Antheraea paphia. New York Times. Hidden categories: All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from June Articles containing Japanese-language text Commons category link from Wikidata. The term 'Vanya' is of Sanskrit origin, meaning untamed, wild, or forest-based. The silk was hand dyed and the buttons are carved capiz shells Placuna placenta. The surface texture of many cocoons and communal webs looks like paper, leather, or cloth, so it is understandable that ideas for exploitation arose repeatedly in ancient cultures. Saris, wrappers, chaddars, and other fabric pieces of muga silk are sometimes embroidered or brocaded with traditional motifs using Wild Silk colors such as red, yellow, and green. The side panels are probably cotton, as is the heavy inner lining. Good, J. There are several different fabrics that use mulberry silk, such as chiffon, duppioni, charmeuse, etc. New Delhi: Mittal Publications. This is raw, rough, and textured silk which feels almost paper-like to the human touch. With their captivating glint and rich Wild Silk, the silk textiles produced through this process are truly unique. Wild silks of the world.
    [Show full text]
  • Degumming Gonometa Postica Cocoons Using Environmentally Conscious Methods
    Degumming Gonometa postica cocoons using environmentally conscious methods Ismari van der Merwe February 2015 Degumming Gonometa postica cocoons using environmentally conscious methods Ismari van der Merwe Thesis submitted in accordance with the requirement for the degree Philosophiae Doctor in the Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences Department of Consumer Science at the University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa February 2015 Promoter: Prof H J H Steyn Co-promoter: Prof C Hugo Declaration “I declare that this dissertation, which I hereby submit for the degree Philosophiae Doctor at the University of the Free State, is my own work and has not previously been submitted by me for a degree at this or any other tertiary institution. I further more cede copyright of the thesis in favour of the University of the Free State.” ________________________________ Ismari van der Merwe 2 February 2015 ii The establishment of a sustainable wild silk industry in Africa could pave the way for similar Africa-unique projects to capture the true spirit of the continent. That spirit that determines her worth and echoes in her truths: “Every morning in Africa, a gazelle wakes up. It knows it must run faster than the fastest lion or it will be killed. Every morning a lion wakes up. It knows it must outrun the slowest gazelle or it will starve to death. It doesn’t matter whether you are a lion or a gazelle… when the sun comes up, you’d better be running.” (Author: Unknown) iii Acknowledgements Research is never the work of one person alone. There are always a lot of people that in their own way, however small, helped to make a project like this possible.
    [Show full text]
  • The Tachinid Times
    The Tachinid Times ISSUE 24 February 2011 Jim O’Hara, editor Invertebrate Biodiversity Agriculture & Agri-Food Canada ISSN 1925-3435 (Print) C.E.F., Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, K1A 0C6 ISSN 1925-3443 (Online) Correspondence: [email protected] or [email protected] My thanks to all who have contributed to this year’s announcement before the end of January 2012. This news- issue of The Tachinid Times. This is the largest issue of the letter accepts submissions on all aspects of tachinid biology newsletter since it began in 1988, so there still seems to be and systematics, but please keep in mind that this is not a a place between peer-reviewed journals and Internet blogs peer-reviewed journal and is mainly intended for shorter for a medium of this sort. This year’s issue has a diverse news items that are of special interest to persons involved assortment of articles, a few announcements, a listing of in tachinid research. Student submissions are particularly recent literature, and a mailing list of subscribers. The welcome, especially abstracts of theses and accounts of Announcements section is more sizable this year than usual studies in progress or about to begin. I encourage authors and I would like to encourage readers to contribute to this to illustrate their articles with colour images, since these section in the future. This year it reproduces the abstracts add to the visual appeal of the newsletter and are easily of two recent theses (one a Ph.D. and the other a M.Sc.), incorporated into the final PDF document.
    [Show full text]
  • Improving Forest Conservation and Community Livelihoods Through Income Generation from Commercial Insects in Three Kenyan Forests
    CommerCial inseCts and Forest Conservation Improving Forest Conservation and Community Livelihoods through Income Generation from Commercial Insects in Three Kenyan Forests CommerCial inseCts and Forest Conservation Improving Forest Conservation and Community Livelihoods through Income Generation from Commercial Insects in Three Kenyan Forests Compiled by: Suresh K. Raina, Esther N. Kioko, Ian Gordon and Charles Nyandiga Lead Scientists: Elliud Muli, Everlyn Nguku and Esther Wang’ombe Sponsored by: UNDP/GEF and co-financed by IFAD, Netherlands Ministry of Foreign Affairs, USAID, British High Commission and Toyota Environmental Grant Facility 2009 Acknowledgements The principal authors of this report are Suresh Raina and Esther Kioko. It also draws on technical materials especially provided by Vijay Adolkar, Ken Okwae Fening, Norber Mbahin, Boniface Ngoka, Joseph Macharia, Nelly Ndung’u, Alex Munguti and Fred Barasa. The final text benefitted from Charles Nyandiga and Ian Gordon’s editorial advice and contribution. Exceptional scientific, livelihood and market research assistance on qualitative and quantitative issues has been provided by Elliud Muli, Everlyn Nguku and Esther Wang’ombe. Peer review for the study was done by Oliver Chapayama. The final editing was completed by Dolorosa Osogo and Susie Wren and typesetting and cover design by Irene Ogendo and Sospeter Makau. Thanks also for the helpful comments received from members of the stakeholders committees and advisory groups, i.e. Christopher Gakahu, Jennifer Ngige, Rose Onyango and Bernard Masiga. Thanks for the field and laboratory assistance provided by Andrew Kitheka, Anthony Maina, Beatrice Njunguna, Daniel Muia, Florence Kiilu, Gladys Mose, Jael Lumumba, James Ng’ang’a, Loise Kawira, Mary Kahinya, Newton Ngui, Regina Macharia, Stephen Amboka, Caroline Mbugua, Emily Kadambi, Joseph Kilonzo and Martin Onyango.
    [Show full text]
  • Cultural Significance of Lepidoptera in Sub-Saharan Africa Arnold Van Huis
    van Huis Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2019) 15:26 https://doi.org/10.1186/s13002-019-0306-3 RESEARCH Open Access Cultural significance of Lepidoptera in sub-Saharan Africa Arnold van Huis Abstract Background: The taxon Lepidoptera is one of the most widespread and recognisable insect orders with 160,000 species worldwide and with more than 20,000 species in Africa. Lepidoptera have a complete metamorphosis and the adults (butterflies and moths) are quite different from the larvae (caterpillars). The purpose of the study was to make an overview of how butterflies/moths and caterpillars are utilised, perceived and experienced in daily life across sub-Saharan Africa. Method: Ethno-entomological information on Lepidoptera in sub-Saharan Africa was collected by (1) interviews with more than 300 people from about 120 ethnic groups in 27 countries in the region; and (2) library studies in Africa, London, Paris and Leiden. Results: Often the interviewees indicated that people from his or her family or ethnic group did not know that caterpillars turn into butterflies and moths (metamorphosis). When known, metamorphosis may be used as a symbol for transformation, such as in female puberty or in literature regarding societal change. Vernacular names of the butterfly/moth in the Muslim world relate to religion or religious leaders. The names of the caterpillars often refer to the host plant or to their characteristics or appearance. Close to 100 caterpillar species are consumed as food. Wild silkworm species, such as Borocera spp. in Madagascar and Anaphe species in the rest of Africa, provide expensive textiles. Bagworms (Psychidae) are sometimes used as medicine.
    [Show full text]
  • C U R I C U L U M V I T
    C U R I C U L U M V I T A E PERSONAL HISTORY NAME: J. Mulwa Mueke UNIVERSITY TEACHING AND POSTGRADUATE RESEARCH SUPERVISION UNDERGRADUATE COURSES 1. Invertebrate Zoology 2. Arthropod Biology 3. Entomology I 4. Entomology II 5. Research Projects 6. Crop Protection 7. Natural History POSTGRADUATE M.SC. COURSES 1. Host Plant Resistance to Insects 2. Biological Techniques 3. Research projects 4. Pests of Crops and Trees 5. Principles of Biological Control of Arthropod pests 6. Laboratory Entomological Techniques. POSTGRADUATE RESEARCH SUPERVISION MASTER OF SCIENCE: Successfully guided seventeen (20) students as a Supervisor since 1981. 1. Thindwa, Harriet, 1981. :Oviposition preference, larval and pupal development and adult fecundity of the sorghum shootfly on selected sorghum" 2. Ojero, M.F.O. 1981 "Investigations on the Biology and Control of Potato Tuber Moth Phthorimaea (Gnorisoschema) Operculella (Zeller) in Kenya." 3. Sudoi, Vincent, 1983 . "The biology and ecology of sawfly Athalia vollenhoven: with reference to oil seed rape." 4. Munene wa Macharia, 1983. "Control of barley fly Delia flavibasis (Stein) (Diptera: Anthomylidae) with resistant varieties and insecticides." 5. Nderitu, H.J., 1983 "Aphid infestation on selected varieties of potatoes (Solanum tuberosum L.) in Kenya and their control by use of insecticides." 6. Kiarie Mwangi Kega,1986. "Bio-ecological Studies of Mango Weevil, Sternochetus Mengiferae E in the Coast of Kenya." 7. Kabira, P.N. 1987. "The biology and control of Liriomyza trifolii Burges (Diptera:Agromyzidae) on tomatoes. 8. Mbugi, J.P., 1990. "The influence of nutrients and phenolic compounds of cabbage, collard green le mkttuce and spinach on the biology of cabbage aphid, Brevicoryne brassicae (L.) 9.
    [Show full text]