Coat Color in Horses

COAT COLOR IN HORSES Tabulation of Color of 42,165 Horses Allows Definite Conclusions to Be Drawn as to Value of Different Factors—Errors in Registry and in Genetic Description of Colors—Connection Between Gray and Roan.1 W. S. ANDERSON Assistant in Horse Husbandry, Kentucky Agricultural Experiment Station, Lexington, Ky. URST, Wilson, Harper, Sturte- brown, black and chestnut. As a rule vant, Anderson and others the variations of each of these colors have published papers on the are not recorded in the stud books. Inheritance of Coat Colors in The gray coat is made up of white Horses. It is the purpose of the writer and black hairs and varies from the to give a summary of all the available almost white to the almost black, and figures on the subject and his interpre- includes a large class of horses whose tation of them. The sources of the coat is of the dappled pattern. When figures collected are the various Stud young, the gray horse exhibits this Books. As a matter of fact these can dappled condition or is what is desig- not be accurate. I, myself, have used nated iron gray, but as age comes on the American Saddle Horse Register. the dapples disappear and white and This Register has been compiled within black hairs are to be found. Later on two or three decades and has been the black may almost be lost and result revised within a decade. I find errors in a white horse. This white, however, in it approximating two percent, for does not seem to be of the same nature color and as great a percent, of errors as the white found on spotted ponies that might be considered of a typo- and some classes of horses. This latter graphical nature. There is no reason to is a snow white with white skin under- believe that other registers are more neath, while the white found on the old nearly accurate than the Saddle Horse horse is due to the partial disappearance Register. of the black hairs. As will be noticed from the following The roan pattern assumes three table of figures the matings have been forms. One of these is the red-roan in grouped under the registered colors as: which the coat is composed of bay and chestnut x chestnut, chestnut x black, white hairs. The second is the blue- chestnut x brown, etc. That is, when roan which constitutes a coat of black both sire and dam are chestnut it is and white hairs. The other form of designated a chestnut x chestnut mating. the roan pattern is the chestnut roan. When one is chestnut and the other is The coat in this case is due to white black it is tabulated as chestnut x black and chestnut hairs. and so on. No attempt has been made to keep the records for sexes, for the DUN COLOR RARE. reason that color is transmitted regard- The dun or cream colored coat is not less of sex. The result from mating a found in any great numbers. It varies bay stallion to a chestnut mare is the in shade from the dark to the light same in the color of the foal as if the cream. Once in a while the mane and cross had been reciprocal, a chestnut tail have the same cream color as the stallion mated to a bay mare. body coat, but the most usual condition The stud books recognize the follow- is dun body and black mane and tail ing colors in horses • gray, roan, dun, bay, with black on feet and legs. 1 The material here presented has been publjgijed in Bulletin No. 180 of the station, July, 1914. 482 '" ""> Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/jhered/article-abstract/5/11/482/855724 by BIUS Jussieu user on 30 August 2018 ANDERSON: COAT COLOR IN HORSES 483 BREEDING OUT THE GRAY This gray mare is out of a gray dam, but has solid colors in her sire's ancestry. Her foal is bay by a bay stallion. Gray is ordinarily dominant to bay (and to other colors) and the fact that it does not appear in this colt shows that he has lost it permanently and that he can not transmit it to his own progeny. (Fig. 5.) The fashionable color for almost all hogany bay represents the one extreme classes of horses is the bay.1 The of bay and varies from this condition average bay horse has bay hairs on the to the bay that has no black hairs on body, but black on the legs, mane and body or legs. The bay hair varies in tail. This black may extend along the shade from the very dark wine colored back and up the legs to the body and bay to the very light shade close to even appear on the underline of the chestnut. barrel. When the sides of the body In all the stud books examined the show black in alternating patches with horses registered as brown may vary in bay, the horse is frequently registered shade from the dark or mahogany bay as a brown. This brown is known to black. As noted above the so-called among horsemen as a mahogany brown. mahogany brown is a dark bay and As common practice allows mahogany should be so registered, although custom browns to be registered brown it makes it sanctions the other method. The horse quite difficult to interpret some results which is called seal brown by horsemen as shown by matings. The mahogany is almost a black horse. The top line brown is a bay. The coat is a compro- is all black, as is the mane and tail. mise between bay and black but it is The legs, except for possible white not blending although it resembles a markings, are black up to the body. blend. In technical terms it is a sim- The body is very dark, in some cases plex bay, that is, a bay produced by showing a lighter shade near the flanks two germ cells one of which carries the and back of the nostrils. The flanks determiner for bay, the other carrying and muzzle are said to be tan in color. the determiner for black, the bay factor The lighter shade, called tan, on in this union not showing the usual muzzle, flanks and sometimes the hips dominant strength which should exclude is not due to the presence of brown black hairs from the body. The ma- hairs for the reason that there are no » Comparison of early and late volumes of the Register shows that the American Saddle Horse is going rapidly to a chestnut color. This is partly due, doubtless, to the ease with which chestnuts can be bred, all that is necessary being to mate a chestnut sire and chestnut dam. Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/jhered/article-abstract/5/11/482/855724 by BIUS Jussieu user on 30 August 2018 484 THE JOURNAL OF HEREDITY true brown horse hairs unless some tail. There is the presence of enough shades of bay or chestnut be so called, of white hairs among the chestnut ones The tan shade is due to an alternation to give it the light effect, of black and bay hairs, the bay hairs MANY being very dark and in many cases only MATINGS STUDIED. showing bay on the outward ends. The In going through the American Saddle horse designated as seal brown is a Horse Register I secured the color in black in which not all the bay has 5,591 matings, which involve the color disappeared. There is just enough of of 16,773 horses. To these numbers I the bay tendency left to produce lighter am able to add from Sturtevant's tables shades in places on the body. 8,464 matings, giving a total of 14,055 Black varies in shade from the so- matings or the color of 42,165 horses, called seal brown to the jet black. This number is sufficiently large, it Most black horses when exposed to the seems to me, to enable proper deduc- sun for some weeks show a faded condi- tions to be drawn, unless it is in the case tion. The ends of the hair show a bay of the rare colors, tinge. The tables herein given make no The chestnut coats present a variety distinction in the shades enumerated of shades from the dark liver color to for the reason that the registration books the light sorrel. The mane and tail do not give them. The percentages follow closely the body shades in are figured in round numbers so as to variety, the lighter chestnuts often exclude all fractions, showing the crushed strawberry or The tabulated matings and the re- flaxen shade in the hair of the mane and sultant foals are: CHESTNUT X CHESTNUT. Breed Chestnut Black Brown Bay Authority Thoroughbred 1095 9 (bay or brown) Hurst Shire 44 1 1 5 Wilson Trotter 69 0 0 0 Sturtevant Saddle 410 0 0 0 Anderson Total 1618 16 not chestnut 99% 1% CHESTNUT X CHESTNUT. Suffolk 12497 0 0 0 Anderson CHESTNUT X BLACK. Saddle Ill 83 20 124 Anderson 33% 24% 6% 37% CHESTNUT X BROWN. Saddle 60 32 31 130 Anderson 24% 12% 12% 52% CHESTNUT X BAY Saddle 597 S6 49 764 Anderson 41% 4% 3% 52% BLACK X BLACK. Perchcron 0 49 2 not black Harper Shire 2 39 0 3 Wilson Clydesdale 0 36 2 0 Wilson Trotter 2 34 4 2 Sturtevant Saddle 7 137 7 0 Anderson Total 11 295 15 5 3% 90% 5 % 2 % BLACK X BROWN.

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