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Production Practices and Quality Assessment of Food Crops

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Production Practices and Quality Assessment of Food Crops Production Practices and Quality Assessment of Food Crops Volume 1 Production Practices and Quality Assessment of Food Crops Volume 1 Preharvest Practice Edited by Ramdane Dris World Food Ltd. Helsinki, Finland and Shri Mohan Jain FAO/IAEA Joint Division International Atomic Energy Agency Vienna, Austria KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBLISHERS NEW YORK, BOSTON, DORDRECHT, LONDON, MOSCOW eBook ISBN: 1-4020-2533-5 Print ISBN: 1-4020-1698-0 ©2004 Kluwer Academic Publishers New York, Boston, Dordrecht, London, Moscow Print ©2004 Kluwer Academic Publishers Dordrecht All rights reserved No part of this eBook may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, recording, or otherwise, without written consent from the Publisher Created in the United States of America Visit Kluwer Online at: http://kluweronline.com and Kluwer's eBookstore at: http://ebooks.kluweronline.com CONTENTS Preface vii List of Authors ix Effect of Preharvest Factors on the Quality of Vegetables Produced in the Tropics – Vegetables: Growing Environment and the Quality of Produce Rufaro M. Madakadze and Judith Kwaramba 1–36 Effects of Agronomic Practices and Processing Conditions on Tomato Ingredients Volker Böhm 37–46 Modelling Fruit Quality: Ecophysiological, Agronomical and Ecological Perspectives Michel Génard and Françoise Lescourret 47–82 Spray Technology in Perennial Tree Crops Sally A. Bound 83–104 Chestnut, An Ancient Crop With Future S. Pereira-Lorenzo and A. M. Ramos-Cabrer 105–161 Improvement of Grain Legume Production in Semi-Arid Kenya Through Biological Nitrogen Fixation: The Experience With Tepary Bean (Phaseolus Acutifolius A. Gray Var. Latifolius) Chris A. Shisanya 163–188 Impact of Ozone on Crops S. del Valle-Tascon and J. L. Carrasco-Rodriguez 189–208 Saffron Quality: Effect of Agricultural Practices, Processing and Storage Stella A. Ordoudi and Maria Z. Tsimidou 209–260 Fruit and Vegetables Harvesting Systems Margarita Ruiz-Altisent, Jaime Ortiz-Cañavate and Constantino Valero 261–285 v PREFACE Today, in a world with abundant food, more than 700 million people are chroni- cally undernourished. Over the next 20 years, the world’s population will probably double. The global food supply would need to double or to triple for the larger population to be fed adequately. Agriculture is closely linked to environmental quality in a variety of ways, and the challenge of our generation is how to feed a growing planet while maintaining the integrity of our ecological life-support system.The responsibility of governments for ensuring food security will grow proportionately with the growth of populations, and governments bear a special responsibility for promoting agricultural inputs. Agriculture in the 21st century, will certainly focus increasingly on adapting modern technologies to local farming systems, needs and environments. Worldwide climatic changes have been raising concerns about potential changes to crop yields and production systems. Such concerns include the ability to accom- modate these uncertain effects in order to ensure an adequate food supply for an increasing population. What can be done concretely to use agriculture to address some of the fundamental issues of today’s world? We must recognize that agricul- ture is part of the solution and not just a problem. Agricultural development is a key to social stability and equity in many parts of the world. It can help to alle- viate the subtle and unspoken fears of modernization and the space of change if innovation is handled transparently. The World Food Summit held at FAO-Rome in November 1996 gave priority to the development of urban and peri-urban agri- culture as well as improving the efficiency of food supply and distribution systems and linkages between growth, production, quality handling, postharvest aspects and consumption areas, with the aim of facilitating access to food by low-income households and hence improving food security especially in developing countries and countries in transition. To increase food security and alleviate poverty there is a need to introduce improved crop-production technologies to farmers or growers and by promoting appropriate policies that help them to adopt new technologies. Responsible agriculture must be viable yet sustainable – economically, environ- mentally and socially. More information can be found in www.world-food.net or www.isfae.org or to take contact with World Food Ltd. Meri-Rastilantie 3 C, FIN- 00980 Helsinki, Finland ([email protected]) This book focuses on the preharvest practices on the production and quality of food crops. Nine chapters are included in this book, which are: Effect of Preharvest Factors on the Quality of Vegetables Produced in the Tropics – Vegetables: Growing Environment and the Quality of Produce; Effects of Agronomic Practices and Processing Conditions on Tomato Ingredients; Modelling Fruit Quality: Ecophysiological, Agronomical and Ecological Perspectives; Sprays Technology in Perennial Tree Crops; Chestnut, an Ancient Crop With Future; Improvement of Grain Legume Production in Semi-Arid Kenya Through Biological Nitrogen Fixation: The Experience With Tepary Bean (Phaseolus Acutifolius a Gray var. Latifolius); Impact of Ozone on Crops; Saffron Quality: Effect of Agricultural Practices, Processing and Storage; Fruit and vegetables Harvesting Systems. vii viii Preface This book provides recent and up-dated information on preharvest field practice. The book will stimulate guidance material on key constraints, which can be useful in the field of agriculture or horticulture. Readers will get acquainted with a wide range of information, technologies and methodologies. The editors wish to express their sincere gratitude to all authors for their valuable contributions. We are grateful to Kluwer Academic Publishers for giving us an oppor- tunity to compile this book. Ramdane Dris Ph.D. Shri Mohan Jain Ph.D. World Food Ltd. Plant Breeding and Genetics Section Meri-Rastilantie 3C Joint FAO/IAEA Division FIN-00980 Helsinki Finland International Atomic Energy Agency E-mail: [email protected] Wagramer Strasse 5 [email protected] P.O. Box 200 A-1400 Vienna, Austria E-mail: [email protected] LIST OF AUTHORS Rufaro M. Madakadze, Department of Crop Science, University of Zimbabwe, P. O. Box MP 167, Mount Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe. Volker Böhm, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Institute of Nutrition, 07743 Jena, Germany. Judith Kwaramba, Department of Agricultural, Research and Extension Services, P O Box CY639, Harare, Zimbabwe Michel Génard, Plantes et Systèmes de culture Horticoles, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Domaine St Paul, site Agroparc, 84914 Avignon Cedex 9, France. Françoise Lescourret, Plantes et Systèmes de culture Horticoles, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Domaine St Paul, site Agroparc, 84914 Avignon Cedex 9, France. Sally A. Bound, Tasmanian Institute of Agricultural Research, 13 St John’s Avenue New Town, Tasmania 7008, Australia Pereira-Lorenzo, S. and A. M. Ramos-Cabrer, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Escola Politécnica Superior, Departamento de Producción Vegetal, Campus de Lugo, 27002 Lugo, Spain Chris A. Shisanya, Department of Geography, P.O.Box 43844, Kenyatta University, Nairobi, Kenya. S. Del Valle-Tascon and J. L. Carrasco-Rodriguez, Departamento de Fisiologia Vegetal, Fac. Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Valencia, C/.Dr Moliner 50, 46100 Burjasot (Valencia), Spain. Stella A. Ordoudi and Maria Z. Tsimidou, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, School of Chemistry, Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Technology, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece Margarita Ruiz-Altisent, Jaime Ortiz-Cañavate and Constantino Valero, Department of Agricultural Engineering, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Spain ix EFFECT OF PREHARVEST FACTORS ON THE QUALITY OF VEGETABLES PRODUCED IN THE TROPICS Vegetables: Growing Environment and the Quality of Produce RUFARO M. MADAKADZE Department of Crop Science, University of Zimbabwe, P.O. Box MP 167, Mount Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe JUDITH KWARAMBA Department of Agricultural, Research and Extension Services, P.O. Box CY639, Harare, Zimbabwe 1. INTRODUCTION Vegetables are plants whose parts are consumed in relatively small quantities as a side dish or relish with the staple food or as a snack. They are mainly cultivated, but some are collected from the wild. They form an important part of food supply in all countries and contribute to balanced nutrition, health, stability and produc- tivity. Vegetables including roots and tubers occupy less than 10% of the whole area under cultivation for all crops in the world (Yamaguchi, 1983). Consumption of vegetables is correlated with per capita income, countries with low and middle incomes use more grain products (beans, peas, cowpeas and maize) or starchy root crops (sweet potato and cassava) in their diets compared to countries with higher per capita income. The demand for vegetables results in an increase in incomes, effecting better incomes for progressive farmers. Vegetables are important as sources of different mineral nutrients and for food security from household level to national concerns. A proper balance of human nutrition can be obtained from vegetables alone. Vegetables can provide the following nutrients carbohydrates e.g. Irish potato, sweet potato, cassava, dry beans and yams, oils e.g. legume seeds and mature vegetable seeds such as Brassica napus proteins and amino acids e.g. beans, peas, sweet corn, leafy green vegetables, vitamin A e.g. most yellow or
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