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What's Changed in the International Financial 1106t-Halifax-Book art-FIN.pdf 1 10-04-09 3:46 PM Fifteen years is enough What’s changed in the international nancial system and its institutions, what hasn’t and what needs to 153 Chapel Street, Suite 104 Ottawa, ON K1N 1H5 CANADA Tel.: +1 613 789-4447 Fax: +1 613 241-4170 [email protected] www.halifaxinitiative.org Edited by the Halifax Initiative Coalition Fifteen years is enough What’s changed in the international financial system and its institutions, what hasn’t and what needs to About the Halifax Initiative Canadian NGOs formed the Halifax Initiative in December 1994 to ensure that fundamental reform of the international financial institutions (IFIs), namely the World Bank and International Monetary Fund, was high on the agenda of the Group of Seven’s (G7) Halifax Summit. Today the Halifax Initiative is a coalition of 17 development, environment, faith-based, human rights and labour groups, and the Canadian presence for public interest advocacy and education on the IFIs. Our members comprise: Canadian Catholic Organization for Development and Peace Canadian Conference of Catholic Bishops, Social Affairs Office Canadian Council for International Cooperation Canadian Friends of Burma Canadian Labour Congress CAW-Canada Social Justice Fund Falls Brook Centre KAIROS: Canadian Ecumenical Justice Initiatives MiningWatch Canada North-South Institute Oxfam Canada Oxfam Québec RESULTS Canada Rights & Democracy Social Justice Committee Steelworkers Humanity Fund World Interaction Mondiale Halifax Initiative Coalition 153 Chapel Street, Suite 104 Ottawa, ON K1N 1H5 CANADA Tel.: +1 613 789-4447 Fax: +1 613 241-4170 www.halifaxinitiative.org Acknowledgements The Halifax Initiative Coalition commissioned and edited this publication. It extends sincere thanks to all the contributors whose efforts, energy and time made this publication possible: • Soren Ambrose, ActionAid International; • Dereje Alemayehu, Tax Justice Network-Africa; • John Christensen, Tax Justice Network. • Gail Hurley, formerly Eurodad; • David McNair, Christian Aid; • Nuria Molina, Eurodad; • Bhumika Muchhala, Third World Network; • Lidy Nacpil, Freedom from Debt Movement; • Arnaud Zacharie, Centre National de Coopération au Développement – 11.11.11. Readers and commentators on some early drafts include the following: Aniket Bhushan, The North-South Institute; John Dillon, KAIROS – Canadian Ecumenical Justice Initiatives; and Peter Gillespie, Inter Pares. Particular thanks go to Soren Ambrose who provided comments and helped edit a number of the chapters. Financial Support The Halifax Initiative Coalition wishes to thank the Canadian Labour Congress, Charles Stewart Mott Foundation, the International Development Research Centre, RESULTS Canada, the UN Millennium Campaign, and coalition members, whose financial support made this publication possible. Imprint Fifteen years is enough - What’s changed in the international financial system and its institutions, what hasn’t and what needs to Published by the Halifax Initiative Coalition Initial draft chapters were edited by Fraser Reilly-King, with the final editing conducted by Mark Foss in collaboration with the chapter authors. Front cover design, layout and printing: Bonanza Printing & Copying Centre Inc. Ottawa, March 2010 * * * The opinions expressed in this publication are those of the authors and not necessarily of the organizations with which they are affiliated. No permission is required to reproduce articles. We simply ask that you acknowledge the source and let us know when you use the material by contacting publications[a]halifaxinitiative.org Parts of this publication are also available in French. Table of Contents Page List of acronyms i Executive Summary iii Chapter 1 Fifteen years is enough: The need for transformation 1 Chapter 2 Global financial imbalances: Towards a new international 9 reserve system? Chapter 3 Strings attached: how the IMF’s economic conditions foil 21 development-oriented policies for loan-borrowing countries Chapter 4 Where next on debt? Forward-looking measures to address 33 a new debt crisis Chapter 5 Tax Matters: How to make tax systems more just and prevent 45 capital flight List of Acronyms ALBA Bolivarian Alternative for the Americas ASEAN Association of South East Asian Nations AU African Union BOP Balance of payments BWIs Bretton Woods Institutions (the World Bank and International Monetary Fund) CIDA Canadian International Development Agency ECAs Export Credit Agencies ECB European Central Bank EU European Union FCL Flexible Credit Line FCO Foreign and Commonwealth Office FDI Foreign Direct Investment FfD Financing for Development FSF Financial Stability Forum (formerly the Financial Stability Board or FSB) G7 Group of Seven G8 Group of Eight G20 Group of Twenty GDP Gross Domestic Product HIPC Heavily Indebted Poor Countries IASB International Accounting Standards Board ICC International Currency Certificate IDB Inter-American Development Bank IFIs International Financial Institutions IIE Institute for International Economics IMF International Monetary Fund LDC Least Developed Country LICs Low-income countries MDGs Millennium Development Goals MDRI Multilateral Debt Relief Initiative MNCs Multinational Corporations OECD Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development PRSPs Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers SBA Stand-by Arrangement SDRs Special Drawing Rights SME Small- and medium-sized enterprises SSA Sub-Saharan Africa TIEAs Tax Information Exchange Agreements UN United Nations UNASUR Union of South American Nations UNCTAD United Nations Conference on Trade and Development Fifteen years is enough i Executive Summary Back in 1995, the G7 met in Halifax during a “time of change and opportunity.” The meeting took place in a context of mounting deficits and debt crises in countries in the South; in the wake of economic collapse in Mexico; and amid strong global criticism from civil society, the media and governments about the World Bank and International Monetary Fund’s (IMF) austere neo-liberal structural adjustment policies. A lot has changed since then, partly in response to the Halifax G7 Summit and subsequent G7 and G8 meetings. Too many of these improvements, however, exist only on paper. Beyond the surface, the neo-liberal, market-oriented bias that guides the Bank and Fund’s agenda and thinking has not altered. The 2010 G8 Summit in Toronto in 2010 takes place during another “time of change and opportunity.” The financial crisis has spurred many civil society organizations (CSOs) to insist on far-reaching changes to the global financial system and its institutions. Clearly, as this publication will illustrate, 15 years of refusing to deal with the manifest shortcomings of the global economic system is enough. This publication looks at several interrelated issues: • The place of the dollar in the global economy, and the move towards a new global reserve system; • The challenge to conditionality in the context of policy prescriptions that exacerbate the impact of the crisis; • Truly sustainable responses to debt, in the context of a looming debt crisis; and • Tax justice in development, in the wake of a growing global movement challenging tax havens. The need for transformation Chapter 1 by Fraser Reilly-King sets the broader context for the publication by looking at the issue of global governance, as well as new and innovative sources of financing for development and climate change. The G20 remains an exclusive club that does not represent the interests of low-income countries and that lacks mechanisms to ensure transparency and accountability. To achieve the broader goal of democratic governance, a global leaders’ forum must include the effective participation of low-income countries. It must respect democratic principles, providing avenues for citizens’ voices. In the medium term, such a forum cannot replace the need for a democratic and global leaders’ summit process within the framework of the United Nations. Despite their minor role in causing the global financial crisis, developing countries have been deeply affected by it. Not surprisingly, the economic crisis is threatening to undo progress towards achieving the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). Additional emergency funding is needed urgently to address their massive funding shortfalls. The chapter argues that low-income countries could benefit from targeted allocations of Special Drawing Rights (SDRs) — the “currency” set aside by the International Monetary Fund in an international reserve. In addition, a global tax should be imposed on all financial transactions with at least half of the generated funds allocated to developing countries to help achieve the MDGs and for climate change mitigation and adaptation. Towards a new global reserve system Financial crises have been a recurring characteristic of the international financial system over the past two centuries, but have become more pronounced and far-reaching with the advent of financial and capital account liberalization.1 The gold standard and the Bretton Woods system had ushered in two decades of relative global prosperity and monetary stability, Fifteen years is enough iii but their collapse in the early 1970s triggered what economist Robert Triffin has called a “non system… anchored primarily on a national, paper reserve currency, that is, the dollar.”2 In the absence of more far-reaching reforms, countries that have survived previous crises have pursued their own ad hoc measures, building up substantial hard currency reserves
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