Master's Degree in Sustainable Development Subject Area 4.1
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Master's Degree in Sustainable Development Subject Area 4.1 Subject Area 4.1: Environmental sciences education Review Article Master's Degree in Sustainable Development in Switzerland, the First Master Course Comprising Three Faculties Patricia Burkhardt-Holm1* and Camelia Chebbi2 1 University of Basel, Man – Society – Environment, Department of Environmental Sciences, Vesalgasse 1, 4051 Basel, Switzerland ([email protected]) 2 University of Basel, Coordination Office Master's Degree in Sustainable Development, Vesalgasse 1, 4051 Basel, Switzerland ([email protected]) * Corresponding author (www.msd.unibas.ch) 1 History and Background DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1065/espr2008.02.478 In 1976, the toxic chemical dioxin was accidentally released Please cite this paper as: Burkhardt-Holm P, Chebbi C (2008): from a chemical manufacturing plant in Seveso, Italy. In Master's Degree in Sustainable Development in Switzerland, 1984, more than 27 tons of deadly gases were released from The first master course comprising three faculties. Env Sci Pollut a pesticide factory in Bhopal, India, killing more than 2,000 Res 15 (2) 136-142 people, and permanently disabling over 100,000. In April 1986 the Chernobyl nuclear reactor exploded. On Satur- Abstract. Sustainable development has become a key aspect in day, November 1st 1986, a warehouse of a chemical factory society, economics and environment. Therefore, experts dealing containing 1300 tons of chemical substances in Schweizer- with questions relating to people, the environment and its re- halle (located about 5 km outside the city of Basel), burned sources are more and more requested. This paper presents the down (Giger 2007). Questions raised by Seveso, Bhopal and concept and first experiences of a specialised Master's Degree in Sustainable Development (MSD). This is a pioneer course as Chernobyl suddenly became of importance for the region of it is equally anchored in three faculties (Human science, Natu- Basel. The issue of sustainable development, of increasing ral science, Business and Economy) at the University of Basel, concern in the international, particularly UN arena, became Switzerland. It aims to transmit knowledge, teach methodology of direct relevance for the region. Schweizerhalle had many and enable practical work experience in the field of sustainable regional repercussions, one of which was the creation of the development. This interdisciplinary master's degree is composed Man-Society-Environment (Mensch-Gesellschaft-Umwelt; of several modules. At first, the attendance of modules provid- MGU) Foundation in 1991 by the Canton of Basel Land. The ing a basic understanding in the disciplines not yet covered by following year, in accordance with the purpose of the founda- the former Bachelor degree, is mandatory. In optional modules, tion, the MGU inter- and transdisciplinary teaching and re- the acquired knowledge of the compulsory modules is further search program in environmental and associated issues com- enhanced, focussing on four different topics and are titled as: menced. Funds were made available for a period of 10 years, Agglomeration and Ecosystems; Conservation and Utilisation with the aim to integrate its teaching and research activities of Natural Resources; Environment, Values, Societal Transfor- into the University within this decade (von Ungern-Sternberg mation and Health; and Environmental Problems in a Globalised World. In another optional module, students may complete an & Appenzeller 1992). internship in which they can apply theoretical and thematic knowledge. To work independently on a problem in the context 2 Sustainable Development: A Regulative Idea for Society of, interdisciplinary projects are a central request in the MSD. and Education Finally, the master thesis has to be planned and realized by ap- plying the scientific methods and skills acquired in the previous In 1987, just after Schweizerhalle, the United Nations com- modules. Since the beginning of the programme in the winter of missioned Brundtland Report was published (World Com- 2005/2006, 45 students have enrolled. They received degrees at mission on Environment and Development 1987). This de- 25 different universities, 13 of which are from abroad. Some fined sustainable development as a development 'that meets already have several years of working experience, while others the needs of the present generation without compromising have only just completed their Bachelor's degrees. A analysis the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.' has shown that the graduates will have excellent chances in the This definition, adopted by Swiss governmental authorities, employment market, since they are well qualified to take over suggests that sustainable development is a concept or regu- sought-after positions in the business world, in administration, lative idea which requires managing development in a just in consultancy, national or international organisations, or to and equitable manner. Consequently, resources are main- follow academic careers. tained and sustained, to enable the global needs of current Keywords: Higher education; inter- and transdisciplinarity; and future generations. When operationalising the concept, Master's degree; sustainable development; teaching all three dimensions of sustainability – environment, social justice, and economics – are to be equally incorporated and 136 Env Sci Pollut Res 151515 (2) 136 – 142 (2008) © Springer-Verlag 2008 Subject Area 4.1 Master's Degree in Sustainable Development respected. Nevertheless, how sustainable development should research and teaching programme. The management board be fully operationalised is a matter of ongoing debate and of MGU, conscious of the growing importance and relevance negotiation (Altner 2004). of sustainable development, used − under the supervision of − This increasingly complex framework demands new areas the rectorate the Bologna Reform process as an opportu- of study and research and new inter- and transdisciplinary nity to restructure the syllabus. As a consequence, the teach- structures for studies to be produced by universities ing programme of MGU was phased out and the specialised (Michelsen 2000). The report 'Reforming Environmental Master's Degree in Sustainable Development MSD was es- Higher Education in European Assessment' (with data col- tablished successfully in the winter semester 2005/2006. The lected in Switzerland) states that "there is a need, through- mission of MSD is dedicated "to further understanding the out the new professional landscape, for people with an in- imperatives of sustainable development". MSD accepts the terdisciplinary, problem-solving capability, rather than a obligations towards the current and future generations and traditional, often overly specialized, scientific competence". acknowledges the need to address the societal problems. This Thus a number of challenges for institutions of higher edu- degree furnishes an understanding of the background of sus- cation have emerged to develop new courses and training tainable development, analysing the basics of ecology, the programs, as well as new methods of teaching, including socio-cultural and the economic conditions, as well as the short courses, on-the-job training, and internships (Jamison interactions within society, among different societies and & Maarleveld 2001). In Europe, COPERNICUS-CAMPUS between people and the ecosystems. MSD graduates shall is a university network where, as a response to the Earth contribute to the development, distribution and application Summit in Rio de Janeiro in 1992, the COPERNICUS Uni- of corresponding models, strategies and instruments. There- versity Charter for Sustainable Development was signed to fore, the study programme aims to improve the sustainable raise consciousness within the European universities of col- use of the natural, cultural, social and economic resources laborating to preserve the future. By now, more than 320 through research, teaching and services. universities and higher education institutions from 38 coun- tries across Europe have signed the COPERNICUS Charter 5 The Businessplan of the MSD to declare that they will give sustainable development an important place in their activities. This implies that in the It should be noted that the specific 'business' context and university curricula, institutional management and services the understanding of 'profit' of a University differs in many concerning local/regional society as well as the responsible respects to those of the private sector. Hence, we consider balance of economical, ecological and societal/cultural as- the profitability of MSD being established if its product meets pects must be considered. social, economic, environmental needs and demands. On a meta level, the MSD should be designed to contribute to achieving sustainable development utilising all the available 3 The University Context in Basel resources. First, the strategic alternatives were checked: How There are several guidelines and documents that direct and should a product be conceived to fulfil the aims and overall determine the activities of the University of Basel in respect mission? The MSD was then shaped as a product in the to efforts to put education in sustainable development into marketing environment (supply-side focus). Therefore a action. Switzerland is a Member State of the UN and thus market place and consumer analysis was performed. In a obliged to put the objectives of the UNESCO Decade of Edu-