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Pre-Prabhas Assemblage from Gujarat, Western India

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Pre-Prabhas Assemblage from Gujarat, Western India Pre‐Prabhas Assemblage from Gujarat, Western India Rajesh S.V. 1, K. Krishnan2, P. Ajithprasad2 and Marco Madella3 1. Department of Archaeology, University of Kerala, Kariavattom Campus, Thiruvananthapuram ‐ 695581, Kerala, India (Email: [email protected]) 2. Department of Archaeology and Ancient History, Faculty of Arts, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara – 390002, Gujarat, India 3. CaSEs – Complexity and Socio‐Ecological Dynamics Research Group (IMF‐CSIC)/ Institució Catalana de Recercai Estudis Avançats (ICREA)/ Universitat Pompeu Fabra, C/Egipciaques 15, 08001, Barcelona, Spain Received: 12 September 2013; Accepted: 23 September 2013; Revised: 12 October 2013 Heritage: Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies in Archaeology 1 (2013): 181‐209 Abstract: The Pre‐Prabhas assemblage first reported from Prabhas Patan (Somnath) consists of handmade ceramics; chalcedony blades with crested‐guiding ridges; faience and steatite beads and fragment of clay plaster with reed impressions. The ceramics are predominantly coarse and comprises of wide mouthed vessels either with flat or ring base falling under the categories of Red ware, Grey ware and Black and Red ware. Surveys in north Gujarat (1990 onwards) revealed the presence of this assemblage together with Pre‐urban Harappan Sindh type ceramics at Datrana IX; at Datrana IV along with Anarta types and Pre‐urban Harappan Sindh type ceramics and at Datrana V along with Anarta pottery. The present study tries to situate the Pre‐Prabhas assemblage within the context of indigenously evolved regional Chalcolithic cultures of Gujarat through a study of changes in lithic technology in tool and bead making along with ceramics at Datrana IV. The study reveals that Datrana IV gives evidence of transition from Mesolithic to Chalcolithic, which is absent at Somnath. This leads to a tentative proposition that the appearance of Pre‐Prabhas assemblage at Datrana IV may predate Somnath, which would indicate that societal changes from Mesolithic to Chalcolithic, reflected through ceramic and lithic technology took place in north Gujarat prior to the other geographical sub‐regions in Gujarat. This calls for more intense field surveys within Gujarat to locate varieties of activity areas and the chronological placements of ‘sites’. Keywords: Pre‐Prabhas Assemblage, Prabhas Patan, Datrana IV, Chalcolithic, Pre Urban Harappan, Ceramics, Crested Ridge Blade Introduction Pre‐Prabhas assemblage first unearthed in 1955‐56 and 1956‐57 during the excavations at Prabhas Patan/Somnath (Figure 1) in Junagadh district throws light into the Pre‐ Urban Harappan occupation of Gujarat. Subbarao (1958), designated the early phase/Pre‐Prabhas level at Somnath as Period IA (Subbarao 1958). However, in the subsequent excavation report (Nanavati et al. 1971) there is no mention of this period ISSN 2347 – 5463 Heritage: Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies in Archaeology 1: 2013 as its significance was not recognized at that time. Re‐excavation of the site in 1971‐72, 1975‐76 and 1976‐77 by the Deccan College Post Graduate and Research Institute, Pune and Department of Archaeology, Government of Saurashtra revealed the Pre‐Prabhas level, which horizontally extended over 75 square meters at the lowest level of the mound. This was resting on a sterile deposit of marine sand at about 3 meters below from the modern surface level. Two dates from the Pre‐Prabhas level provided a calibrated date of 2900 BC (Dhavalikar and Possehl 1992) and due to the notion that the Harappan sites in Saurasthra are Late Harappan in nature (Possehl 2007) it created some confusions and the data remained unpublished for a long time. With the reporting of settlements having elements of other Pre‐Harappan and/or regional Chalcolithic cultures of Gujarat towards the beginning of 1990s an article on the Pre‐ Prabhas assemblage at Somnath was published (Dhavalikar and Possehl 1992). This confirmed that Period I at Prabhas Patan was characterised by the occurrence of red ware, incised red ware (corrugated or broad incised), black and red ware and grey ware (Figures 2 and 3) along with crested ridge blades of agate and chalcedony (IAR 1956‐57; Subbarao 1958, Dhavalikar and Possehl 1992). The vessel forms represented are wide mouthed jars, deep shallow basins, and flat bottomed basin with flaring sides and incised rims (IAR 1971‐72; Dhavalikar and Possehl 1992). Apart from the ceramics and stone blades, faience and steatite beads (some segmented) and fragment of a wall plaster with reed impressions were also unearthed from Prabhas Patan/Somnath (20°54’00” N, 70°25’30” E). Subsequent excavations at Datrana IV (23°46’14.7” N, 71°07’26.2” E) in 1993‐94, 1994‐94 (The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda) and 2010‐11 (The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda and Spanish National Research Council) and explorations in Datrana V (23°46’12.6” N, 71°07’25.5” E) and Datrana IX (23°45’59.6” N, 71°07’21.5” E) in Banaskantha district of North Gujarat also revealed Pre‐Prabhas pottery (Figure 4). At Datrana IV (Figures 5‐7) this ceramic assemblage was found in association with Anarta pottery, Pre Urban Harappan Burial pottery, crested ridge blades and cores of chalcedony, agate, jasper and chert and copper/bronze punches (Ajithprasad 2002; Gadekar et al. 2012). Pre‐Prabhas Assemblage from Datrana IV The excavations at Datrana IV (Hadkawala Khetar) during 1993‐94 and 1994‐95 revealed habitation deposit of 75‐90 cm incorporating two cultural periods, Period I Mesolithic and Period II Chalcolithic (Ajithprasad 2002). Contrary to the same, the excavations in 2010‐11 revealed habitation deposit of 122 cm representing a Chalcolithic occupation. The Chalcolithic period at the site was represented by long crested ridge blades, prismatic blade cores, stone beads and rough‐outs, copper punch point and ceramics similar to those from the Pre‐Prabhas level at Somnath/Prabhas Patan. Pre‐Prabhas nature of the ceramics from Datrana IV was first identified by G. L. Possehl (c.f. Ajithprasad 2002). At the upper level of the deposit, Pre‐Prabhas ceramics were found associated with a few ceramics of Anarta tradition and Early Harappan Burial pottery indicating that Pre‐Prabhas pottery using communities were the earliest Chalcolithic inhabitants at the site who later came into contact with the above 182 Rajesh et al. 2013: 181‐209 mentioned traditions/cultures. No structural remains were unearthed from the site. An important feature of Datrana IV and Somnath is the use of crested ridge technique for blade production. As the assemblage from Somnath were not available, Datrana is conceived here as the type site to derive information regarding Pre‐Prabhas assemblage. Objectives of the Study The major objectives of this study are (1) to understand the chronological position of this assemblage in Gujarat; (2) to identify the distribution pattern of Pre‐Prabhas sites in Gujarat within specific geographical sub‐regions; (3) to define the nature of Pre‐ Prabhas settlements and investigate into various aspects of its people (4) to understand the probable region of its origin, and (5) to recognize presence of Pre‐Prabhas pottery and associated artifacts in sites outside Gujarat. It is assumed that the results of this analysis would be useful to resolve at least some issues pertaining to regional Chalcolithic cultures/traditions in Gujarat. Pre‐Prabhas Ceramics Ajithprasad’s (2002) analysis of ceramics and associated artefacts from Datrana IV identified ceramic types of three traditions at the site namely, a group of pottery resembling the Pre‐Prabhas type of Prabhas Patan/Somnath, the Anarta ceramics and Pre Urban Harappan Sindh related pottery. The Pre‐Prabhas ceramics (Figures 8‐12), the abundant pottery type at the site, includes four different types i.e. Fine Red Ware with bright red slip and broadly corrugated exterior, Coarse Gray or Red Ware, Fine Gray Ware and Black and Red Ware (Ajithprasad 2002, 2008, 2010). Though, all these studies showed light on different aspects of Pre‐Prabhas assemblage, no one attempted to carry out a thorough typological analysis of these ceramics. Therefore, in order to understand the minute feature of the ceramics, a detailed macroscopic analysis of the entire diagnostic and undiagnostic Pre‐Prabhas pottery and sketchy analysis of other artefacts from the excavations of 1993‐94 and 1994‐95 from Datrana IV was conducted. Analysed Ceramics: Archaeological Context Total ceramics unearthed from the site during 1993‐94 and 1994‐95 are 3477 in number. All the sherds were subjected to detailed analysis though most of them were devoid of any noticeable features. Among the analysed ceramics, 8.63% are from Trench I (Chalcolithic phase) and rest of the ceramics i.e. 91.37% are from Trench II (Chalcolithic phase). Three major categories of ceramics were identified at the site namely, Red Ware, Gray Ware and Black and Red Ware. Red Ware represented 77.51%, Gray Ware represented 6.36% and Black and Red Ware represented 16.13%. Among the ceramics, 5.87% of Red Ware, 0.55% of Gray Ware and 2.21% of Black and Red Ware are from Trench I. Size of Potsherds It is the most fragile Chalcolithic ceramic type reported till date in Gujarat. Majority of the sherds were very fragmentary in nature; probably due to the lacunas in 183 ISSN 2347 – 5463 Heritage: Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies in Archaeology 1: 2013 manufacturing. The post burial damages of the ceramic fragments have made the identification of its type and form difficult. These post burial damages may have occurred due to pressure within the burial, ground water action on the potsherds and presence of natural salts within the burial environment. These masked the features of ceramics to a great extend. Therefore it was thought that size analysis with all above limitations would lead to tentative identification of the general vessel form. Maximum size of the sherds varied from 1 to 14 cm.
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