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Good Plant Design and Operation for Onshore Carbon Capture Installations and Onshore Pipelines

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Good Plant Design and Operation for Onshore Carbon Capture Installations and Onshore Pipelines Good plant design and operation for onshore carbon capture installations and onshore pipelines Registered Charity Number 1097899 GOOD PLANT DESIGN AND OPERATION FOR ONSHORE CARBON CAPTURE INSTALLATIONS AND ONSHORE PIPELINES A Recommended Practice Guidance Document First edition September 2010 Published by ENERGY INSTITUTE, LONDON The Energy Institute is a professional membership body incorporated by Royal Charter 2003 Registered charity number 1097899 The Energy Institute (EI) is the leading chartered professional membership body supporting individuals and organisations across the energy industry. With a combined membership of over 13 500 individuals and 300 companies in 100 countries, it provides an independent focal point for the energy community and a powerful voice to engage business and industry, government, academia and the public internationally. As a Royal Charter organisation, the EI offers professional recognition and sustains personal career development through the accreditation and delivery of training courses, conferences and publications and networking opportunities. It also runs a highly valued technical work programme, comprising original independent research and investigations, and the provision of EI technical publications to provide the international industry with information and guidance on key current and future issues. The EI promotes the safe, environmentally responsible and efficient supply and use of energy in all its forms and applications. In fulfilling this purpose the EI addresses the depth and breadth of energy and the energy system, from upstream and downstream hydrocarbons and other primary fuels and renewables, to power generation, transmission and distribution to sustainable development, demand side management and energy efficiency. Offering learning and networking opportunities to support career development, the EI provides a home to all those working in energy, and a scientific and technical reservoir of knowledge for industry. This publication has been produced as a result of work carried out within the Technical Team of the EI, funded by the EI’s Technical Partners. The EI’s Technical Work Programme provides industry with cost-effective, value-adding knowledge on key current and future issues affecting those operating in the energy sector, both in the UK and internationally. For further information, please visit http://www.energyinst.org The EI gratefully acknowledges the financial contributions towards the scientific and technical programme from the following companies BG Group Maersk Oil North Sea UK Limited BP Exploration Operating Co Ltd Murco Petroleum Ltd BP Oil UK Ltd Nexen Centrica Saudi Aramco Chevron Shell UK Oil Products Limited ConocoPhillips Ltd Shell U.K. Exploration and Production Ltd EDF Energy Statoil Hydro ENI Talisman Energy (UK) Ltd E. ON UK Total E&P UK plc ExxonMobil International Ltd Total UK Limited Kuwait Petroleum International Ltd Copyright © 2010 by the Energy Institute, London: The Energy Institute is a professional membership body incorporated by Royal Charter 2003. Registered charity number 1097899, England All rights reserved No part of this book may be reproduced by any means, or transmitted or translated into a machine language without the written permission of the publisher. ISBN 978 0 85293 540 8 Published by the Energy Institute The information contained in this publication is provided as guidance only and while every reasonable care has been taken to ensure the accuracy of its contents, the Energy Institute cannot accept any responsibility for any action taken, or not taken, on the basis of this information. The Energy Institute shall not be liable to any person for any loss or damage which may arise from the use of any of the information contained in any of its publications. Further copies can be obtained from Portland Customer Services, Commerce Way, Whitehall Industrial Estate, Colchester CO2 8HP, UK. Tel: +44 (0) 1206 796 351 e: [email protected] Electronic access to EI publications is available via our website, www.energypublishing.org. Documents can be purchased online as downloadable pdfs or on an annual subscription for single users and companies. For more information, contact the EI Publications Team. e: [email protected] GOOD PLANT DESIGN AND OPERATION FOR ONSHORE CARBON CAPTURE INSTALLATIONS AND ONSHORE PIPELINES CONTENTS Page Foreword ................................................................ vii Acknowledgements ........................................................ix 1 Introduction ...........................................................1 2 Overview of carbon dioxide ..............................................3 2.1 General properties and uses of carbon dioxide . 3 2.1.1 General thermodynamics.........................................4 2.2Liquid carbon dioxide .................................................11 2.2.1 Corrosion ...................................................11 2.2.2 Impact of impurities within liquid carbon dioxide . 14 2.3Behaviour in the supercritical region...................................... 19 2.4Hazards of carbon dioxide .............................................20 2.4.1 Physiological effects of carbon dioxide . 20 2.4.2 Confined spaces ..............................................24 2.4.3 Pressure and expansion ratio.....................................24 2.4.4 Dispersion in open spaces .......................................25 2.4.5 Low temperature effects........................................26 2.4.6 Elastomers...................................................26 2.4.7 Effect on internal coatings.......................................27 2.4.8 Lubricants ...................................................27 2.4.9 Hydrate formation.............................................27 2.4.10 Carbon dioxide BLEVE..........................................27 3 Overview of CCS technology ............................................29 3.1Introduction ........................................................29 3.2Capture technology ..................................................30 3.2.1 Overview....................................................30 3.2.2 Absorption ..................................................32 3.2.3 Adsorption ..................................................34 3.2.4 Membrane separation..........................................34 3.2.5 Cryogenics...................................................34 3.3Transportation ...................................................... 35 3.3.1 Overview....................................................35 3.4Storage............................................................36 3.4.1 Overview....................................................36 3.5Summary ..........................................................38 iii GOOD PLANT DESIGN AND OPERATION FOR ONSHORE CARBON CAPTURE INSTALLATIONS AND ONSHORE PIPELINES Contents cont... Page 4 State of the art for CCS components ......................................39 4.1Introduction ........................................................39 4.2Carbon dioxide capture ............................................... 39 4.2.1 Chemical solvents .............................................39 4.2.2 Physical solvents ..............................................46 4.2.3 Oxy-combustion ..............................................47 4.2.4 Membrane separation..........................................48 4.3Carbon dioxide compression............................................49 4.3.1 Axial compressors .............................................49 4.3.2 Centrifugal compressors ........................................49 4.3.3 Reciprocating compressors.......................................51 4.4Carbon dioxide transport ..............................................52 4.4.1 Pipe transport ................................................52 4.4.2 Carbon dioxide road tanker......................................53 4.4.3 Ship transport ................................................53 4.5Carbon dioxide storage................................................55 4.5.1 Deep saline formations .........................................56 4.5.2 Gas formations ...............................................57 4.5.3 Carbon dioxide storage associated with EOR . 58 4.5.4 Carbon dioxide storage in depleted gas reservoirs . 59 4.6New CCS projects....................................................60 4.6.1 Australia – Gorgon ............................................61 4.6.2 Australia – ZeroGen............................................61 4.6.3 Germany – Goldenbergwerk.....................................61 4.6.4 The Netherlands – Magnum .....................................61 4.6.5 United Kingdom – Blyth.........................................62 4.6.6 United Kingdom – Cockenzie.....................................62 4.6.7 United Kingdom – Eston Grange.................................. 62 4.6.8 United Kingdom – Hatfield ......................................62 4.6.9 United Kingdom – Kingsnorth....................................62 4.6.10 United Kingdom – Lynemouth....................................63 4.6.11 United Kingdom – Tilbury .......................................63 4.6.12 United States of America – Carson (DF2) . 63 4.7Conclusions ........................................................ 63 5 Carbon dioxide plant design .............................................64 5.1Introduction ........................................................64 5.2 Existing guidance on carbon dioxide facility operation
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