Good plant design and operation for onshore carbon capture installations and onshore pipelines Registered Charity Number 1097899 GOOD PLANT DESIGN AND OPERATION FOR ONSHORE CARBON CAPTURE INSTALLATIONS AND ONSHORE PIPELINES A Recommended Practice Guidance Document First edition September 2010 Published by ENERGY INSTITUTE, LONDON The Energy Institute is a professional membership body incorporated by Royal Charter 2003 Registered charity number 1097899 The Energy Institute (EI) is the leading chartered professional membership body supporting individuals and organisations across the energy industry. With a combined membership of over 13 500 individuals and 300 companies in 100 countries, it provides an independent focal point for the energy community and a powerful voice to engage business and industry, government, academia and the public internationally. 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For more information, contact the EI Publications Team. e: [email protected] GOOD PLANT DESIGN AND OPERATION FOR ONSHORE CARBON CAPTURE INSTALLATIONS AND ONSHORE PIPELINES CONTENTS Page Foreword ................................................................ vii Acknowledgements ........................................................ix 1 Introduction ...........................................................1 2 Overview of carbon dioxide ..............................................3 2.1 General properties and uses of carbon dioxide . 3 2.1.1 General thermodynamics.........................................4 2.2Liquid carbon dioxide .................................................11 2.2.1 Corrosion ...................................................11 2.2.2 Impact of impurities within liquid carbon dioxide . 14 2.3Behaviour in the supercritical region...................................... 19 2.4Hazards of carbon dioxide .............................................20 2.4.1 Physiological effects of carbon dioxide . 20 2.4.2 Confined spaces ..............................................24 2.4.3 Pressure and expansion ratio.....................................24 2.4.4 Dispersion in open spaces .......................................25 2.4.5 Low temperature effects........................................26 2.4.6 Elastomers...................................................26 2.4.7 Effect on internal coatings.......................................27 2.4.8 Lubricants ...................................................27 2.4.9 Hydrate formation.............................................27 2.4.10 Carbon dioxide BLEVE..........................................27 3 Overview of CCS technology ............................................29 3.1Introduction ........................................................29 3.2Capture technology ..................................................30 3.2.1 Overview....................................................30 3.2.2 Absorption ..................................................32 3.2.3 Adsorption ..................................................34 3.2.4 Membrane separation..........................................34 3.2.5 Cryogenics...................................................34 3.3Transportation ...................................................... 35 3.3.1 Overview....................................................35 3.4Storage............................................................36 3.4.1 Overview....................................................36 3.5Summary ..........................................................38 iii GOOD PLANT DESIGN AND OPERATION FOR ONSHORE CARBON CAPTURE INSTALLATIONS AND ONSHORE PIPELINES Contents cont... Page 4 State of the art for CCS components ......................................39 4.1Introduction ........................................................39 4.2Carbon dioxide capture ............................................... 39 4.2.1 Chemical solvents .............................................39 4.2.2 Physical solvents ..............................................46 4.2.3 Oxy-combustion ..............................................47 4.2.4 Membrane separation..........................................48 4.3Carbon dioxide compression............................................49 4.3.1 Axial compressors .............................................49 4.3.2 Centrifugal compressors ........................................49 4.3.3 Reciprocating compressors.......................................51 4.4Carbon dioxide transport ..............................................52 4.4.1 Pipe transport ................................................52 4.4.2 Carbon dioxide road tanker......................................53 4.4.3 Ship transport ................................................53 4.5Carbon dioxide storage................................................55 4.5.1 Deep saline formations .........................................56 4.5.2 Gas formations ...............................................57 4.5.3 Carbon dioxide storage associated with EOR . 58 4.5.4 Carbon dioxide storage in depleted gas reservoirs . 59 4.6New CCS projects....................................................60 4.6.1 Australia – Gorgon ............................................61 4.6.2 Australia – ZeroGen............................................61 4.6.3 Germany – Goldenbergwerk.....................................61 4.6.4 The Netherlands – Magnum .....................................61 4.6.5 United Kingdom – Blyth.........................................62 4.6.6 United Kingdom – Cockenzie.....................................62 4.6.7 United Kingdom – Eston Grange.................................. 62 4.6.8 United Kingdom – Hatfield ......................................62 4.6.9 United Kingdom – Kingsnorth....................................62 4.6.10 United Kingdom – Lynemouth....................................63 4.6.11 United Kingdom – Tilbury .......................................63 4.6.12 United States of America – Carson (DF2) . 63 4.7Conclusions ........................................................ 63 5 Carbon dioxide plant design .............................................64 5.1Introduction ........................................................64 5.2 Existing guidance on carbon dioxide facility operation