mastering 21st century skills

Junior & Senior Study Packet

Life Challenge County Contest

Contest Date:

Saturday, June 5, 2021

8:30 a.m.

Lancaster Extension Education Center

Register by May 26 by calling 402-441-7180

or email Kristin at [email protected] Cwwect | ^k^v^^f&^Sv^^ Thrive I i-'-S^ WHAT IS SOCIAL CONNECTION?

The subjective experience of feeling close to and a sense of belongingness with others.

THE BENEFITS OF HIGH SOCIAL CONNECTION: ^ »r stronger gene expression 50% increased for immunity (research by lower rates of anxiety chance of longevity Steve Cole. UCLA) and depression

Social connection creates M a positive feedback loop higher self-esteem better emotion of social, emotional, and and empathy regulation skills physical well being. THE DANGERS OF LOW SOCIAL CONNECTION 0^ *J& worse for health them smoking, high blood higher mflammation at the higher susceptibility to pressure or obesity cellular level anxiety and depression

slower recovery from increased antisodal disease behavior and violence suicide

HOW MUCH SOCIAL CONNECTION DO AMERICANS HAVE?

?PR08l£MS^ ••» eec HAUE tl'JGLOoi. FRIFJiH tUA In 2004, 25 % of Loneliness, isolation Americans claim thai they Loneliness is (he main and alienation are on have no one to share a reason why people seek the rise. personal problem with. psychological counseling. HOW CAN I INCREASE MY SOCIAL CONNECTION? I'M AN INTROVERT. A LONER OR HAVE NO FRIENDS. WHAT SHOULD I DO? ft±ttt No problem! All the benefits As long as you feel connected to others on mentioned above have nothing to do the inside, you still get the benefit of being with how many friends you have,The connefted. Think of thiklrfn wlio i un up to benefits come from your internal and play with childi en they don't know. they feel subjective sense of connection! connected from within,

An internal sense of connoction can be niiiturocl and built:

1) Give, Share, Support & Do acts of service and kindness for others. 2) Take care of oneself: 3) Ask for help. Research shows that Stress is linked to high Research shows ihat people compassion and volunteering sdf-focus and {hoiefoK? s lowei arc Willing to help us bin if we h,3S huge health benefits and sense of connection; If you are don't ask, they assume we creates a sense of connection happy from within, you are also don't need help, Reach out to and put pose. Research also more likely to feel connected, those around you. Sad to be shows that if we need help, we (o reach out to others, and to spending Christmas alone? should ask for it. It will create make the world ri happier and Ask if you can join friends or belonging for those we ask. sunnier place. Invite others to join you!

Emma Seppala, Ph,D, THE SCIENCE OF HAPPINC&S, HEALTH & SOCIAL CONNECTION www.emmaseppala.com

Follow emmaseppala.com today 1 EXPLORE MvPLATE

When learning to prepare food, it is just as .,.^m^. important to learn about nutrition. There are so many foods to choose from, but some of them are better choices than others. How do we know which foods to choose and how much to eat to have a healthy, balanced diet? MyPlate helps guide your choices. MyPIate shows how to balance the five food groups that are the building blocks for a healthy diet.

ChooseMyPlate.gov

Tips to a Great Plate

1. Make half your plate veggies and fruits. Vegetables and fruits are full of nutrients that promote good health. Although most of us don't eat enough vegetables, we should eat a variety of vegetables every day,

Vegetables provide several different vitamins and minerals your body needs. ' / i - ;i'ii'l';!fi For example, Vitamin A is found in dark green vegetables (like broccoli and spinach) and dark yellow and orange vegetables (like carrots and sweet potatoes). Vitamin A keeps the cells in our body healthy,

/; ,'•' Fruits also provide vitamins and minerals. For example, oranges, grapefruit,

,! strawberries, and melons have Vitamin C which helps our bodies to heal, ./.,'..''

/ . Deep yellow fruit like apricots and cantaloupe have Vitamin A.

2. Add lean protein. Food from the protein group should be lean — that means it doesn't have much fat in it. Choose protein foods, such as lean beef or pork, or chicken, turkey, beans, or fish. Baking, broiling, and grilling are better choices for cooking protein foods than frying because they do not add fat to the meat,

8 4-H Cooking 101 ']]

Include whole grains. Grains are used to make bread, cereal, rice, and pasta, These foods are made from wheat, rye, oats, and rice. Try to make at least half of your grains whole grains. Whole grains are higher in fiber than others. Look for the words "100% whole grain" or "100% whole wheat" on the ingredients label. Foods from the grains group have carbohydrates. Carbohydrates provide energy for our bodies, ^1 Don't forget the dairy. Drink a cup of fat-free or low-fat milk at each meal or with a snack. Milk gives us calcium to keep our bones and teeth strong. Milk and foods made from milk are the best sources of calcium. While we are growing, our bones need the calcium from these foods so enjoy three dairy servings every day. If you don't like milk, include fat-free or tow-fat yogurt or reduced-fat cheese in your meals or snacks,

iiil Drink water instead of 11" " ?'? 1. i !\. sugary drinks. Cut calories 77 © by drinking water or un- sweetened beverages. Soft drinks, energy drinks, and There are about 10 teaspoons of sugar in a sports drinks add extra sugar 12-ounce can of soft drink. If you drink two and calories to your diet that of those a day, that adds 20 teaspoons of your body usually doesn't sugar - over 300 "empty calories." need, The extra calories are stored in the body as fat,

6. Balance the food you eat with daily exercise. Young people should get 60 or more minutes of physical activity every day. Daily physical activity helps keep your body healthy. Pick activities that you enjoy and you will find it easy and fun to reach this goal. Invite a friend or family members to join you - and don't forget the family pet. Pets enjoy exercise too,

7. Eat these foods less often. Cut back on foods high in fat, ? ? 7 u' ••::.> •» es 0 added sugar, and salt. This includes cake, cookies, ice cream, candy, sweetened Foods that are high in fat and added sugar drinks, pizza, and fatty meats contain empty calories — calories that like sausage, bacon, and hot provide few or no nutrients to your body. dogs. Eat these foods as The extra calories are stored in the body occasional treats, not every as fat, day foods,

4-H Cooking 101 HOT

In 4-/-/ Cooking 101, you learned some basic practices that cooks use to keep food safe to eat. In this project, you will begin to learn some of the science behind food safety. Use these food safety practices to keep you and your family free from foodborne illness.

w Keep hot foods hot. Keep cold foods cold. E s ' Germs grow quickly in foods that are left at room temperature.

Wash your hands with warm water and soap for at least 20 seconds to destroy germs. Dry your hands with a clean towel. Food should be thoroughly cooked and kept hot before serving. After serving, put leftover food in the refrigerator as soon as possible to chill. Keep cold food, like salads, cold, Keep cold foods in the refrigerator until ready to serve and return to refrigerator as soon as possible after serving, Reheat leftovers until they reach an internal temperature of 165 degrees F. Use a food thermometer to check the temperature. (See section on Food Thermometers.) Throw away leftovers or other perishable foods that are out of the refrigerator longer than a total of two hours - or one hour if the room temperature is over 90 degrees F, Return milk, deli meat, eggs, yogurt, and leftovers to the refrigerator as soon as you finish using them, Do not place cooked foods on the same plate that held raw meat or poultry - unless the plate has been thoroughly washed, The juices from the raw meat carry germs that can contaminate the cooked food, This is an example of cross-contamination. Always wash your hands with soap and water before and after touching raw meat or poultry. Do not eat foods that contain raw eggs, such as homemade cookie dough. The eggs may contain bacteria that can make you sick. If there is a question about the safety of any food, follow the guideline - "When in doubt, throw it out!"

8 4-H Cooking 201 Science Behind Food Safety

Why should you put food back in the refrigerator as soon as possible? Bacteria need time and the right environment to grow and multiply, Your kitchen can provide the moisture and warmth bacteria need to grow. Most organisms that cause foodborne illness grow quickly in temperatures above 40 degrees F. Some bacteria can double their numbers every 20 minutes at temperatures above 40 degrees F. In a few hours, bacteria on food can multiply and cause anyone who eats the food to get sick. Many people who think they have the flu may actually have a foodborne illness. You can become sick from 20 minutes to 48 hours after eating food with some types of harmful bacteria,

Clean, Wash hands and surfaces often. Separate. Separate raw meat, poultry, and egg products from cooked foods to avoid cross-contamination. Cross-contamination is the transfer of harmful bacteria to food from other foods, objects, or people, Cook. Thoroughly cook raw meat, poultry, and egg products. Use a food thermometer to ensure foods have reached a high enough temperature to destroy any harmful bacteria that might be present. (See section on Food Thermometers for more information.) Chill, Refrigerate food promptly,

Most cooks think they know when food is done just by looking at it. They trust their experience, While experience is helpful, it can sometimes be misleading. For example, many people assume that a hamburger is done when the inside is brown. In reality, hamburgers can turn brown before they have reached a temperature high enough to destroy bacteria that can cause foodborne illness, To prevent foodborne illness, use a food thermometer to test food for doneness,

Using a food thermometer is the only sure way to know if the food has reached a high enough temperature to destroy foodborne bacteria - then you know the food is "done," There are several types of food thermometers you can use to test internal temperatures. Oven-Safe Two of the most common ones are described here, Thermometer

Oven-Safe Thermometers

This food thermometer remains in food while it is cooking in the oven, It shows the temperature of the food while it is cooking. Use this

4-H Cooking 201 the drying temperature is higher, If you do not want

There are several methods of drying foods.These to buy a solar box, you can use the back window ledge of an automobile where the sun shines methods are dehydrator, oven, sun, and solar, These methods are explained in this section, We will look at through. Crack the windows slightly to allow air flow the advantages and disadvantages of each one. so temperatures do not get too hot. Also, remember to cover the trays with netting to keep bugs out. Dehydrator drying. Dehydrators yield a better-quality dried product than any other method Advantage; Shortened drying time as compared to of drying and are the most popular method of sun drying. drying, A dehydrator should have a heat source, a Disadvantage; Solar drying units are very thermostat, and some method of air circulation, expensive. Many areas do not have a suitable

Advantage: Good-quality product, not dependent climate for this method. Dependable solar dehydration of foods requires 3-5 consecutive on the weather, and does not tie up the oven. days when the temperature is around 95°F and the Foods can be dried on a 24-hour basis. humidity is very low. Disadvantage: The cost of energy used, which is very reasonable.

Oven drying. The oven drying method can be used to dry small amounts at a time. Sdigcting fryits for dryiirag Some fruits are good for drying, and some are not. Advantage: There is little or no investment in The following fruits dry well: equipment, and you don't have to depend on the weather, •Apples

Disadvantage: Drying foods in an electric oven has 'Grapes been found to be 9-1 2 times as costly as canning, • Blueberries

The lack of a fan to provide air circulation results in • Huckleberries slower drying and poorer-quality products, as •Cherries compared to using a dehyctrator. Food is usually • Peaches more brittle, darker, and less flavorful than that dried in a dehydrator. Oven drying also takes two «Cranberries or three times longer than drying in a dehydrator. •Pears

Sun drying. Sun drying depends on the ° Figs temperature and the relative humidity outside. Sun »Plums drying can be used when the temperature is around Fruits such as blackberries, cantaloupe, oranges, 90°F, with low humidity and low air pollution. watermelon, and rhubarb do not dry as well. Advantage: Low cost; only investment is netting, drying trays, and the fruits or vegetables, Another For a good-quality product, fruits must be prepared advantage is the sun's sterilizing effect; ultraviolet rays may slow the growth of some organisms. for drying as soon as possible after harvesting. Follow these steps. Disadvantage: Sun drying can be done only when the temperature is high and the humidity is low. It takes 1. Select good-quality, fresh, fully ripe fruit. more time to dry in the sun than in a dehydrator. 2, Prepare fruit soon after harvesting. The less time Solar drying. Solar drying is like sun drying, only between garden and drying, the better the better. The sun's rays are collected in a solar box, so nutritional value, texture, and flavor will be.

16 DRYING PROJECT MANUAL cna?iM- Keeping iT^cLisanl

lerms are everywhere! As a matter of fact, you have billions of these microscopic organisms on you and in you right now. You have them inside your mouth and nose and on your skin and hair. But some of these germs are good and some are bad, Viruses and bacteria are germs that can make you sick. Viruses move from one living thing to another in a "host" (that would be you, if you have a virus), Viruses cause colds, chicken pox and the flu. Bacteria are tiny, one-celled animals that can grow inside or outside of the "host" body. They can cause strep throat, cavities and pneumonia. They don't like soap and water—especially "anti-bacterial" soap! That's why keeping clean can help you stay healthy, 6eT; ; Germs on Tour! Germs can be found in aU areas of your house; !. especially where things might not be clean. Check out this house Staying Healthy Skill: Knowing where I and circle possible hiding places for genus. germs hide can help you stay healthy Life Skill: Reasoning: identifies the probiem and uses logic to draw conclusions . . ; Educational Standard: NSS.K-12.4 Individual Development and Identity Success Indicator: Uses "smarts" to ^SQ yiSI share information about how to avoid 1^ germs. • • ; M

Hand washing before eating

Did YOU ICllOW There are some ways that "germs" tielp us: Bncleria curclle yogurt and (lie niilk lliat makes cliecsc. Viruses (^ii^il make mcilicincs and vaccines R^Iit '7]2^;^S3^3^-*'' that prolect us from diseases. -".^•-^•"'i.'1'-.':;!..;---" s:y~' ^il^n :^-W.^i,^S3-""'~ ^nm S!E-"^^-^.^-:- y/hiis^roTinF' {;;^:?^..&:^fc<^i"&.c'^ :;l'7'';'.:^^s;:'.'.>':i^!;,',.f^T)'^'.^ /•>.^l'^^'.:);'^.'^:v^'^.^'.:;^

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0 ® c.' & © ® 0 © I

5e?A;£^/ 3l»OU+ r^* Keeping yourself safe Is sometimes called personal safety because it includes keeping l^StSi® your "person" safe. Personal safety can mean taking steps to prevent being hurt by others. Just as it is best to have a plan to keep your home free of safety hazards and where to go during a tornado, it is also good to have a personal safety plan,These steps can help you take care of yourself.

I. Be alert. Whether you are bicycling on the road near your home, walking to a club meeting or just hanging out, it is important to be alert to what is going on around you. If you begin to feel uncomfortable or nervous, trust your feelings and leave.

2. Stay in well-traveled areas. Whenever possible use the "buddy" system of going places with others.Avoid taking short cuts through vacant lots, alleys or fields.

3. Don't accept a ride from anyone without your parents' knowledge and approval, even if it is someone you know.

4. Don't let anyone, even someone you know, into your home, unless you have been told by your parent to expect that person. If a person asks to come in to use your phone because of an emergency, offer to place the emergency call yourself.

5,When answering the phone, do not give your name or address. Don't ever say that you are alone 01- that your parents aren't home.

6. If you're with another youth or an adult and they ask you to do something you feel Is wrong 01- makes you feel uncomfortable, be firm and let them know that you will not participate. Talk to an adult you trust about the situation and how you felt,

7. Remember, there are many people who care about your safety. If you are ever forced to do something you feel is wrong, share what happened with an adult you trust as soon as you can.

3\i0

2. Find out about special Extension programs that help prepare kids to spend time at home alone, You may want to get involved in a program as a participant, or, if you're older, volunteer to help with a program.

.'/..;'';;:

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•••• w '.'.'/ .•'V '°Z't'%&^'./.";»' >' I' '1. Materials needed: How to set up a tornado drill: Paper Pencil 1, Talk with the adults in your family. If you have a basement, where is the safest place to go if there is a tornado warning? If you don't have a basement, where is the safest place to go in your home? Or are there nearby neighbors who could provide safe shelter?

2, Have you and your family practiced going to a safe place if there is a tornado warning?

3, Write your safety plan on a sheet of paper and post it in a place visible to all family members.

Materials needed: How to make a disaster emergency For a complete checklist of items to kit: include in your emergency kit, see 1. Talk with the adults in your family. Think about Emergency Supplies. what types of disasters might happen in your TTn'iTlNKS This list is provided by the home. Power outage? Blizzard? Flood? Tornado?

Federal Emergency 2. Make a list of items that could be put into a Management Agency (FEMA). suitcase or kit for use during emergencies. What would be needed? Flashlight, extra batteries, crank-type flashlight, radio, water, food supply, and blankets are just a few of the items you might need, ! ' I' I ! ! : i ! M . ' II I ! I i i I i i 'I • ! l •• ' ' • '•• i ! s ' ! I i I ' ! 74 Design My Place © The Board of Regents of the University of Nebraska on behalf ot'Nebraska 4-H. All rights reserved. 5/15/2018 Get Active | Let's Movel

This Is historical material "frozen In time". Ths webslle Is no longer updated and links to external webslles and some Internal pages may not work.

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Physical activity Is an essential componenl of a hsallhy llfeslyla. In combination wllh heallhy eating, It can halp prevent a range of chronic diseases, Including heart disease, cancer, and stroke, which are Ihe three leading causes of death, Physical activity helps control weight, builds lean muscle, reduces fal, promotes strong bone, muscls and jolnl devslopment, and decreases the risk of obesity. Children need 60 minutes of play with moderate to vigorous acllvlty every day to grow up to a healthy weight,

If this sounds like a lot, consider that eight to 18 year old adolescents spend an average of 7.5 hours a day using entertainment media Including TV, computers, video games, cell phones and movies In a typical day, and only one-thlrd of high school students gel the recommended levels of physical aclivlly. To Increase physical activily, today's children need safe routes to walk and bike ride to school, parks, playgrounds and community centers where they can play aHer school, and activities like sports,dance or fllness programs that are exciting and challenging enough to keep Ihem engaged.

Let's Movel aims to Increase opportunities for kids to be physically active, both In and out of school and to create naw opportunllles for families to move together.

Aclive Families: Engage In physical activity each day: a tolal of 60 minutes for children, 30 minutes for adults. Active Schools: A variety of opportunities are available for schools to add more physical actlvily Into the school day, Including additional physical education classes, before-and afterschool programs, recess, and opening school facilities for student and family racreatlon In the lale afternoon and evening. Active Communilles: Mayors and community leaders can promote physical fitness by working to Incrsase safe routss for kids to walk and rido to school; by revitalizing parks, playgrounds, and community centers; and by providing fun and affordable sports and fllnsss programs.

Let's Movel supports the Presidenllal Active Lifeslyle Award (PALA+) challenge, which helps Individuals commit to regular physical activity and healthy eating - and rewards (hem for II. The challenge Is for anyone, from students to seniors, but It's gsared toward people who want to set themselves on (ha road to a heallhler life through positive changes lo physical acllvlly and eating behaviors.

For kids and teens (that's anyone between 6 and 17 years), your goals are: https://letsmove,obamawhltehouse.archlves.gov/get-active 1/2 ..•T-,'yi.i ^ 'S'F'lfi I'i.^— 9 9 9 9 FobriqQ) for 6ewin^

9 Success Indicatoj: To achieve successful results when you're sewing, you need to use the

You will be able to recognize which correct materials for die job. There are thousands of different types of 8> fabric type is appropriate for your fabrics from which you can choose. PIeavy woven fabrics lilce canvas sewmg projects. and heavy denim make wonderful covers for the lawn furniture, but

wouldn't be too useful as a T-shirt. It's important to know what Life Sldlls Practiced properdes the fabric has to decide which fabric will be appropriate Critical Thinking, Decision Making, ^ for the project you'd Ulce to create. ^ Planning/Organizing ^ Project Slull Practiced Activity One ^ Understanding various products Fabric scavenger hunt - Take a trip to a fabric store. Look through available in a retail fabric store and making the racks of fabrics. Find a bolt of each of die following fabrics in ^ appropriate selections for sewing pt'ojects ^ the store... ^ What Youth Will Do Start a SwatchBox T-shitt knit - It is also called a smgle knit or a Jersey knit. This ^ could be 100% cotton, or a blend of cotton and polyester, or 100% ^ polyester, acrylic, or some other synthetic fiber. 9 ^ Denim - The kind of fabric jeans are made of. True denim is 100% cotton, ^ 8 Broadcloth — Often used in quilt making. & ^ Muslln - Inexpensive fabric that is used to make sample garments, 9 What You'll Need among other things. It is 100% cotton. • Index cards 9 Felt — A great example of a nonwoven fabric. You might find • Tape or stapler % wool felt, but most Ukely, the felt will be made of a synthetic fiber • Pen 9 such as au-ylic. ^ ^ Activity Two Start a fabric scrapbook. &

& From each of the bolts of fabric selected in Activity 1, ask the Note & clerk to cut a sample swatch for you and to give you a care label Size Up Your Body" and "Fabrics foi: & for each fabric you've chosen. Sewing" should be completed together & for one fun trip to the fabric store! Staple or tape the swatch and care label to a 3" by 5" & note card. & ^ ^ Jot down the information on die end of the fabric » bolt onto the card. ft 0 Tlic Board of Regents of die University of Ncbnska-Lmcotn. Fabrics for Sewing 31 It AJ1 tiglm rcscrvctJ. t < € A Point Turner is an Words to Know excellent tool if you are < Pincushion constructing a pillow, vest, I A place to store your pins after you remove or jacket. This is a flat tool with them from fabric. < a pointed end for pushing out corners, < points, and curves, Hand Sewing Needle < A long, slender tool with a shatp point on Thimbles can be used to protect your one end and an eye on the other, used to middle finger when you push your carry thread through fabric. needle through youf fabric. All-Purpoye Thread ^ On Pins & Needles A cotton or polyester thread that can be used for many different sewing tasks. AU- There arc several different types of pins that can be used for sewing. As purpose threads vary by manufacturei:, a basic sewer, you will need two basic types: Straight and Safety Pins.

Upholstery Thread As you are sewing your fabric, you will want to make sure that Extra sttong, heavy duty specialty thread the. two layers of fabric don't move around on you, To get that is ideal for both hand and machine around diis problem, use Straight Pins, These pins come sewing heavyweight fabrics such as in several varieties and different lengths. Your selection upholstery fabric. Upholstery thread of pins wHl depend on your project. Fof the first couple has a weight of 30, which indicates that I of units, you wUl need a universal pin: l'/2" - 2" in 30 kilometers of thread will weigh one length. You want to look for pins made of steel kilogram. The higher the weight of the I radier than nickel, smce nickel can corrode thread, tfae finer or lighter the thread, An « and damage your fabrics. everyday sewmg thread weight is 60. € € Safety Pins have a point that allows them to work Embroidery Thread Thread that is spun specifically for the same way as a straight pin; however, d-iey have t embeUishment. TypicaUy, embroidery an enclosed hood that locks the point in place when € thread is used in machme embroidery closed. Safety pins are great for long-term use — if < while embroidery floss is used for hand you have to step away from your work for a while, embroidery, € or if you are clumsy and poke yourself a lot < when you are sewing. Embroidery Floss « Cotton yarn composed of sbt plies that is While sewing you will want somewhere to used for hand embroidery. « put your pins after you take them out € of the fabric. A Pincushion can be € used for this purpose. There are two mam types of pin cushions available in stores; the classic

poke cushion and the magnetic dish that

catches youi: pins.

14 Get the Notion to Sew €> The Boud of Rcecnis of die Unn'cisity or Ncbias^a-ljncoln, All rights reserved ..-.--j »% •"^r^^'t-'i !'i':';- p. D M:^ D iJ K^J CJ U 0 i^S)J ? 9 I How Two Moycolly Become One » » Success Indicator In dus activity you will learn the magic of joining two pieces of fabric > You will learn Ac basic skill of sewing into one. This is just the beginning of the formation of seams. It is > a plain seam and be able to identify where important as you begin sewing that you practice good technique, Be > it is used. sure to maintain an even seam allowance and let the machine feed itself so that you have even stitches. After you create a Plain Seam i Life Skills Practiced you will also learn how this seam reacts to use. I Learning to Lcai'n, Critical Thinking » Project Skill Practiced Copy the pattern piece on » Sewing a plain seam. page 85 and cut two pieces out of Muslin. Muslim is a I What Youth Will Do plain weave cotton fabric that I Learn how to sew a plain seam » is bleached or undyed. Be sure » to Une up the grainline with the leagthwise grain. »

» Pin the two pieces togethef » matching the Notches and » pinning along die notch side. » Notches ai:e used to match What You'll Need seams quickly and accurately. » • Muslin They are indicated by diamond » • Shears shapes on seam lines. Place the » • Pins pins about 2" apart so that the » • Contrasting thread (bright or fabric will not move while you » dark color) are sewing. The pins should be • Sewing machine at right angles to the seam line ISUI^iv:;k^'^:: "^:'"-'' '• : :-\—r-^- Blililllli^'"' :. "'.^niTfiiini I and pinned where the stitch line • Iron I will be, with the heads toward » the raw edge for easy removal. » Stitch at 5/a" securing the beginning and end of the seam with a I Backsdtch. Make sure to hold the threads behind the machine I needle so they will not get. caught in the feed as you begin to » stitch. To backstkch, find the reverse button or lever on your » sewing machine. Begin with about three to four stitches forward I and then reverse and make the same amount of stitches backward I directly on top of your previous stitches. Then go forward and continue sewing. Do this at the beginning and end of all of your I seams so that your stitches will not come unsewn. Do not sew I over the pins because you can risk breaking a needle, Take them I out before they reach the pressei- foot. I © llic Board of Regents of tlie University of NcbrasliX-Luicoln. How Two Magicidly Become One 85 I All rightt (Cicn'Ctl. ; Triad: A triad color scheme is any three colors on the color wheel that Words to Know are an equal distance apart on the color wheel. One example of a triad Pure Color is red, blue, and yellow. Hues that have not been itltered by mixing in another color, black, or white. ^ To Do: Select three hues that are the same distance apart on the ^ color wheel to create a triad. Repeat this process until you create Primary Color Scheme your favorite combination of three. -^ A prknary color scheme is created using die primary hues - yellow, red, and blue. ^ |^ Experiment by creating your own combinations of colors or color Primary colors are the most basic hues and ^ schemes from die color wheel. Repeat this process until you create often appeal to smaU children. ^ a personal favorite. ^ Analogous Color Scheme

Sew your strips together to create individual color scheme samples, An analogous color scheme consists of ^

An example of a color scheme sample that is complementary three colors that ate next to one another ^ would be a yeUow strip sewn to a purple strip. You wiU sew your on die color wheel. An example of an ^ analogous color scheme is orange, orange- strips together using a % seam allowance and then press your @1 red, and red. seam open for a smooth finish. Staple or glue yout- sewn color 0 scheme sample to a. piece of paper and label by writing the type Complementary Color Scheme -0 of color scheme underneath. Complementary colors are two colors e that are du-ecdy opposite one another Activity Two on the color wheel. One example of a @ HJ!) Alter your favorite color schemes by changing the Value complementary color scheme is blue @ (lightness and darkness) of one or all of the hues. and orange. @ @ (^ Alter your favorite color schemes changing the intensity Triad Color Scheme -^ (brightness and dullness) of one or all the hues. A triad color scheme is any three colors on the color wheel that are an equal distance @ ^ Create a color scheme changing both the value and intensit)r, apart. One example of a triad is red, blue, @ and yellow. t-

Sew You Know Value The lightness or darkness of a color A color scheme is a planned combination of hues that designers e achieved by mbdng white or black with a use to help guide theu- work. Knowing what hues work well together € particular hue. Colors that have been mixed and which color schemes are your favorites wiU help you make with white are lighter. When white is nuxed e dynamic color choices in die future. Color schemes may be as unique with red, a lighter value is the result, which

color schemes appear more interesting if we vary the value and creates nwry, e mtensity to create contrast. Contrast is achieved if we use different € values and intensities within our color scheme. Value refers to the Contrast lightness or darkness of a color. Yellow is geaetally high in value; Contrast is the result of varying die amount t dark blue is generally low Ln value. Intensity refers Co the brightness of lightness or darkness (value) or the or dullness of a color. Hot pink has high intensity, while blue-gray brightness or duUness (intensity), 0 is low in intensity. e e e 24 Sew Colorful: Color Schemes Cl The Ilouil of Regents of ihc Univcisily of Ncliiaska-Uiiculn. Alt rights rcicn'cd. ^ ^ v Q Nonwoven fabrics made by entanglement typically have poor elastic^ Words to Know recovery. This means they might exhibit quite a bit of sttetch, but ^ Woven Fabric the fabric wiU not return to its original shape. This is the downfall of to Constructed with interlacing warp nonwoven fabrics because they become permanendy distorted, In ii (length-wise) and weft (crosswise) yarns, addition, since they are made of fibers randomly tangled togethei: te and not by yarns, these fabrics will not unravel. You might be able which are usually at right angles to each other. fc to pull out some individual fibers, but you wiU not find any yarn

structures in these fabrics. fc Knit Fabric ^ Now that you have a basic understanding of the types of fabrication, Constructed by interlooping yarns, i let's take a look at some fabrics. You will make observations and use Nonwoven Fabric to those observations to determine which fabrication method was used Constructed with some odier method ^ for each sample. than weaving or knitting. Felting is a « Observation common method of nonwoven fabric « construction. Other methods include My pants are not made out of the same material as my shirt.

or use the chart provided. under, over, under; row 2 - under, over, ^ under, over. Plain weave is die simplest t; ^%H Obtain 3" by 3" fabric swatches of Plain Weave (burlap, quilt form of weave structure. f fabric), Twill Weave (jeans), satin (prom-dress-type material), knit t Tw.Ul Weave (T-shu-t, acdvewear, socks), nonwoven (felt, dryer sheet), Each warp yarn floats across two or • • Record the percentage of each fiber using the care labels more warp yarns -with a. progression of associated with each 3" by 3" swatch, interfacing of one eithef to the right or • to the left. Twill weave is characterized • H{|) Perform die following experiments on each of the 3" by 3" by a visible diagonal pattern in die • fabric. swatches. Record your observations in your data table for each • fabric swatch. Satin Weave •

Keep in mind that while you have documented the fiber content, Each warp yarn floats over four -warp you are NOT looking at the fiber characteristics, You are looking yarns, and interlaces with the fifth at how the yarns have been put together to create a fabric, For filling yarn. The resultant fabric will

example, cotton, silk, and polyester can all be used to create a have a face (front side) that is covered Satin Weave, and they will all have the characteristic of shine 01 with warp yarns, and is often lusU'ous,

luster, even with cotton being a short, fuzzy fiber, depending on the fiber. • • • 54 Holding It All Together ©The Bo.-ud of Rcgcncs of [lie University of Ncbraska-Uncoln, All rights rcicn'td. • esign, Bements I clothing Choices

suGGesslinyi5^t^n! Using Design Lines to Camouflage

\w of the fun things about putting together outfits is using ^design line to create optical illusions. Those illusions can make you look taUer, shorter, wider, narrower, and accentuate your face or other characteristics.

Lines n§SH§^iII§3o1!al2t;LE

Line is the most basic element of design. Line can divide areas into shapes and spaces. Line can give direction or a feeling of movement to a design. As a basic tool, line can be used to create optical illusions in dress.

To begin looldng at the illusions made by lines, consider the lines below. The vertical lines are aU the same length, but the addition of other lines can change the apparent length of a line. A change in the location of a line can change the apparent size

of an area. A V

Eye line Arrow line Y line T line Crossed line

When the extra lines go up as in the Y line, the eye tends to follow so the length of the vertical line seems longer than it

really is. . . .

© The Board of Regents of the University of Nebraska on behalf of Nebraska 4-H. All rights reserved. '•m In the "Arrow" line, the Creating the illusion of and those with center|| eye follows the downward height will help to visually , ulterest can aciy. h< movement of the line and the slenderize the fuller figure. , ofthe"y^lmesucl^^ fl. '].*

The Crossed" line causes To look taller and sUmmer'try the following:

/'"'. . - Y'l';"'"';''''l;'. .,'!,.^'i'''s^"'-^' i:'.:"^i;^t??l the eye to bisect the vertical • .,.';,^', :,. ..;.:':.,,'?';'^. '•' r.,: T^o1^"^! • • ,VerticaIty-strrge<3,,'fabrics^ ,^^':'j'.^:. . i:..;'. ^ '^^ lines, therefore shortening it. . I;'^"•^'.i'>;%?'I • \StraigHt,ratH^tKan curyed7Bne&~~i^a^ ^.'1 » xl v\. '""•'^ ^^y"'w^ Y^.JI Line direction may be .' Long diasonal Itnes '.•: •^..' - •^^'•:'"~i: '.^':[SV^ i^;l •' •;.J\airowplanelsor.'^oresy.i .'^' '\;'::','^ ^M^'-":1 vertical, horizontal, diagonal, .'i^ .;. • .;.:'' :^.;;^i^'''/i^i| or curved. Vertical lines • Narrow standing collars '.,^4 , \'.' .'. • .'-'.,'C'^.:";';;.;!' • DecorationonlengtliwisecentejKfrontline r :,j| usually carry the eye up. Horizontal lines usually carry • Long, harrowY or U necldines the eye across. Diagonal ;f ';.* Narrow vest openuigs^^^:.';^^^:^ Unes slant, and because of • Narrow belts to match garment the slant can give different • Long straight sleeves ;; effects. Sometimes, diagonal • Raglan sleeves ^ loolcin|Apaltern^dbk if ^u^*^ ..'.•don^lcnow'wllatthese.are.,:. ;." '' •\!:.;^':.^:;"^ lines might create a sense 'l77^;'- 1'^;;'7, ^^^'7;'1;. ; :,',-„ ^ '"li.,;,\^;'j'"'-^^ of instability or movement. .' ^ • Decoration and trinrplacMhigh on Boulder ^^ .near:neclc''l;^i!^'l^^i^;^n^.'!^ Curved Unes are graceful. They may be soft when • • Princess lines ^andbelfless on^-piece^esse&.^yjl^^^ slightly curyed or bold when ,• ,:.-TuU4ength€6ats'j^^;|ij^ tightly curved., ;.;

^PT^7

l''»v»^*i ''^•<¥>?e!'^' FNeBraska,i("?^ :'::.:"l.t::^^feIttN^ii^t^l-'Ki.i.'sBaferiii •l;;.;''l'^:Mi%jiig electing Quality clothing

ave you ever thought that if you buy good quality clothing, .you have to pay more for it? Believe it or not, you can find (success )mcUcaton| good quality clothing in all price ranges — price is not always an Y'ybu wiII,,beab[ejtoL.£i^;^^^ indication of the quality of a garment. However, for you to spend seetnevajuep^^;';'-,'.';^ your money wisely, you need to learn how to determme what makes . reasonably priced ^-: ^ ,:'^j: a good, quality garment. 'quality clothirig^^^'-^^ One of the first and most obvious things to consider is the :,.^iyM-:^ garments fabric. Determining the quality of fabric can be difficult, iljfeiskills |pr^^t;i|^a: •'.•''i; )ut fiber content will give you some idea of the durability of the Wise use of j-esounces,^ ^^ fabric. Wool, siU<;, cotton, and linen are some of the most commonly planning/orgarUzihgt'gdal'^ known "natural fibers." As a general rule, wool, siUc, and linen are ^seWng,^riticai,t|imi

Compare the cost of a pair of jeans at three different stores. Try to find the jeans in similar styles. Next, using the chart below, compare the following features:

Care Fiber content? n Machine washable? Dry cleaning needed? Ironing needed?

Construction Seams finished? quality check Threads clipped? No skipped stitches? Design matched at side seams? Reinforced at stress points? Buttons/fasteners securely attached? Hems secure? Even?

Cost What is the price?

Features Do the jeans have: - pockets? - boot cut, skinny leg, etc.? (I What color are the jeans? What type of finish do they have? Is there a logo on the jeans? -Where is it placed? How do these jeans fit? Where would you wear these jeans?

® The Board of Regents of the University of Nebraska on behalf of Nebraska 4-H. All rights reserved; UNn'4 SHOPPING IN STYLE 51 C/ean Up osi ASste (Gfossftry) ? \». A E Advertismg -The communication of Cancelled check - A check that has Economic system - The way a society product information to the consumer for been paid by the financial institution uses its resources to satisfy peoples' the purpose of increasing demand for the on which it was drawn, It is stamped needs and wants. product or service. "paid" on the day it is paid and it is Employment - The work one does; Advocate - To argue in favor of. charged to the account of the person occupation, who wrote the check. Arbitration - Dispute resolution Enclosures - Supporting documentation mechanism that is more formal than Commercials - Messages sponsored sent with a letter. by an advertiser, mediation, and less formal than court, Evidence - A document, statement, A third-party decides how to settle the Community service - Donating one's or object presented during a legal case. problem, and the decision may be time, effort, and other resources of Export - A product sent to a foreign legally binding, one's own free will for the benefit of country for sale there. Arbitrator - The person who makes the others without guarantee of reward. decision in an arbitration case, Comparison shopping - Researching F Attorney General's Office - A state price and other variables of several government office that often handles similar products or services to make Financing - Paying cash or arranging for credit to make a purchase. consumer protection and accepts a wiser purchasing decision. consumer complaints. Compensation - Something, such as Award - A decision made by a judge money, given in exchange for a loss. G or arbitrator. Complaints - Expressing dissatisfaction. Generic - A product that does not Consumer - One who purchases goods have a brand name. ^-. B and services to use. Global economy - An economic \[j j) interconnectedness of countries """"' Balance of trade - Difference in value Consumer Protection Office or throughout the world, between a country's imports and Agency - A local, state or federal exports. government agency that assists consumers to resolve complaints. Bar Association - Local organization that refers consumers to local attorneys Country of origin - Place where a Hearings - A preliminary legal event who specialize in the area of law product is made or a service occurs, at which testimony may be taken. needed. Criteria - A standard to use to make Hypothetical - Speculative; not Better Business Bureau - A national decisions. actuality. organization with local offices that serves both business and the consumer, D the BBB informs consumers about Defendant - The party against whom Import - A product brought into a businesses and handles consumer a legal action is brought, country to be sold there. complaints. Demand - How much of a product or Internet - The largest computer system Blue Pages - Government pages service consumers want to purchase, m the. world, consisting of thousands of the phone book. Dispute resolution - Programs that of connected computers and networks. Boycott - When a person or group are quicker and cheaper than taking a Investigation - A systematic decides not to use or buy something matter to court. The two most common examination. as a means of protest. programs are mediation and arbitration. Irresponsible - Not acting responsibly. Brand loyalty -A person's preference Dissatisfied - Not pleased with the for a product or particular brand. results or outcome of a situation. Documentation - Supplying supporting Jurisdiction - The right and power records. to apply the law. Durable (or hard) good - A product bought by a consumer that tends to last more than one year. Examples are cars, G furniture and appliances.

34 -^Oiicli^i'ty 7

I?'

/"'~slothing garments come with care labels that tell you how to vs^-care for the item so it looks as good as possible and lasts a long time. Learning the symbols on the label and understanding the care suggested is the best way to get the most wear out of an item. Let's start figuring out what these symbols mean!

®

Go on a scavenger hunt in your house to find six different clothing items. Select garments of all types—shirts, pants, jackets, dresses, Jeans, and materials—cotton, rayon, wool, silk.

Learning Outcomes Project Skill: Reading care labels Life Skill: Processing Information Educational Standard: Ohio FCS, Standard 5, Become Consumer Savvy, Introductory Benchmark B: Recognize strategies, producls, and service decisions that meet individual needs and valued ends Success Indicator: Uses care labels to launder items correctly

THE LAUNDRY PROJECT 27 (i^@) %/^

MACHINE BLEACH TUMBLE DRY aIRON DRY CLEAN WASH DRY TEMPERflTURE HEflT SETTING TEMPERATURE

(Dry or Steam) CT,, Cool/Cold AAny Bleach No Heat Line Dry/ Dry Clean (when needed) Hang to Dry ^Low

•• Low •» Warm Medium Do Not Only Drip Dry Dry Clean Non-chlorine [•••, Bleach Mediun (when needed) Hot Dry Flat jmsa^ ^^ -HigI^ Do Not Bleach Q Dry in the nNormal Any Heat Shade a 0 Permanent Press! Normal DoK Not Dry D Permanent Press Do Not Wring Q Delicate/Gentle Courtesy ati American Cleaning Institute51''

Developed in cooperation with the Federal Trade Commission.

Visit our wet) site! htlp://www.cleaninginstitute.org [email protected] lothingCare @Hcpir

In the wash success indicator: you will be able to lhe care label lets us know whether a garment is washable find answers to your laundry stain removal and, ifwashable, the water temperature recommendation. questions Before the clothes go into the wash, don t forget two steps: check for stains and sort the clothes. life skills practiced; solving problems Get in the habit of checkmg for stains. Some stains are project skills practiced: protein stains and others are greasy. Each type of stain requires stain removal; sorting a different stain removal cleaner. Clothing stains are usually clothing for cleaning from food, mud, grass, or grease. Try to identify the stain. to determine the stain removal treatment. If unidentifiable, use an aU-purpose cleaner. Some stains can be removed; others cannot. Stains need to be ' Q Q Q| ;.','i|| removed before washing and drying. The heat ,& from a dryer will set the stain.

Clothes are sorted by color, fiber, and cleaning method. Darks, reds, lights, and white colors are the most common "sort" categories. The wash water temperature needs to be considered after you have sorted by color. The fabric and fiber content of items to be laundered also needs to be considered. For example, washing a brown towel with brown corduroy pants may work for sorting by color and water temperature but will result in fibers from the towel getting stuck on the

68 SHOPPING IN STYLE UNITS © The Board of Regents of the University of Nebraska on behalf of Nebraska 4-H. All rights reserved. Do not write on this page, make copies. LESSON I Babysitter Questionnaire }

^'^^(is^B.i:!.frHsffStUE ^ ii^®yi^ffl)ij ^i';<£yi;/<£i3

^tDWMf't'iso to be a 1 ®

TRUE FALSE

1. I like children.

2. I know lots of games to play with children.

3. I am willing to learn what I need to know.

4. I try to be calm and understanding in arguments,

5. People tell me I am good with children.

6. As a babysitter, I realize keeping the child safe and happy is my first priority and that what I want to do comes second,

7. I like to read aloud.

8. I know some first aid and am willing to learn more.

9. I am responsible.

10, I am confident in talking with adults.

11. I am in good physical health.

12. I realize that all families are different and I can be flexible.

13, I know it is important to write down all instructions form parents,

14. I know I should not gossip about the family I babysit for.

4-H/Army Child & Youth Services Instructor Babysltting Guide 23 LESSON 7: The Business of Babysitting Lite Skill Addressed: Goal setting Wise use of resources Keeping records ^scu^e business aspects of Communication

babysitt'ng- Materials needed: Whiteboard or flipchart paper Markers Guest speaker (experienced babysitter)

What to Say... Tell the teens that you will be talking about the business side of .babysitting and ; introduce the guest speaker who will be sharing his/her experiences. The two of you then lead a discussion on the following questions: What is a fair rate to charge? Do you charge the same rate for each family? Do you always have .to, charge7 What about the number of children? What about the number of hours and the time ofday or night?, 'Will. : you do other chores? How will you get back home? How wiK you "advertise"?: Whatwill you do with the money? How will you stay organized? Ask the teens if they: have an^ other questions and list them on a flipchart or white board. ; . : '

What is a fair rate? This usually is determined by asking current babysitters and parents/gyardianSiWhat

they pay.'-. ^lil ..'•'. 1'11 /• ..1. ' ,, /:.,.1;:1' 1 •"•' 1 lli 11'.:'1;.1 l':':;,,r': ;i-.:,:. •',:'. .'':",.•

Do you charge the same rate for each family? Yes. If you don't, it could get back to other families and you could lose all of your jobs. There may be situations that families offer you a bonus; that's fine. It is hot;the same as charging more. : , ; ; ; /: ./

What about the number of hours and time of day pr night? Usually any time after midnight is charged at a higherrate. However, it is best to see what's done in your area. :

What about volunteering as a babysitter? Once you have the skills and abilities to be a good babysitter, you might want to think about volunteering in your community. "Payment" does not always have to be money!:,, Feeling good about yourself is also a form of payment. Look around your communitY. Perhaps someone home on leave or a community group could use a few hours of free child care. . . . ,' ', • • • • . • •• . : :: ., - ^:'.

What about the number of children? Often rates are higher for more than three chjldren;. but sitting by yourself for mor'e than three children is not recommended either. Ifyoy get a request, see if you can find ^,1 another experienced babysitter to accompany you.; Explain to the par.ent/guardian that ^ due to care and safety reasons you have found.another person who will .come with you.-1! Agree on what the fee will be ahead of time with the family and with the other sitter.

4-H/Army Child & Youth Services Instructor Babysltting Guide LESSON 4 I Child Development PreSChOOlerS (3 - 5 years old)

• They are in the "why" stage. ,'-:\ •\ a babysitter, y°. "eec^now , • They have imaginary playmates. •- 2):: ll^^'children at various ;: • They like to think they are in what t°^^^"^^^ charge. ages- Thew^ it1snot''"c'usive- • They should not be left alone. I • They may require comforting or distraction when parent leaves. ssss=- • They are very active and require ,E5^=:=afe1"' careful supervision. ' • They sleep less but need rest

and happy- ^^..^...... ^••••-•••••-"- periods. ,: • They can dress and feed themselves, InfantS/BabieS (birth -one year old) J , • They speak in sentences, i • They like to be praised. • Crying can mean hunger, soiled diaper, ^ • They are more independent. loneliness, etc. i • They often do not want to go ^1 • Neck muscles are weak; so you must handle a to bed. ll baby carefully, supporting his/her head. i • They may have a bedtime ritual. • They can move; so never leave them alone on I • They are not completely M toilet trained. dressing table or counter. M • They may have bad dreams or M • They cannot hold a bottle; so you must hold fears and need to be comforted them while feeding. until they go back to sleep. •I • They need constant attention. i • They can make a game of tasks that need to be done. M • They need nurturing, nourishment, and play. ^i • They put everything into their mouths, I School-Age Children (6 to 11 years old)

Toddlers (1 • 3 years old) • They are usually the most challenging. They nap frequently. ;; • They are developing many They snack frequently. interests. They are "into everything". \ • They enter a "That's not fair!" They say "No!" often. stage, They begin toilet training, i • They like to assume responsibility. ^ • They enjoy activities such as They want to do what they want to do! making popcorn, games, and They need constant supervision. crafts. They may like cuddling. • They like to talk about their They initiate play. interests. » • They may not want a babysitter. They like hide and seek and guessing games, • They may be jealous of time and They may often seem to not be listening. attention given to younger They begin to speak. children. They will usually do what you want done without • They need definite plans for amusement. a fuss.

4-H/Army Child & Youth Services Babysltting Student Guide 49 In this chapter your heart will grow as you learn how to recognize differences in others and develop concern for others. In "Story Masks" you'll understand how the choices you make can affect others. In "Potato Pals!" you'll understand how people, like potatoes, are all unique or special.

Story Masks Life Skill; Concern for others Child Development Project Skill; Observing how people express emotions yl Make masks that show National Academic Standard; NPH-H.K-4.5, different feelings or National Physical Education and Health, Using Communication Skills to Promote Health emotions, then use the masks to tell a story.

How do you look when someone "After you read the story, consider some ^TCcM surprises you? When you fall possible options to Shanilca's problem: ^01^ and hurt yourself? Emotions are ^ how you feel about someone or Hi something. Possible Options A sh?nikacouldPlay with Andy Gather paper plates, markers, and miss Bonita's party. crayons, yarn or other craft shanika's grandma could watch items to create several masks, each Andy by herself until 6:30 sothat showing a different feeling. Include happy, sad, angry, surprised, excited, and others. 'could go to the party. Now read the story, "Shanika and the Party" C Shamlca could call Bonita and on pg, 9. The characters in the story are: asfcifAndy could come to;'~" Shanilca, a 9-year-old girl who / ^ the party, too. wants to be popular • Shanilca's grandma, who takes care of her after school • Bonita, Shanilca's new friend at school • The twins, Andy and Anna, who live next After reading each option, door to Shanika hold up the mask that best • Andy and Anna's Dad. shows Shanika's feeling about it. When you see the word "mask," hold up the Theu read each option again mask that best shows how the character might and show how Grandma felt, be feeling at that point in the story. then show how Andy felt. 8 mi Ta/k it Over ^s ^SSBS^

1. How does your family decide on who 3. What other ways do you help at school (', helps with what? or in your community?

2. How does your family encourage 4. What will you do this week to help everyone to take responsibility to do even more? their part?

Information Ahead

A role is a position you hold or have. Examples of roles are daughter, son, More to soccer player or dancer. >Grow On Responsibilities are tasks or actions that you areexpected to do. These 1.Act out how your role helps your could be; jobs or chores around the family. Have people guess which role you house. Or they could be making are playing. Take turns so everyone in your sure that everyone feels loved family gets to act out at least one role that he and appreciated. Your role in or she plays. . . your family includes helping others. 2. Keep connected to others by helping other Families need everyone family members sign cards, write letters, and/or to help .around the house. send e-mails to family members who live far'away. Family members wash Include some photos and drawings. When you are dishes, put out the helping, think about which role(s) you are playing. garbage and feed the 3. What roles do you play outside your dog. Some families list i their chores on a chart and family? Make a chart similar to the one 0 hang it in the kitchen for on pg. 14. Do you have roles at everyone to see. Other families may school? In the community? pick jobs out of a hat and rotate jobs With other organizations? each week. ^.^<-'^;^ -i^^' Hgccess: indicator: introduction •you will be able to apply design elements and principles to room designs design elements Hid skills practiced: learning to learn Line Shape Form

Line defines the shape Shapes can be When a shape has three pl^Sject skills practiced: of things; it can make a geometric, like a circle or dimensions, it becomes identifying design pattern and cause the square, or irregular. a form. elements and principles eye to move from place to place. Changing the line direction can produce an optical illusion.

• diagonal lines appear active and sometimes restless • cun/ed lines appear gentle, quiet, and restful • horizontal lines add the appearance of width ie design elements and principles • vertical lines add height are the building blocks of any design, • jagged lines add whether on fabric, in a furniture arrangement, excitement or a color scheme, or an accessory for your restlessness room. Before you get started, take some time to review them. The elements of design © are line, shape, form, color, texture, and space. How you combine and organize these elements in creating a final product is guided by the principles of design. These principles are balance, proportion, rhythm, emphasis, and harmony.

ie Board of Regents of the University of Nebraska on behalf of Nebraska 4-H. AU rights reserved. Design Decisions design elements principles of design

Color Texture Space Balance

Light is made up of energy Surface can appear rough Space can be the area that Placing objects on either side of a center point of different wavelengths. or coarse or smooth and a shape or form occupies creates a feeling of stability, that things belong Various wavelengths of fine. or the background against together and that both sides are of similar weight. visable light are seen which we see the form or differently by the eye and shape. Formal Balance - Similar objects are placed create the colors we see. at equal distance from the center point of an Primary colors are red, arrangement. Each side is a mirror image of yellow, and blue. the other side.

Informal Balance - Balanced, but not the same on either side of a central point. Items may be unequal distances from the center and may be different items of different weights.

Examples of How to Achieve

To create balance, use more or less weight.

For more weight use: • large size • warm or dark colors • rough, busy texture and pattern ^ • irregular shapes

For less weight use: • small size l/l • cool color i'^ • smooth, plain texture and pattern • small, geometric shapes t^i

When arranging furniture, use both formal and informal balance. Formal balance helps avoid restlessness; informal balance helps avoid stiffness.

10 Design Decisions © The Board of Regents of the University of Nebraska on behalf of Nebraska 4-H. All rights reserved. I &j Proportion Rhythm

A pleasing relationship between the size of the Repetition creates different parts of a design, how they relate to each movement that the eye other and to the whole design. follows from one part of a design to the next.

Examples of How to Achieve Examples of How

Design a pleasing relationship between the: to Achieve

• amount, value, and intensity of colors • repeat lines, forms, • quality and kind of textures used shapes, colors, • size and shape of elements or items textures, and * furniture and the room itself patterns throughout a room or project,

Formal balance. causing the eye to move where you want it to go

/(^p^--^^&5^ ^

Informal balance.

Lamp too large - out of proportion to table.

© The Board of Regents of the University of Nebraska on behalf of Nebraska 4-H. All rights resep/cd. Design Decisions 11 principles of design Activity: ID'S Please Emphasis Harmony Study the photos on this page. Identify The center of interest or A pleasing combination examples of design principles and elements.] focal point in design. It of similar and different draws your eye to the main elements. Unity and variety Teachers, see school standards on Pages 94-100. idea, shape or focal point. help create harmony.

Unity - A theme or idea Examples of How to that helps pull different Achieve parts of a design together to create a pleasing, • place things in complete item or prominent positions arrangement. • use interesting or unusual shapes and Variety- Contrast or forms difference that adds • use contrasting colors surprise, interest, and life • leave space around to a room or design- objects • use special lighting Examples of How to eaaai Achieve nsiawg^j u i—.a, l3ti3Ss ^=S?5 To create unity: • repeat a line, shape, color, or texture Kfe- tBM&sS^i ^-•^ • use similar lines, colors, shapes, or textures n^ • group items

To create variety: • use small amounts of contrasting colors, textures, lines, patterns, shapes, and forms or materials / • use accessories 12 Design Decisions /• ^.^<-°^. '^ '•' '•^•^'^; - ''l RBi^^sTin^Tcator:^ " " ^ .YOU will be able to assess "your needs and wants as If Only I Could Hav< you make a plan for your saro |ow you use a room will help you decide design a room that works for llif^Kills practiced: [the furniture you need or want. A need is both of you. Think about how something necessary to live or that you rank you use your room and what self-responsibility, wise use as very important. Examples are food, water, each of you need or want to of resources, self-discipline and shelter. A want is something that is not make those activities more necessary for daily living and that you can convenient. IgtgijjHt skills practiced: function well without. In most homes, space is planning for needs and limited. In your bedroom, you probably study, Think flexibility listen to music, play games, work on a hobby, wants and creating and sleep. solutions Flexible furniture can serve several different purposes or be You also may share a room with a family changed over time. For example, member whose needs and wants a low, long dresser can become are different than yours. a buffet or be placed Working together, ^ on the backside of a you can couch. Some beds can move from crib size to toddler or twin. A small bedside drop leaf table ^-m ^'9^ can be used later in -c-sx-l an apartment or dorm room as a dining table or workspace. A storage unit in a bedroom can ^1 function as a desk or table. ^

r-SKt^M Flexlb!e des^ bed, and storage d,ar loft be' stoirage: ETrun.dLea^s'Pace K-^-^^ •:y. ©The Board of Regents of the University of Nebraska on behalf of Nebraska 4-H. All rights reserved. agri Decisions;^-.ns?-.^S3y ^ :^3?; Where Should You How Do You Save? money you need in one week. It takes time. With practice, and Learning to save is the hard Stash Your Cash? time, you will have enough for part. Learning takes time, For If you are saving a small that something special, example, do you remember amount for a special item, keep it learning to ride a bicycle? Did you in a handy place. A piggy bank fast use training wheels? After (like the one you can make in the some practice, could you turn More Making $ense activity), a comers without tipping? With glass jar, or an envelope under more practice, you could ride to your mattress will work just fine, the end of the driveway and back as long as it is safe. without falling, If you are saving for something Learning to save is the same that is going to take more money way. You cannot save all the or you just want your money to be very safe, save in a local financial institution. Examples are: bank, credit union, and savings and loan. Why Save at a Bank? First, most financial institutions pay you interest when you deposit money in a savings account, Your money makes money! (The bank can pay interest because others are paying the bank interest to borrow money for loans to buy homes and cars,) Secondly, financial institutions have insurance. Deposits are insured against loss, Your money is safe. More Making $ense (Optional Activity) Are There Any Magic Tricks? Sorry, no magic tricks, There are, however, some games to play which can make savings easier, 1. Cut out or draw a picture of what you want to save for. Put it someplace where you'U see it often. Every time you see it,you will be reminded to save. 2. Try giving up one thing a week and save the money instead, Skip the afternoon pop or candy bar. Put the money in the bank instead, 3. Make savmg a habit once you reach your goal. Keep saving the same amount or the same way each week for something else. 4, Save your money before you have time to think about spending it. Out of each allowance put away the amount you want to save first. Do not wait to see what is left over.

16 ...,,,.....,,..,,,..,..,...,,.,.,..„„.,„,...... ,„.„...... „„...... „.„„„...,„..„.„„.„„,„ Becoming Money W!se/Level I •; \ r '. / ^••^ -in. r m^

Project cArea: CQ\\eci W(^at ^0^ £-ove

I,OG>E< around your E°o©m. What catches your ey©? Do you see anything you have more than one of? That couSd be M-ore Challenges the starfi of a cofilee&ionl Visit a museum or a collectibles convention What to Do with family or friends. Pay Find a collection you like. It could be your own or belong to a friend attention to the different or family member, Look in your home, online, in magazines, or in ways items are organized. your town or neighborhood. Take a photo, make a sketch, or cut out If you are allowed, take an image of the collection and attach it in the space on the next page. pictures of what you find. In the space below, describe the collection and the reason you like it, If you repeat this project, use a different collection each time. Did you Imow? Not all collections are made up of fine art. A museum in Name of collection: Georgia houses a collection Location: oflunchboxes,

Owner: Suggested Resource

Why I like it: The Smithsonian Center for Education and Museum Studies has a website called Smithsonian Kids Collecting that features videos of "Reel People" talking about their collections. Check it out at www.smithsonianeducation. LEARNING OUTCOMES Project skill; Identifying and exploring different types of collections org/students/smithsonian, ^ Life skill: Processing Information kids_collecting/main.html. Educational standard; NS-VA 5-8, I : Understanding and applying media, techniques, and processes

Succes$ Indicator: Identifies a collection 10 8 Project c^rca: Collection Recorc)^

Background Keeping inventory records is an excellent habit that has lots More Challenges of benefits. Good records show the value and condition of The kinds of information all items, and can help you calculate your losses if an item included in an inventory goes missing, Your inventory records allow you to easily get vary depending on the type information. Some people use inventory software on their of collection. For example, computers. doll collectors record the manufacturer of each doll As you build your inventory, you should know about quality. The as part of their inventory terms below are used to describe an item's condition. Learn records. Collectors of these, but also find out if there are special terms used for your rocks and minerals record collectibles. information about the class, luster, and origin of each Term Definition specimen. Find out what kind of information and terminology Condition Quality (what shape the item is in) is important for the objects in your collection. Select at Mint Perfect or near perfect condition least one term to add to your d inventory records. Record this information with each Good Not perfect condition, but free from small faults new entry.

Fair Some fou/ts present

Poor Many faults present; damaged item

Faults Flaws in an item

/B /n box

HTF Hard to find

NRFB/P Never removed from box/package

Using your inventory record to keep track of the condition of your items is important. Checking on the state of your items can

help prevent damage in the long run, If you keep an eye on each •J item, you can easily catch minor damage before it becomes a a problem.

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