DOCSLIB.ORG

Univers*^ M Icioilm S International 300 N

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Univers*^ M Icioilm S International 300 N INFORMATION TO USERS This reproduction was made from a copy of a document sent to us for microfilming. While the most advanced technology has been used to photograph and reproduce this document, the quality of the reproduction is heavily dependent upon the quality of the material submitted. The following explanation of techniques is provided to help clarify markings or notations which may appear on this reproduction. 1.The sign or “target” for pages apparently lacking from the document photographed is “Missing Page(s)”. If it was possible to obtain the missing page(s) or section, they are spliced into the film along with adjacent pages. This may have necessitated cutting through an image and duplicating adjacent pages to assure complete continuity. 2. When an image on the film is obliterated with a round black mark, it is an indication of either blurred copy because of movement during exposure, duplicate copy, or copyrighted materials that should not have been filmed. For blurred pages, a good image of the page can be found in the adjacent frame. If copyrighted materials were deleted, a target note will appear listing the pages in the adjacent frame. 3. When a map, drawing or chart, etc., is part of the material being photographed, a definite method of “sectioning” the material has been followed. It is customary to begin filming at the upper left hand comer of a large sheet and to continue from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. If necessary, sectioning is continued again—beginning below the first row and continuing on until complete. 4. For illustrations that cannot be satisfactorily reproduced by xerographic means, photographic prints can be purchased at additional cost and inserted into your xerographic copy. These prints are available upon request from the Dissertations Customer Services Department. 5. Some pages in any document may have indistinct print. In all cases the best available copy has been filmed. Univers*^ M icioilm s International 300 N. Zeeb Road Ann Arbor, Ml 48106 8306744 Lovett, Perry Glenn JUSTIFYIÎJG WAR: THE JUST WAR TRADITION UNTIL 1919 The University o f Oklahoma Ph.D. 1982 University Microfilms Internstionslm X. zeeb Rœd. Ann Arbor. MI 48106 Copyright 1982 by Lovett, Perry Glenn All Rights Reserved THE UNIVERSITY OF OKLAHOMA GRADUATE COLLEGE JUSTIFYING WAR: THE JUST WAR TRADITION UNTIL 1919 A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE FACULTY in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY BY PERRY GLENN LOVETT Norman, Oklahoma 1982 JUSTIFYING WAR: THE JUST WAR TRADITION UNTIL 1919 APPROVED BYBY DISSERTATION COMMITTEE TABLE OF CONTENTS Page PREFACE..................................... vi INTRODUCTION ............................. 1 Purpose of Justification The Growth of Justification: A Historical Approach Ethical Issues in the Study of Politics Meeting the Human Needs of Will and Knowledge Overview Chapter I. THE FIRST JUSTIFICATIONS OF WAR .. 25 The Eastern World Justifying War in the Classical World II. GENESIS OF THE CHRISTIAN JUST WAR . 62 Overview From Pacifism to Militarism Augustine and the Divine Control of War III. CHRISTIAN DOMINION.......... 91 Overview Isidore Gratian The Civil and Canon Law The Just War of Thomas Aquinas Medieval Issues, Events, and Institutions IV. THE MODERN JUST WAR 1500-1650: PART ONE....................... 148 Overview 1500-1650 Overview of Part One 111 Page Machiavelli; The Nationalist Erasmus and More: The Humanists Elizabethan Writers: The Diverse, Neglected Thinkers Luther and Calvin: The Protestants V. THE MODERN JUST WAR 1500-1650: PART TWO........................... 210 Overview of Part Two Vitoria Suarez Ayala Gentili Grotius VI. THE MODERN JUST WAR 1650-1919: PART ONE— INTERl'IATIONAL LAW .... 271 Overview of International Law Richard Zouche Samuel Rachel Samuel Pufendorf Cornelius van Bynkershoek Christian Wolff and Emeric de Vattel Nineteenth Century International Law: The Grotian Tradition International Law in the Posi­ tivist Interlude Just Conduct and Peaceful Settlement Conclusion VII. THE MODERN JUST WAR 1650-1919: PART TWO— POLITICAL THOUGHT............. 324 Overview Thomas Hobbes Benedict de Spinoza John Locke Charles de Montesquieu J. J. Rousseau Voltaire Joseph de Maistre Immanuel Kant G. W. F. Hegel Jeremy Bentham William Goodwin IV Page William Lovgtt and John Bright Herbert Spencer William G. Sumner Leo Tolstoy Petr Kropotkin William Morris and John Hobson V. I. Lenin Von Moltke, Nietzsche, and Spengler VIII. THE MODERN JUST WAR 1650-1919: PART THREE— JUST WAR IN ONE LITERATURE: BRITISH POETRY..................... 376 Characteristics The First Hundred Years The Romantics From Romantics to Moderns Conclusion IX.. THE MODERN JUST WAR 1650-1919: PART FOUR— JUSTIFYING WAR IN ONE COUNTRY: AMERICA ................. 392 Wide Participation The Puritans William Penn Growth of American Opinion Benjamin Franklin John Jay The American Outlook The Peace Movement Poetry and Peace Era of the Mexican War Mark Twain Theodore Roosevelt Militaristic Interlude Worry about War Conclusion CONCLUSION................................. 428 BIBLIOGRAPHY ............................. 440 V PREFACE A quarter century has passed since the Ivy League professor's opus appeared on the paperback racks of a shiny drugstore in the Southwest.^ To a curious nineteen-year- old student, interested in world affairs but untutored in the handiwork of publish or perish, this prescription for limited nuclear war appeared to be incredibly unwise. Then— almost two decades ago— John Kennedy edged the human race to the brink of disaster with his October resolution to force the U.S.S.R. to remove I.R.B.M. missiles from Cuba. Throughout those days the worried reaction of a young married person to the affair was amazement at the President's poor judgment. Surprise slipped into dismay when, during the decade before this dissertation was begun, the anguish of Vietnam dominated American national life. Year after year, the Vietnamese War proved public policy to be deficient in reason, knowledge, honesty, and humane behavior. Were the student of international studies ever to have lost hope, this tragic period would have been the time. ^Henry A. Kissinger, Nuclear Weapons and Foreign Policy abrid. ed. (Garden City: Doubleday, 1958). VI 2 Yet hope "adorns and cheers our way" as concern for world affairs and matters of foreign policy persist. From these three cases and from many other events, issues, and ideas has come not an inclination to abandon public policy but the motivation to pursue this dissertation. To these beginnings the academic community of the University of Oklahoma has added much inspiration. An English proverb says, "Gratefulness is the poor man's payment." The directing committee earns gratitude for textual improvements, for encouragement, and for the patience of Job. Geri Rowden, who types everything with polished professionalism, merits a treasure of thanks. The libraries of the University of California at Berkeley, Washington State University, the University of Kansas, Oklahoma State University, Oklahoma City University, and the University of Oklahoma plus many other institutions affiliated with inter- library loan are due recognition for valuable assistance to the research effort. Patricia A. Zidek of the inter-library loan at Oklahoma, helping always with prompt expertise, deserves special praise. Final fond mention goes out to the Graduate College for granting research funds. The dissertationist must produce if he or she is to graduate; but the wiser student avoids getting carried 2 Oliver Goldsmith, The Captivity: An Oration in The Collected Works of Oliver Goldsmith, vol. 1, ed. Arthur Friedman (Oxford; At The Clarendon Press, 1966), p. 222. V I 1 away by the laborious research and the hard task of composing, A contemporary literary figure playfully told her readers about the origin of contagion : Once the disease of reading has laid hold upon the system it weakens it so that it falls as easy prey to that other scourge which dwells in the ink pot and festers in the quill. The wretch takes to writing.3 The ailment turns chronic. A historian concluded that "those who are infected with the writer's malady . write because they must. The dissertation student needs no such added compulsion. The about-to-be-doctor seldom possesses genius; and, as Maupassant discovered, average writers are "simply conscientious and tireless workers" who can only struggle unrelentingly.^ A modest perspective would help, lest one fare like Goethe, who took nearly sixty years to finish Faust. Still, academic writings of any kind ought to be deeply serious matters that are done well. Dante held that lovers of truth, who have inherited the rich work of the past, "should labour for those that are to come after them. 3 Virginia Woolf, Orlando (New York: Harcourt, Brace, and Jovanovich, 1956) , p. 75. ^Carl L. Becker, Detachment and the Writing of History, ed. Phil L. Snyder (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1958) , p. 131. ^Guy de Paupassant, Pierre and Jean, trans. Leonard Tancock (New York: Penguin Books, 1979), p. 31. ^Dante Alighieri De monarchia 1. 1, trans. F. J. Church in R. W. Church, Dante (London: MacMillan and Co., 1879) , p. 1. viii This attitude of civilization-building ought to prevail airong all scholars— graduate students included. Whether or not the present effort serves this purpose of truth, the reader must decide. What does stand out is that the project got carried away. The search was over-done, the reading excessive, and the writing painstak­ ingly slow. The words of an Englisiiman four centuries past faithfully tell the tale : And the longer I have tarried . like a ma that would fayne travell a great journey, having a weake body, and a lusty mind. And before he commes halfe way to the end of his pilgrimage : his legges waxe lame, and he calleth for his crutche, and yet when there is no remedy, must either of force hoppe homeward againe, or hale forward as fast as he may, to come to the knitting up of his attempted labour.^ 'Thomas Churchyard, A Lamentable and Pitfull Description of the Wofull Warres in Flanders (London; Ralph Newberie, 1578; reprint ed., Amsterdam: Theatrum Orbis Terrarum, Ltd., 1976) , n.p.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Births, Marriages, and Deaths
    DEC. 31, 1955 MEDICAL NEWS MEDICALBRrsIJOURNAL. 1631 Lead Glazes.-For some years now the pottery industry British Journal of Ophthalmology.-The new issue (Vol. 19, has been forbidden to use any but leadless or "low- No. 12) is now available. The contents include: solubility" glazes, because of the risk of lead poisoning. EXPERIENCE IN CLINIcAL EXAMINATION OP CORNEAL SENsITiVrry. CORNEAL SENSITIVITY AND THE NASO-LACRIMAL REFLEX AFTER RETROBULBAR However, in some teaching establishments raw lead glazes or ANAES rHESIA. Jorn Boberg-Ans. glazes containing a high percentage of soluble lead are still UVEITIS. A CLINICAL AND STATISTICAL SURVEY. George Bennett. INVESTIGATION OF THE CARBONIC ANHYDRASE CONTENT OF THE CORNEA OF used. The Ministry of Education has now issued a memo- THE RABBIT. J. Gloster. randum to local education authorities and school governors HYALURONIDASE IN OCULAR TISSUES. I. SENSITIVE BIOLOGICAL ASSAY FOR SMALL CONCENTRATIONS OF HYALURONIDASE. CT. Mayer. (No. 517, dated November 9, 1955) with the object of INCLUSION BODIES IN TRACHOMA. A. J. Dark. restricting the use of raw lead glazes in such schools. The TETRACYCLINE IN TRACHOMA. L. P. Agarwal and S. R. K. Malik. APPL IANCES: SIMPLE PUPILLOMETER. A. Arnaud Reid. memorandum also includes a list of precautions to be ob- LARGE CONCAVE MIRROR FOR INDIRECT OPHTHALMOSCOPY. H. Neame. served when handling potentially dangerous glazes. Issued monthly; annual subscription £4 4s.; single copy Awards for Research on Ageing.-Candidates wishing to 8s. 6d.; obtainable from the Publishing Manager, B.M.A. House, enter for the 1955-6 Ciba Foundation Awards for research Tavistock Square, London, W.C.1.
    [Show full text]
  • The Trinity Review, May 1948
    Trinity College Trinity College Digital Repository Trinity Publications (Newspapers, Yearbooks, Trinity Review (1939 - 1980) Catalogs, etc.) 5-1-1948 The Trinity Review, May 1948 Trinity College Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalrepository.trincoll.edu/review Recommended Citation Trinity College, "The Trinity Review, May 1948" (1948). Trinity Review (1939 - 1980). 11. https://digitalrepository.trincoll.edu/review/11 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Trinity Publications (Newspapers, Yearbooks, Catalogs, etc.) at Trinity College Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Trinity Review (1939 - 1980) by an authorized administrator of Trinity College Digital Repository. The Trinity Review Volume II May, 1948 Number 3 EDITORIAL BOARD THOMAS C. F. LOWRY Editor-in-Chief HARRY M. BRACKEN F. ScoTT BILLYOU Executive Editor Business Manager STANLEY F. RODGERS GEORGE W. STOWE Art Editor Circulation Manager LEONARD c. OVERTON FRANK LAMBERT, }R. ]OHN w. COOTE RoBERT M. BLUM EDWARD R . PARONE ROBERT W. HERBERT APOLOGIA The third number of this volume of the Review is ap­ pearing on the wee~end designated by the college as com­ memorative of its one hundred and twenty-fifth anniversary. It is a happy coincidence that such a celebration should be in order at the time of the Review's evident emergence from the ran~s of embryonic underta~ings to those com­ prised of established and vital institutions. The newly instituted editorial board wishes at this time to pledge itself to the maintenance and furthering of the literary ideals so well defined by the previous editors. A special debt of gratitude is owed to Harold W.
    [Show full text]
  • Cato, Roman Stoicism, and the American 'Revolution'
    Cato, Roman Stoicism, and the American ‘Revolution’ Katherine Harper A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Arts Faculty, University of Sydney. March 27, 2014 For My Parents, To Whom I Owe Everything Contents Acknowledgements ......................................................................................................... i Abstract.......................................................................................................................... iv Introduction ................................................................................................................... 1 Chapter One - ‘Classical Conditioning’: The Classical Tradition in Colonial America ..................... 23 The Usefulness of Knowledge ................................................................................... 24 Grammar Schools and Colleges ................................................................................ 26 General Populace ...................................................................................................... 38 Conclusions ............................................................................................................... 45 Chapter Two - Cato in the Colonies: Joseph Addison’s Cato: A Tragedy .......................................... 47 Joseph Addison’s Cato: A Tragedy .......................................................................... 49 The Universal Appeal of Virtue ...........................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Colby Alumnus Vol. 64, No. 2: Winter 1975
    Colby College Digital Commons @ Colby Colby Alumnus Colby College Archives 1975 Colby Alumnus Vol. 64, No. 2: Winter 1975 Colby College Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.colby.edu/alumnus Part of the Higher Education Commons Recommended Citation Colby College, "Colby Alumnus Vol. 64, No. 2: Winter 1975" (1975). Colby Alumnus. 86. https://digitalcommons.colby.edu/alumnus/86 This Other is brought to you for free and open access by the Colby College Archives at Digital Commons @ Colby. It has been accepted for inclusion in Colby Alumnus by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons @ Colby. "") - -� � :O:-'-! . .. - ---� � ) =-.::-� -=---��-- ) :..:... • _ _I._ --�- -- - .. - - - . - .. ...:-.:.- .· :;:- . ... z· > - ' . they be regarded with an appropriate dignity, and The President's Page taken seriously, during the years of residence. The president of a prominent college in another part of the country wrote an article during some of the more difficult years on the campuses entitled "How to Sur­ vive Though Surrounded by Students," or something like that. His first and most important word of advice was "Listen to them." It did not take two Constitutional Conventions to convince most of us on the faculty and in the admin­ istration that students ought to be listened to. Let me enumerate some of the ways in which students are listened to at Colby, and let me emphasize that what they have to say is taken seriously. Each year two students are elected by their fellows to be representatives to the board of trustees. They do not vote, but neither do the two faculty representa­ tives. They do, however, have the full privilege of the floor, and they receive all the written materials and hear all the discussions that full voting trustees have FEW OBSERVATIONS ARE IN ORDER WITH REGARD TO access to.
    [Show full text]
  • Internationalism As a Current in the Peace Movement
    internationalism as a current in the peace movement: a symposium It is apparent from the literature on the peace movement and diplo­ matic thought throughout this century that an exploration of the some­ times contradictory use of the word internationalism is in order. Not only has it been used for different purposes by competing factions of the anti­ war movement and political leaders, but it has differing connotations for historians. This symposium is a contribution to a discussion of the term. Instead of asking for an abstract formulation, the editors invited several scholars to consider the roles of internationalist ideas in the peace move­ ment in the hope that a functional definition might emerge, one which might stimulate formal analyses and eventuate in a working understand­ ing. By way of opening the discussion, the editors asked Sondra Herman, the author of Eleven Against War: Studies in American Internationalist Thought, 1898-1921 (Stanford: Hoover Institution, 1969) to identify some conceptual problems that arise from her analysis. From the last decade of the nineteenth Sondra Herman century through the first world war of the University of California, twentieth, a small but prominent group of Santa Cruz American intellectuals and peace advocates argued for a distinctive approach to foreign relations which they called international­ ism. They represented a minority of the articulate public, probably a minority of the peace societies. They advanced ideas that were being heard also in Europe, and they debated the forms of international organi­ zation for years before President Woodrow Wilson took up their cause. When Wilson did use international ideals in his explanation of American mediation policy, and later of American war aims, he adjusted them considerably to the national interest.
    [Show full text]
  • Aristophanes' Lysistrata Today
    DIDASKALIA 9 (2012 ) 1 Risk-taking and Transgression: Aristophanes' Lysistrata Today Michael Ewans! The University of Newcastle Robert Phiddian! Flinders University Lysistrata, first performed in 411 BCE, is an Old Comedy about a fictional sex strike by the women of Greece designed to stop the Peloponnesian War. At a dark moment, when defeat appeared to be looming for Athens, the play provided a fantasy of peace. In recent decades it has been the most often revived and taught of Aristophanes’ plays, with 119 performances worldwide in the years 1990–2010, according to the Archive of Performances of Greek and Roman Drama.1 This piece, a collaboration between a translator and theatre researcher (Michael Ewans) and a Greekless literary scholar (Robert Phiddian), recounts a small part of that performance history, a part that sheds light on how this play translates (both literally and culturally) from fifth-century Athens to twenty-first-century Australia. The performances examined are a full-scale production designed to test and perfect Ewans’s new translation of the play at the University of Newcastle (New South Wales) in 2005, and a series of dramatised readings of the play (in the context of a course on comedy and satire) performed at Flinders University in Adelaide between 1998 and 2009, initially with Alan Sommerstein’s translations published by Penguin and subsequently with Ewans’s translation. Lysistrata remains popular not just because it is good, but also because it remains topically significant for its antiwar message and the apparently feminist premise of women taking over public affairs.2 These causes of popularity are potentially a two-edged sword for understanding the play, as relevance can be bought at the price of anachronism and distortion of meaning.
    [Show full text]
  • Domestic Analogy in Proposals for World Order, 1814-1945
    Domestic analogy in proposals for world order, 1814-1945: the transfer of legal and political principles from the domestic to the international sphere in thought on international law and relations HIDEMI SUGANAMI Thesis submitted for the Degree of Ph.D. The London School of Economics and Political Science, University of London 1985 2 ABSTRACT The ways in which legal and political principles obtaining within states can profitably be transferred to the relations of states are among the contentious issues in the study of international relations, and the term 'domestic analogy' is used to refer to the argument which supports such transfer. The 'domestic analogy' is analogical reasoning according to which the conditions of order between states are similar to those of order within them, and therefore those institutions which sustain order within states should be transferred to the international system. However, despite the apparent division among writers on international relations between those who favour this analogy and those who are critical of it, no clear analysis has so far been made as to precisely what types of proposal should be treated as exemplifying reliance on this analogy. The first aim of this thesis is to clarify the range and types of proposal this analogy entails. The thesis then examines the role the domestic analogy played in ideas about world order in the period between 1814 and 1945. Particular attention is paid to the influence of changing circumstances in the domestic and international spheres upon the manner and the extent of the use of this analogy. In addition to the ideas of major writers on international law and relations, the creation of the League of Nations and of the United Nations is also examined.
    [Show full text]
  • The Eagle 1952 (Easter)
    THE EAGLE vi :Jv1agazine SUPPORTED BY MEMBERS OF Sf John's College ! IU, Joh. Ooli. Lib. Oa.rob, VOLUME LV, Nos. 240 241 & PRINTED A T THE UNIVERSITY PRESS FOR SUBSCRIBERS ONLY MCMLII CONTENTS PACE The Master I Emest Alfred Benians: Master 1933-52 4 13 February 1952 10 Cambridge in the last Half Century II EDITORIAL COMMITTEE The Commemoration Sermon 23 GOLDSMITH B. G. CARTLEDGE, C. C. Three Poems: Allegory, Soliloquy, Harvest Home 27 Mr BAMBROUGH (Editor), (Treasurer), J. P. SULLlVAN, (Secretary), Mr HINDE, Mr HINSLEY Impressions of Greece: Summer, 1951 29 MrWA'fT. be sent Poem: Sea Crossing issue of the Magazine should 32 All contributions for the next College, by 1 December 1952. Editors, The Eagle, St John's Poem: She . 32 to The Notes, assistance in making the College The Editors will welcome as possible of the Poem: Butterfly 33 generally, as complete a record and the Magazine or They will welcome books members of the College. Pots Errant . 33 careers of and and its members for review; dealing with the College articles notice. "Resurrection" and "On ne badine pas avec l'amour" 3 of the College for shorter 4 books published by members "Epicene" . 36 College Chronicle 39 College Notes 71 Obituary: Edward Earle Raven 82 George Udny Yule. 89 Book Reviews 98 College Awards 102 Illustrations: The Master Frontisp iece Ernest Alfred Benians facing p. 4 Edward Earle Raven " 82 George Udny Yule . 89 " rH.E EAGLE F� ��������������������������� ���� Nos. 240 &1 241 �� ��������������������������� ���� THE MASTER AMES MANN WORDIE is sixty-three and a loyal Scot.
    [Show full text]
  • 1 May 23, 2016 David Keanu Sai, Ph.D.* 1.1. This Report Is Provided
    WAR CRIMES REPORT: HUMANITARIAN CRISIS IN THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS May 23, 2016 David Keanu Sai, Ph.D.* 1. PRELIMINARY STATEMENT 1.1. This Report is provided as an addendum to the Hawaiian Complaint submitted to the United Nations Human Rights Council, by email, on May 23, 2016, in accordance with article IV—Complaint Procedure of the annex to Human Rights Council resolution 5/1, in order for the Council to be seized of the situation in the Hawaiian Islands of consistent patterns of gross and reliably attested violations of humanitarian law, human rights law and fundamental freedoms. Additionally, paragraph 2 of the annex provides that “given the complementary and mutually interrelated nature of international human rights law and international humanitarian law, the review shall take into account applicable international humanitarian law.” 1.2. These violations of humanitarian law and human rights law arise out of the prolonged and illegal occupation of the entire territory of the Hawaiian Kingdom by the United States of America (United States) since the Spanish- American War on August 12, 1898, and the failure on the part of the United States to establish a direct system of administering the laws of the Hawaiian Kingdom during the occupation. The United States disguised its occupation of the Hawaiian Kingdom as if a treaty of cession acquired the Hawaiian Islands and thereby extinguished the Hawaiian Kingdom as an independent and sovereign State. There is no treaty. 1.3. For the past 123 years, the United States has committed a serious international wrongful act and deliberately misled the international community that the Hawaiian Islands had been incorporated into the territory of the United States.
    [Show full text]
  • LYSISTRATA Animation Transcript
    LYSISTRATA Animation Transcript Timecode Script 00:00:00 Title Plate LYSISTRATA by ARISTOPHANES 00:00:04 To put an end to the Peloponnesian war, Lysistrata persuades women from all over Greece to go on a sex strike until the men agree to make peace. 00:00:15 Lysistrata hatches a plan with the older women to seize control of the Acropolis, where the city treasury is kept. 00:00:22 The men attempt to smoke the women out of the Acropolis but the women extinguish the fires and triumphantly drench the men. 00:00:31 When a magistrate, a proboulos, arrives to retrieve funds for the war Lysistrata berates him about the losses that the women have been forced to bear. 00:00:38 Text Card Women have to take on more than twice your burden. Firstly it’s us giving birth to children, then we send them off as soldiers. 00:00:49 The women dress the magistrate up in their clothes, and send him away humiliated. 00:00:57 As the strike continues the sex-starved men of Greece become increasingly desperate. 00:01:04 A Spartan Herald approaches the Acropolis and finds the magistrate outside. He explains the desperate situation of his countrymen and they both agree that a treaty is required. 00:01:18 Delegations from Athens and Sparta meet to discuss the treaty. Lysistrata appears with her naked handmaid, Peace. The men’s eyes are fixated on Peace as Lysistrata chastises them for treating each other so badly and reminds them that they previously helped one another.
    [Show full text]
  • A Preliminary Profile of the Nineteenth-Century US Peace Advocacy Press
    DOCUMENT RESUME ED 361 717 CS 214 011 AUTHOR Roberts, Nancy L. TITLE A Preliminary Profile of theNineteenth-Century U.S. Peace Advocacy Press. PUB DATE Oct 93 NOTE 63p.; Paper presented at theAnnual Meeting of the American Journalism Historians Association(Salt Lake City, UT, October 6-9, 1993).Some of the material in the appendixes may not reproduce clearlydue to broken print or toner streaks. PUB TYPE Information Analyses (070) Speeches/Conference Papers (150) -- Historical Materials (060) EDRS PRICE MF01/PC03 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS Discourse Analysis; *Freedom of Speech;*Journalism History; Literary History; LiteratureReviews; *Peace; Periodicals; PersuasiveDiscourse; Press Opinion; Profiles; United StatesHistory IDENTIFIERS *Alternative Press; *NineteenthCentury; Rhetorical Strategies ABSTRACT Noting that throughout U.S. historymost viewpoints not expressed in the mainstreampress have found an outlet among alternative publications, thispaper presents a profile of the 19th century peace advocacypress. The paper also notes that most studies of peace history have beenproduced by scholars of diplomatic, military, and political history, who have viewed the field withinthe framework of their respective disciplines. Analyzing the field froma communication perspective, the firstpaper presents a review of the literature on peace history andthe history of the peace advocacy press. The paper then traces the 19thcentury peace advocacy movement and its presses; and after thatpresents an analysis of a sample of peace advocacy periodicals, examiningmethod, purpose and audience, overview of content, view ofreform and journalism,concern with other media, coverage of otherreform efforts, andsome journalistic strategies. The paper concludesthat the moral and ideological exclusion experienced 'bypeace advocates may have significantly shaped their communication. Twoappendixes provide: (1)a taxonomy of 19th century peace advocacy and its publications, and (2)selected examples of 19th centurypeace advocacy publications.
    [Show full text]
  • Lysistrata: the Ritual Logic of the Sex-Strike
    Lysistrata: the Ritual Logic of the Sex-strike by Camilla Power (Lecturer in Anthropology, University of East London) Aristophanes, born about 450BC, was at the height of his powers during the Peloponnesian War between Athens and Sparta. His three comedies of sexual subversion — Λυσιστρατη (Lysistrata), Θεσµoφoριαζoυσαι (Thesmophoriazusai) and ’Εκκλησιαζoυσαι (Ekklesiazusai) — are the remaining examples of what may have been a traditional ‘feminist’ or gynocratic theme in Old Athenian Comedy. In this paper I intend to show, with particular reference to Lysistrata, that there is a ritual logic inherent in the structure of these plays, and in the myths, rites and cults to which they allude. Such logic, I would suggest, is derived from a very ancient template, the influence of which persisted in Greek women's ritual culture down to Aristophanes' time. The theme – Γυvαικoκρατια The idea of women performing roles of men, i.e. taking part in the business of the πoλις (polis) as opposed to that of the ’oικoς (oikos), the sphere of domestic management, seems to have been inherently comic to the Greek citizen of Aristophanes' Athens. The only public sphere of activity open to women was ritual and sacerdotal. That the male audience's laughter would have been, to an extent, a nervous release, chanelling anxieties about male status, can be deduced from the traditional theme of γυvαικoκρατια — rule of women — in Greek myth and art. We have, for example, the battles fought with the Amazons at the heart of Athens celebrated in the Parthenon friezes — in na, a goddess herself Amazon at heart; the myths of theεthe temple of Ath Danaids, and of the Lemnian women, archetypal figures of female rebellion, indeed of sex-strike.
    [Show full text]