As Implicações Socioespaciais Da Instalação De Fábricas De Calçados Em Itapetinga- Ba, Nova Serrana-Mg E São João Batista-Sc

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As Implicações Socioespaciais Da Instalação De Fábricas De Calçados Em Itapetinga- Ba, Nova Serrana-Mg E São João Batista-Sc UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DA BAHIA INSTITUTO DE GEOCIÊNCIAS PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM GEOGRAFIA MARIA GORETH E SILVA NERY AS IMPLICAÇÕES SOCIOESPACIAIS DA INSTALAÇÃO DE FÁBRICAS DE CALÇADOS EM ITAPETINGA- BA, NOVA SERRANA-MG E SÃO JOÃO BATISTA-SC Salvador - Bahia Setembro-2016 MARIA GORETH E SILVA NERY AS IMPLICAÇÕES SOCIOESPACIAIS DA INSTALAÇÃO DE FÁBRICAS DE CALÇADOS EM ITAPETINGA- BA, NOVA SERRANA-MG E SÃO JOÃO BATISTA-SC Tese de Doutorado apresentada ao Programa de Pós- Graduação em Geografia, da Universidade Federal da Bahia, como requisito para obtenção do título de Doutora em Geografia Orientador: Prof. Dr. Cristóvão de Cássio da Trindade de Brito Salvador - BA Setembro - 2016 O valor do trabalho de [...] qualquer pesquisador [...] resulta da combinação de dois ingredientes: imaginação e coragem para arriscar na busca do incerto. Celso Furtado (1998, p. 20) Deus quer, o homem sonha, a obra nasce. Fernando Pessoa (O infante) A minha família, Meus pais José Geraldo e Cícera Maria (in memoriam), pelo exemplo de vida Renê Gibran, Lara Safira (meus filhos) e Moisés (meu marido) razão de minha vida. Meus irmãos pela nossa história Dedico. AGRADECIMENTOS À Deus pela inefável luz que me conduz na caminhada da vida. Ao prof. Cristóvão Brito, orientador que abriu caminhos nessa empreitada A banca examinadora professores: Rosali Braga Fernandes, Jânio Roque Barros de Castro, Carmem Lúcia Castro Lima, Ângela Cristina Borges Magalhaes, pelas contribuições. Ao Departamento de Ciências Humanas – DCH VI, na pessoa do Professor Ginaldo Araújo pelo apoio e compreensão. Aos colegas do Colegiado de Geografia-UNEB, personificado na Professora Nilcéa Calmon e da secretária Valéria pela colaboração sempre. A Núbia Brito pelo companheirismo ao longo dessa jornada A PPG-UNEB pela bolsa PAC, imprescindível no curso de pós-graduação Angelo Szaniecki Perret Serpa, Antônio Ângelo Martins da Fonseca, Antônio Puentes Torres, Creuza Santos Lage, Cristóvão de Cássio da Trindade de Brito, Noeli Perdile, Antônio Lobo, Pedro de Almeida Vasconcelos, Wendel Henrique Baumgartner, professores da pós-graduação UFBA, que no decorrer do curso contribuíram para o meu amadurecimento. Denise Magalhaes pela amizade e companheirismo nessa jornada A minha família razão de minha vida Aos meus irmãos: Zeza, Genivaldo, Lourdes, Mauricío, Nati, Geraldinho, Everaldo pela existência. Aos sobrinhos e cunhados pela torcida A dona Geni Silva Nery pelo apoio incondicional A todos que entrevistei, pela confiança em prestarem seus depoimentos. O meu muito obrigada! RESUMO O objetivo desta tese foi analisar as principais implicações socioespaciais e produtivas: da instalação de uma grande fábrica de calçados em Itapetinga-BA, da aglomeração de fábricas de calçados em Nova Serrana-MG e em São João Batista- SC. Os aglomerados calçadistas de Nova Serrana-MG e São João Batista-SC foram sendo constituídos a partir do saber fazer na fabricação de calçados cujo processo data dos primeiros anos do século XX. A localização das unidades produtivas espraia-se pela cidade em meio aos espaços onde se “misturam” fábricas, residências e comércio. Em Itapetinga-BA a instalação de uma única fábrica de calçados baseou-se na politica de incentivos fiscais e creditícios implementada pelo Governo do estado da Bahia sob uma agressiva ação de atração de empresas no âmbito da “guerra fiscal”. Esta ação atraiu quase uma centena de estabelecimentos sediados em 50 municípios baianos sem formar uma cadeia produtiva adensada. A “guerra fiscal” através dos benefícios concedidos atraiu para Itapetinga-BA o grupo empresarial calçadista Vulcabrás/Azaleia, que desde 1998 implantou a sede de produção no distrito industrial e 18 filiais foram instaladas em dez municípios no entorno de Itapetinga-BA formando uma base de produção calçadista cuja articulação se dava apenas entre a sede e as filiais. Esta estrutura organizacional da empresa Vulcabrás/Azaleia permaneceu até 2012, com aproximadamente 13.000 postos de trabalho que geravam por mês uma massa salarial de R$ 7.896.912,00 e uma produção de 18 milhões/pares/ano de calçados. A partir desse período foram desativadas as 18 filiais nos municípios adjacentes a Itapetinga-BA. Essa desativação acarretou a demissão de mais de 8.000 empregados, o que resultou em uma grave crise econômica local/regional. A empresa Vulcabrás/Azaleia paga aos empregados salário mínimo, enquanto em nos estados do Rio Grande do Sul e São Paulo pagam aos operários, pelo mesmo trabalho executado cerca de 23,1% e 19,0% a mais do que pagam na Bahia. Acrescentam-se a elevada rotatividade do emprego e a baixa representatividade sindical facilita a acumulação capitalista sem maiores constrangimentos entre capital/trabalho. Conclui-se que as implicações socioespaciais provenientes da instalação e operação da empresa Vulcabrás/Azaleia em Itapetinga-BA resultam num “crescimento econômico precário” por ser incerto, vulnerável e com “prazo de validade”. Em que pese a geração de empego e renda em larga escala a maneira como se processa a atração e permanência dessas empresas na Bahia não promove a emancipação/autonomia socioeconômica do trabalhador, e nem possibilita para o desenvolvimento local/regional apregoado pelo discurso governamental, em razão da economia de enclave criada por não haver sinergias produtivas. Palavras-chave: Fábricas de calçados. Incentivos fiscais-creditícios. Localização industrial. Crescimento econômico precário. ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to analyze the main socio-spatial and productive implications of the installation of a large shoe factory in Itapetinga- state of Bahia (BA), the agglomeration of shoe factories in Nova Serrana, state of Minas Gerais (MG) and São João Batista- state of Santa Catarina (SC). The footwear industries of Nova Serrana and São João Batista were created from the know-how of shoes manufacturing which process is related to the early twentieth century. The location of production units spreads through the city, between regions which mix factories, residences and commerce. In Itapetinga, the installation of a single shoe factory was based on the policy of tax and credit incentives implemented by the Government of Bahia state that acted aggressively to attract companies under the "fiscal war". This action attracted nearly a hundred establishments based in 50 municipalities in that state, without forming a dense production chain. Tax competition through the benefits guaranteed by the Government brought to Itapetinga, the footwear business group Vulcabrás/Azaleia. This group, since 1998, implemented the headquarters of industries in the industrial district of the municipality, and other 18 branch industries were installed in municipalities next to Itapetinga, forming a base of footwear production whose articulation happened only between headquarters and branch offices. This organizational structure of Vulcabrás /Azaleia group remained active until 2012, with approximately 13.000 jobs per month that generated a payroll of R$ 7.896.912,00 and a production of 18 million / pairs of shoes / year. From this period, the others 18 branch industries were disabled in the adjacent municipalities to Itapetinga-BA. The decommissioning of these industries led to the dismissal of more than 8.000 employees, which resulted in a severe local / regional and economic crisis. The company Vulcabrás / Azaleia pays the minimum wage fixed in Brazil to its workers in the state of Bahia, while it pays for the same working process about 23.1% and 19.0% more in states like Rio Grande do Sul e São Paulo. Adding to the high job turnover and to the low union representation, the capital accumulation without major constraints between capital and labor. The conclusion is that the socio- spatial implications from the installation and operation of the company Vulcabrás / Azaleia in Itapetinga-BA resulted in a "precarious economic growth" which is also uncertain, vulnerable and shows "an expiration date". Despite the generating of jobs and income on a large scale, the way the attraction and retention of these companies happens in the state of Bahia does not promote the socioeconomic emancipation and autonomy of the worker. And also it does not promote the local/ regional development proclaimed by the government discourse, due to the enclave economy created from the missing of productive synergies. Keywords: Shoe industries. Tax-credit incentives. Industrial location. Precarious economic growth. RESUMEN El objetivo de esta tesis era analizar los socioespaciais principales y las implicaciones productivas: de la instalación de una gran planta del calzado en Itapetinga-BA, de la aglomeración de plantas del calzado en Nova Serrana-MG y São João Batista –SC. Las acumulaciones de los calçadistas de Nova Serrana- MG e São Joao Batista-SC habían sido constituidos de saber a hacen en la fabricación del calzado que fechas de proceso de los primeros años del siglo XX. La localización del espraia productivo de las unidades para la ciudad de la manera a los espacios donde si “mezclan” las plantas, las residencias y comercio.Em Itapetinga _BA la instalación de una única planta del calzado fue basada en la política de los incentivos fiscales y del crédito puestos en ejecución por el gobierno del estado da Bahia bajo acción agresiva de la atracción de compañías en el alcance de la “guerra fiscal. Esta acción casi atrajo ciento de establecimientos establecidos jefatura en 50 ciudades bahian sin la formación de una cadena productiva acumulada. La “guerra fiscal” a través de las ventajas concedidas atrajo para el Itapetinga-BA a grupo de la empresa del calçadista Vulcabras/Azaleia, que desde 1998 implantó las jefaturas de la producción en el districto industrial y 18 sucursales había sido instalado en diez ciudades en el entorno del Itapetinga-BA formación de una base de empalme de la producción del calçadista que si dio solamente entre las jefaturas y las sucursales. Esta estructura del organizacional de la compañía Vulcabrás/Azaleia seguía siendo hasta 2012, con aproximadamente 13.000 filas del trabajo que generaron para el mes una masa del salario de R$ 7.896.912, 00 y de una producción de 18 millones/pares/año de calzado.
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