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Epileptology Epileptology the Modern State of Science Epileptology the Modern State of Science Edited by by Edited EPILEPTOLOGY EPILEPTOLOGY THE MODERN STATE OF SCIENCE EPILEPTOLOGY Vladimir V. Kalinin Vladimir V. THE MODERN STATE OF SCIENCE Edited by Vladimir V. Kalinin Professor Vladimir V. Kalinin is a psychiatrist and Head of the De- partment of Brain Organic Disorders and Epilepsy of the Moscow Edited by Vladimir V. Kalinin Research Institute of Psychiatry of Ministry of Healthcare of Rus- SCIENCE OF STATE MODERN THE sian Federation. Vladimir Kalinin, MD, PhD, was born in 1952 in Orenburg, Russian Federation, in a family of physicians. He graduated from Moscow Medical Stomatological University in 1976, and in 1976–1977, he finished an intern- ship in Psychiatry. In 1978, he became a scientific researcher at the Moscow Research Institute of Psychiatry where he is still working as the Head of Department. The scope of his scientific interests concerns a broad range of psychiatry problems, including general psychopathology, psychopharmacology, neuropsychiatry, and epileptology. The topic of his doctoral thesis (1996) concerns the anxiety disorders, psychopathol- ogy, and treatment with emphasis on panic disorder. Professor V. Kalinin is an author of 194 publications, including research articles in professional journals (in Russian and English) and 4 monographs and was the editor of the monograph Anxiety Disorders, 2011, and Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: The Old and the New Problems, 2014, pub- lished by InTech. He is a member of Presidium of Russian Psychiatric Society and a member of the Russian League Against Epilepsy. His biography is included in Marquis’ “Who is Who in Medicine and Healthcare 2006-2007,” “Who is Who in Science and Engineering 2008-2009,” “Who is Who in the World 2010,” and “Who is Who in the World 2011” and in Cambridge International Biographical Centre. Epilepsy seems to represent one of the most frequent neurological diseases and oc- curs in about 1% of the general population. Although epilepsy is known since antiq- uity, the precise data on its pathogenesis and effective treatment are still collected and nowadays represents an interest for neurologists and psychiatrists. Being a neu- rological disease, epilepsy is characterized by a broad palette of comorbid psychiatric disorders (affective and anxiety disorders, psychoses) that reduce the quality of life. Moreover, the risk of suicidal attempts in persons with epilepsy is much higher than in general population that once again increases the actuality of epilepsy research in many aspects. The book contains 13 chapters written by different authors from all over the world on different topics, including phenomenology, pathogenesis, and treatment in epilepsy. The modern data on these topics may be helpful for many specialists in the domain of epileptology. ISBN 978-953-51-2698-0 © Can Stock Photo Inc. / Guru3D Photo © Can Stock INTECHOPEN.COM EPILEPTOLOGY - THE MODERN STATE OF SCIENCE Edited by Vladimir V. Kalinin Epileptology - The Modern State of Science http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/61409 Edited by Vladimir V. Kalinin Contributors Ben Chindo, Bulus Adzu, Karnius Gamaniel, Jolanta Dorszewska, Urszula Lagan-Jedrzejczyk, Marta Kowalska, Katarzyna Wize, Wojciech Kozubski, Anna Staniszewska, Marta Dąbrowska-Bender, Marcin Sobiecki, Grzegorz Juszczyk, Dominik Olejniczak, Magdalena Bujalska-Zdrożny, Aleksandra Czerw, Marta Vázquez, María Carmen Carrascosa-Romero, Carlos De Cabo De La Vega, Vladimir Kalinin, Elena Zheleznova, Lyudmila Sokolova, Anna Zemlyanaya, Kirill Subbotin, Alberto Lazaarowski, Ayse Kutlu, Serap Mulayim, Tamer Rizk, Svetlana Dolina, Ricardo Zavala-Yoe, Ricardo A. Ramirez-Mendoza Published by InTech Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia © The Editor(s) and the Author(s) 2016 The moral rights of the editor(s) and the author(s) have been asserted. All rights to the book as a whole are reserved by InTech. The book as a whole (compilation) cannot be reproduced, distributed or used for commercial or non-commercial purposes without InTech's written permission. Enquiries concerning the use of the book should be directed to InTech's rights and permissions department ([email protected]). Violations are liable to prosecution under the governing Copyright Law. Individual chapters of this publication are distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License which permits commercial use, distribution and reproduction of the individual chapters, provided the original author(s) and source publication are appropriately acknowledged. More details and guidelines concerning content reuse and adaptation can be found at http://www.intechopen.com/copyright-policy.html. Notice Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors and not necessarily those of the editors or publisher. No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy of information contained in the published chapters. The publisher assumes no responsibility for any damage or injury to persons or property arising out of the use of any materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained in the book. Publishing Process Manager Edi Lipovic Technical Editor SPi Global Cover InTech Design team First published October, 2016 Printed in Croatia Additional hard copies can be obtained from [email protected] Epileptology - The Modern State of Science, Edited by Vladimir V. Kalinin p. cm. Print ISBN 978-953-51-2698-0 Online ISBN 978-953-51-2699-7 Contents Preface VII Section 1 The Phenomenology, Neurophysiology and Pathogenesis of Epilepsy 1 Chapter 1 EEG Long-Term Dynamics to Measure Progress of Concurrent Patients in Drug-Resistant Childhood Syndromes 3 Ricardo Zavala Yoé and Ricardo Ramírez-Mendoza Chapter 2 Benign Childhood Epilepsy Syndromes 27 Tamer Rizk Chapter 3 GABAergic Interneurons in Severe Early Epileptic Encephalopathy with a Suppression-Burst Pattern: A Continuum of Pathology 45 María Carmen Carrascosa-Romero and Carlos De Cabo De La Vega Chapter 4 Epilepsy as a Pyridoxine-Dependent Condition: Quantitative Urinary Biomarkers of Epilepsy. Family Disorders of Pyridoxine Metabolism 105 Svetlana A. Dolina Section 2 The Psychiatric Issues in Epilepsy 129 Chapter 5 Epidemiology and Risk Factors for Suicide Among Adult Patients with Epilepsy 131 Anna Staniszewska, Marta Dąbrowska-Bender, Marcin Sobiecki, Grzegorz Juszczyk, Dominik Olejniczak, Aleksandra Czerw and Magdalena Bujalska-Zadrożny VI Contents Chapter 6 Focus Laterality and Interface Between Depression and Anxiety in Patients with Temporal Lobe Epilepsy 145 Vladimir V. Kalinin, Elena V. Zheleznova, Lyudmila V. Sokolova, Anna A. Zemlyanaya and Kirill Subbotin Chapter 7 Psychiatric Comorbidities and Quality of Life in Epilepsy 157 Ayşe Kutlu and Serap Mülayim Section 3 Antiepileptic Drugs: From Modes of Action to Clinical Efficacy and Side Effects 173 Chapter 8 Antiepileptic Drug Targets: An Update on Ion Channels 175 Ben A. Chindo, Bulus Adzu and Karniyus S. Gamaniel Chapter 9 Antiepileptic Drugs and Risk Factors of Vascular Diseases 195 Jolanta Dorszewska, Urszula Lagan-Jedrzejczyk, Marta Kowalska, Katarzyna Wize and Wojciech Kozubski Chapter 10 Epidemiological Study of Acute Poisoning for Antiepileptic Drugs: A 2-Year Retrospective Study in Cracow, Poland 211 Anna Staniszewska, Marta Dąbrowska-Bender, Aleksandra Czerw, Dominik Olejniczak, Grzegorz Juszczyk and Magdalena Bujalska- Zadrożny Chapter 11 Acute Valproic Acid Intoxication: An Attempt at Estimating the Correlation Between Serum Level and Clinical Manifestations 225 Anna Staniszewska and Magdalena Bujalska-Zadrożny Chapter 12 Therapeutic Monitoring of Anticonvulsants: Use of Saliva as Biological Fluid 237 Marta Vázquez and Pietro Fagiolino Chapter 13 Role of ABC-Transporters in Epileptogenesis and Pharmacoresistant Epilepsy 249 Lazarowski Alberto and Czornyj Liliana Preface Epileptology seems to be an example of multidisciplinary integrated science in which many medical and biological disciplines take part in. It is noteworthy, that during several hun‐ dreds of years epilepsy represents the disease, which remains the so-called apple of discord between neurologists and psychiatrists. The causes for such situations are multifarious, and here, several factors should be taken into account. First, epilepsy itself represents interest both for neurologists and psychiatrists, although these specialists look at the same phenomena quite differently. Formally speaking, epilepsy belongs to neurological diseases, although it is characterized by a broad palette of psychiat‐ ric comorbid disorders and affective and anxiety disorders seem to be the most prevalent among them. Unlike neurologists, psychiatrists are very keen to the phenomena of comorbid epilepsy pathology and see in its broad manifestations a subject for proper researches that could shed light on pathogenesis of psychopathology at all. In line with this statement, the fact should be mentioned that Norman Geschwind seriously believed that research of epilepsy patients and temporal lobe epilepsy in particular could help us to understand the nature of mental disorders at all. It must be stressed that during many years between neurology and psychiatry the principal discrepancies in diagnostic modus existed. Thus, for neurology, the cornerstone in diagnos‐ tic algorithm and the mode of the so-called topic diagnostics prevailed. The essence of such a method is thought to be based on the quest for concrete basic locus (focus, tumor, hemor‐ rhage, etc.) that could explain all symptoms presented in patients. On the contrary, in psychiatry, the topic diagnostics
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