Florida Mosquito Control White Paper 2009
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FLORIDA MOSQUITO CONTROL 2009 The state of the mission as defined by mosquito controllers, regulators, and environmental managers Florida Coordinating Council on Mosquito Control This report was funded in part by a grant from the Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, FDACS #012902, University of Florida Project #00068572. The report was initiated, reviewed, and approved by the Florida Coordinating Council on Mosquito Control (FCCMC). The FCCMC was created and mandated by the Legislature in Chapter 388 Florida Statues in 1986 to develop and implement guidelines to assist the Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services (FDACS) in resolving disputes arising over the control of arthropods on publicly owned lands, to identify and recommend research priorities and technologies, to develop and recommend to FDACS a request for proposal process for arthropod control research, to identify potential funding sources for research and implementation projects, and to evaluate and rank proposals upon request by the funding source. A final mandate is to prepare and present reports, such as this one, on arthropod control activities in the state to appropriate agencies. To oversee the development of the report, the FCCMC appointed a Steering Committee that selected contributors and reviewers for this publication. This publication is a public document that can be used for educational purposes. The front and back cover (cypress wetlands) are the copyright of James M. Newman, the inset is the copyright of Alan Curtis, and all rights are reserved. Acknowledgments: The editorial assistance of Janice Broda is much appreciated. Special thanks to James M. Newman and Alan Curtis for generously donating the color transparencies used for the cover. Printed copies are available from: Dr. Roxanne Connelly Florida Medical Entomology Laboratory University of Florida/IFAS 200 - 9th Street SE Vero Beach, Florida 32962 Telephone: 772-778-7200 Fax: 772-778-7205 The document can be downloaded from the Florida Medical Entomology Laboratory web page: http://fmel.ifas.ufl.edu or http://mosquito.ifas.ufl.edu URL’s referenced in this document may not remain valid over time. When referencing this document use: Connelly, C.R. and D.B. Carlson (Eds.). 2009. Florida Coordinating Council on Mosquito Control. Florida Mosquito Control: The state of the mission as defined by mosquito controllers, regulators, and environmental managers. Vero Beach, FL: University of Florida, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, Florida Medical Entomology Laboratory. Printed in 2009 Table of Contents Florida Coordinating Council on Mosquito Control..........................1 1 White Paper Steering Committee..........................................1 3 Contributors...........................................................1 4 Preface ...............................................................1 8 Chapter 1: Introduction.................................................1 9 1.1 Purpose of this Document. .........................................1 9 1.2 Mission Statement ................................................1 9 1.3 Brief Introduction to Mosquito Biology. 1 9 1.4 Integrated Pest Management as it Applies to Mosquito Control. 2 0 Chapter 2: History of Florida Mosquito Control.............................2 1 2.1 Introduction .....................................................2 1 2.2 State Involvement.................................................2 2 2.3 Organized Programs...............................................2 2 2.4 Research........................................................2 3 2.5 Training and Professionalism........................................2 5 2.6 Interagency Conflict and Cooperation. 2 5 2.7 Conclusion......................................................2 6 2.8 A Published History of Florida Mosquito Control.. 2 7 2.9 Reference.......................................................2 7 Chapter 3: Integrated Mosquito Surveillance and Environmental Monitoring....2 8 3.1 Introduction. ....................................................2 8 3.2 Developing an Integrated Mosquito Surveillance Program. 2 9 3.3 Defining Area-specific Mosquito Problems and Control Strategies. 2 9 3.4 Designing a Mosquito Surveillance Program.. 3 0 3.4.1 Telephone or Website Service Requests. 3 0 3.4.2 Monitoring Adult Mosquitoes..................................3 1 3.4.2.1Landing Rates. .......................................3 2 3.4.2.2Mechanical Traps......................................3 2 3.4.3 Monitoring Immature Mosquitoes. 3 4 3.4.3.1 Inventory of Mosquito Developmental Sites. 3 4 3.4.3.2Sampling Immature Stages ..............................3 5 3.4.3.3Collecting Eggs.......................................3 5 3.4.3.4 Collecting Larvae and Pupae. 3 6 3.5 Monitoring Environmental Parameters. 3 6 3.6 References and General Reading.....................................3 7 Chapter 4: Mosquito Control through Source Reduction. .................3 8 4.1 Introduction................................................3 9 4.2 Mosquito Producing Habitats Appropriate for Source Reduction.. 3 9 4.2.1 Containers. ..........................................3 9 4.2.2 Freshwater Lakes, Ponds, and Retention Areas.. 3 9 4.2.3 Freshwater Swamps and Marshes. 3 9 4.2.4 Temporarily Flooded Locations.. 4 0 4.2.5 Salt Marshes..........................................4 0 4.3 Source Reduction for Saltmarsh Mosquito Control.. 4 0 4.3.1 Description of Florida's Salt Marshes. 4 0 4.4 Historical Methods of Source Reduction in Salt Marsh Habitats. 4 1 4.4.1 Ditching.............................................4 1 4.4.2 Filling...............................................4 2 4.4.3 Impounding. .........................................4 2 4.5 Current Salt Marsh Source Reduction Techniques. 4 2 4.5.1 Environmental Considerations.. 4 2 4.5.2 Ditching.............................................4 3 4.5.2.1 Benefits of a Properly Designed Rotary Ditching Plan. 4 3 4.5.2.2 Environmental Risks of Rotary Ditching.. 4 4 4.5.2.3 Rotary-ditching Applications.. 4 4 4.5.3 Impoundments........................................4 5 4.5.3.1 Environmental Risks of Impounding. 4 5 4.5.3.2 Benefits of a Properly Designed Impoundment Management Plan ...............................4 5 4.5.4 Current Efforts in Salt Marsh Management.. 4 7 4.6 Source Reduction in Freshwater Habitats. 4 7 4.7 Stormwater and Wastewater Management. 4 9 4.7.1 Conclusions..........................................5 0 4.8 Mosquitoes Associated with Wastewater. 5 1 4.8.1 Domestic Wastewater. .................................5 1 4.8.1.1Septic Systems..................................5 1 4.8.1.2Package Plants..................................5 1 4.8.1.3 Large Treatment Facilities. 5 2 4.8.1.4 Spray-irrigation Systems.. 5 2 4.8.1.5 Rapid-dry Ponds Versus Holding Ponds. 5 2 4.8.1.6 Wastewater/aquatic Plant Systems.. 5 2 4.8.1.7 Wetlands ......................................5 2 4.8.2 Agricultural and Industrial Wastewater. 5 3 4.8.3 Major Pest and Disease-vectoring Species. 5 3 4.8.3.1 Culex .........................................5 3 4.8.3.2 Aedes and Psorophora. ..........................5 4 4.8.3.3 Mansonia and Coquillettidia.......................5 4 4.8.4 Mosquito Control......................................5 4 4.8.4.1Operating Capacity ..............................5 5 4.8.4.2Water Quality...................................5 5 4.8.4.3Wet-detention Ponds.............................5 5 4.8.4.4 Dry-retention Areas: Rapid-dry Ponds and Spray-irrigation Fields...............................................5 5 4.8.4.5Wetlands. ...........................................5 6 4.8.4.6Larvicides............................................5 6 4.9 Aquatic Plant Management and the Effects on Mosquito Populations. 5 7 4.9.1 Mosquitoes.................................................5 7 4.9.2 Aquatic Plants. .............................................5 8 4.9.3 Surveillance................................................5 8 4.9.4 Mosquito Control Measures....................................5 9 4.9.5 Aquatic Plant Management Measures. 5 9 4.10Waste Tire Program in Florida.......................................6 0 4.10.1Tires as Mosquito Producers...................................6 0 4.10.2Waste Tire Disposal Regulations.. 6 0 4.11References and General Reading .....................................6 2 Chapter 5: Larvicides and Larviciding. ...................................6 5 5.1 Introduction .....................................................6 5 5.1.1 History....................................................6 7 5.1.2 Regulation.................................................6 8 5.2 Larvicides Available...............................................7 0 5.2.1 Insect Growth Regulators......................................7 1 5.2.1.1Methoprene. .........................................7 1 5.2.2 Microbial Larvicides.........................................7 2 5.2.2.1 Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis. ........................7 2 5.2.2.2 Bacillus sphaericus. ...................................7 3 5.2.3 Organophosphates...........................................7 4 5.2.3.1Temephos............................................7 5 5.2.4 Surface Oils and Films........................................7 5 5.2.4.1Larviciding Oils.......................................7 5 5.2.4.2 Monomolecular Surface Films.. 7 6 5.2.5 On-site Formulations and Combining Larvicides. 7 6 5.3 Reporting Organizations and Recent Larvicide Use. 7 8 5.4 Equipment Available..............................................7