Analysis of International Efforts in Energy Research and Development
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DOE/MC/27346 - 5099 (DE96000630) Analysis of International Efforts in Energy Research and Development Topical Report A. John Rezaiyan R.T. Gill September 1995 Work Performed Under Contract No.: DE-AC21-90MC27346 For U.S. Department of Energy U.S. Department of Energy Office of Environmental Management Office of Fossil Energy Office of Technology Development Morgantown Energy Technology Center Washington, DC Morgantown, West Virginia By K&M Engineering and Consulting Corporation Washington, DC 20036 DISTRIBUTION OF THIS DOCUMENT IS WmS) c DISCLAIMER This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States Government. 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Available to DOE and DOE contractors from the Office of Scientific and Technical Information, 175 Oak Ridge Turnpike, Oak Ridge, TN 37831; prices available at (615) 576-8401. Available to the public from the National Technical Information Service, U.S. Department of Commerce, 5285 Port Royal Road, Springfield, VA 22161; phone orders accepted at (703) 487-4650. DOE/MC/27346 - 5099 ANALYSIS OF INTERNATIONAL EFFORTS IN ENERGY TJSDOE RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT DOE/MC/27346 - 5099 (DE96000630) Analysis of International Efforts in Energy Research and Development Topical Report A. John Rezaiyan R.T. Gill Work Performed Under Contract No.: DE-AC21-90MC27346 For U.S. Department of Energy U.S. Department of Energy Office of Environmental Management Office of Fossil Energy Office of Technology Development Morgantown Energy Technology Center 1000 Independence Avenue P.O. Box 880 Washington, DC 20585 Morgantown, West Virginia 26507-0880 By K&M Engineering and Consulting Corporation 2001 L. Street, NW, Suite 500 Washington, DC 20036 September 1995 Contents Executive Summary vii 1. Introduction 1 1.1. Background 1 1.2. Research and Development Definitions 2 1.2.1. Applications 2 1.2.2. Funding Sources 3 1.2.3. Currency Conversion 3 1.2.4. Distribution 4 1.2.5. Fuel Cells 4 1.2.6. Advanced Gas Turbines 6 1.3. Report Structure 8 2. Methodology 9 •2.1. Literature Review 10 2.2. Country Selection 10 2.3. Data Collection 11 2.4. Data Analysis 12 2.4.1. Public Expenditures 12 2.4.2. Private Expenditures 13 3. Research and Development Expenditures 15 3.1. World R&D Expenditures 15 3.1.1. Total Expenditures 15 3.1.2. Expenditures As a Percentage of GDP 18 3.1.3. Average Annual Percentage Change in R&D Funding 18 3.2 Energy 19 3.2.1. Total Expenditures 20 3.2.2. Expenditures As a Percentage of GDP 21 3.2.3. Average Annual Percentage Change in R&D Expenditures 22 3.2.4. Expenditures As a Percentage of Total R&D Expenditures 22 3.3. Fossil Fuel 23 3.3.1. Total Expenditures 24 3.3.2. Expenditures As a Percentage of GDP 25 3.3.3. Average Annual Percentage Change in R&D Expenditures 26 3.3.4. Expenditures As a Percentage of Total R&D Expenditures 27 3.4 Fuel Cell 28 3.4.1. Summary 28 3.4.2. Total Expenditures 31 3.4.3. Expenditures As a Percentage of GDP 32 3.4.4. Expenditures As a Percentage of Total R&D Expenditures 33 3.4.5. Trends in Expenditures 34 ii 3.4.6. Public and Private Contributions 35 3.5 Advanced Gas Turbine 35 3.5.1. Summary 36 3.5.2. Total Expenditures 38 3.5.3. Expenditures As a Percentage of GDP 39 3.5.4. Expenditures As a Percentage of Total R&D Expenditures 39 3.5.5. Trends in Expenditures 41 3.5.6. Public and Private Contributions 41 4. Country Reports 42 4.1. Australia 43 4.2. Belgium 47 4.3. Canada 51 4.4. Denmark 56 4.5. Finland 61 4.6. France 65 4.7. Germany 71 4.8. Italy 80 4.9. Japan 85 4.10. Netherlands 95 4.11. Norway 100 4.12. Sweden 104 4.13. Switzerland 110 4.14. United Kingdom 115 4.15. United States 125 4.16. European Union 137 5. Conclusions 141 References 143 Appendices 144 A. R&D Expenditures Database 145 B. Fuel Cell Database 150 C. Advanced Gas Turbine Database 165 D. Exchange Rates and Purchasing Power Parities 173 E. Further Reading 174 iii Tables Summary ix 1.1. Major Fuel Cell Types and Significant Differences 5 1.2. Current Gas Turbine Performan 7 3.1. Estimated 1994 R&D Expenditures for Selected Countries 17 3.2. Major Fuel Cell Funding Organizations by Country 29 4.1. Fuel Cell Project List for Australia 46 4.2. Advanced Gas Turbine Project List for Australia 46 4.3. Fuel Cell Project List for Belgium 50 4.4. Advanced Gas Turbine Project List for Belgium 50 4.5. Fuel Cell Project List for Canada 54 4.6. Advanced Gas Turbine Project List for Canada 55 4.7. Fuel Cell Project List for Denmark 59 4.8. Advanced Gas Turbine Project List for Denmark 60 4.9. Fuel Cell Project List for Finland 63 4.10. Advanced Gas Turbine Project List for Finland 64 4.11. Fuel Cell Project List for France 68 4.12. Advanced Gas Turbine Project List for France 70 4.13. Fuel Cell Project List for Germany 74 4.14. Advanced Gas Turbine Project List for Germany 77 4.15. Fuel Cell Project List for Italy 83 4.16. Advanced Gas Turbine Project List for Italy 84 4.17. Fuel Cell Project List for Japan 90 4.18. Advanced Gas Turbine Project List for Japan 93 4.19. Fuel Cell Project List for the Netherlands 98 4.20. Advanced Gas Turbine Project List for the Netherlands 99 4.21. Fuel Cell Project List for Norway 102 4.22. Advanced Gas Turbine Project List for Norway 103 4.23. Fuel Cell Project List for Sweden 107 4.24. Advanced Gas Turbine Project List for Sweden 109 4.25. Fuel Cell Project List for Switzerland 113 4.26. Advanced Gas Turbine Project List for Switzerland 114 4.27. Fuel Cell Project List for the United Kingdom 119 4.28. Advanced Gas Turbine Project List for the United Kingdom 123 4.29. Fuel Cell Project List for the United States 131 4.30. Advanced Gas Turbine Project List for the United States 135 4.31. Fuel Cell Project List for the European Union 140 D.l. Exchange Rates and Purchasing Power Parities 173 IV Figures 1.1. Fuel Cell Schematics 5 2.1. Methodology 9 2.2. Countries Selected 11 2.3. Data Analysis Flow Chart 13 2.4. Estimation of Privately Funded R&D Expenditures 14 3.1. Worldwide R&D Funding Levels 16 3.2. 1994 R&D As a Percentage of GDP 18 3.3. Annual Percentage Change in R&D Funding 19 3.4. 1994 World Energy R&D Expenditures 20 3.5. 1994 World Energy R&D As a Percentage of GDP 21 3.6. Average Annual Rate of Change in Energy R&D Funding 22 3.7. 1994 Energy R&D Funding As a Percentage of Total R&D Funding 23 3.8. 1994 World Fossil Fuel R&D Expenditures 24 3.9. 1994 World Fossil Fuel R&D As a Percentage of GDP 25 3.10. Average Annual Rate of Change in Fossil Fuel R&D Expenditures 26 3.11. 1994 Fossil Fuel Funding As a Percentage of Total R&D Expenditures 27 3.12. 1994 World Fuel Cell R&D Expenditures 32 3.13. 1994 World Fuel Cell R&D As a Percentage of GDP 33 3.14. 1994 Fuel Cell R&D Funding As a Percentage of Total R&D Expenditures 34 3.15. Public and Private Contributions to Fuel Cell R&D Expenditures 35 3.16. Advanced Gas Turbine Cooperation 36 3.17. 1994 World Advanced Gas Turbine R&D Expenditures 3 8 3.18. 1994 World Advanced Gas Turbine R&D As a Percentage of GDP 40 3.19. 1994 World Advanced Gas Turbine R&D Funding As a Percentage of Total R&D Expenditures 40 3.20. Public and Private Contributions to Advanced Gas Turbine R&D Funding 41 4.1. Selected Countries 42 4.2. Australian R&D Expenditures 43 4.3. Breakdown of Australian Energy R&D and Electricity Generation 45 4.4. Belgian R&D Expenditures 47 4.5. Breakdown of Belgian Energy R&D and Electricity Generation 49 4.6. Canadian R&D Expenditures 51 4.7. Breakdown of Canadian Energy R&D and Electricity Generation 53 4.8. Danish R&D Expenditures 56 4.9. Breakdown of Danish Energy R&D and Electricity Generation 58 4.10. Finnish R&D Expenditures 61 4.11. Breakdown of Finnish Energy R&D and Electricity Generation 62 4.12. French R&D Expenditures 65 4.13. Breakdown of French Energy R&D and Electricity Generation 67 4.14. German R&D Expenditures 71 4.15.