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( Sotalia Guianensis) in Sepetiba Bay, Rio De Janeiro, South-Eastern Brazil

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( Sotalia Guianensis) in Sepetiba Bay, Rio De Janeiro, South-Eastern Brazil Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 2009, 89(5), 967–973. #2009 Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom doi:10.1017/S0025315409000782 Printed in the United Kingdom Aggregations of Guiana dolphins (Sotalia guianensis) in Sepetiba Bay, Rio de Janeiro, south-eastern Brazil: distribution patterns and ecological characteristics laura aichinger dias1, denize herzing1,2 and leonardo flach3 1Department of Biological Sciences, Florida Atlantic University, 777 Glades Road, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA, 2Research Director, The Wild Dolphin Project, PO Box 8436, Jupiter, FL 33468, USA, 3Projeto Boto-cinza, St Terezinha 531, Vila Muriqui, Mangaratiba, Rio de Janeiro, 23860-000, Brazil Between August 2005 and July 2007, 376 Guiana dolphin (Sotalia guianensis) encounters were documented in Sepetiba Bay. For the purpose of this study all dolphin sightings were classified as groups or aggregations. Groups (N ¼ 268, x ¼ 20, range ¼ 1–90) consisted of dolphins in apparent association usually engaged in the same behaviour and moving in the same direction. Aggregations (N ¼ 108, x ¼ 204, range ¼ 100–450) consisted of temporal association of numerous groups gathered in an area, totalling several hundred individuals usually engaged in the same behaviour but not necessarily moving in the same direction. Guiana dolphin groups and aggregations differed significantly in behavioural activity, spatial and temporal distri- bution and age composition. Most aggregated dolphins were engaged in foraging/feeding activities and primarily located at the interior of the bay, and also, aggregations were more likely recorded during morning hours and had more neonates and calves present when compared to groups. The plotted GPS records of aggregations formed two distinct clusters of distribution within the bay, indicating potential areas where conservation strategies could be implemented. Keywords: Sotalia guianensis, guiana dolphin, aggregation, Sepetiba Bay Submitted 19 November 2008; accepted 2 March 2009 INTRODUCTION dolphins may behave as schooling fish, where the collective formation confers reduced individual risk based on anti- Different ecological factors influence group formation pat- predatory strategies which increase the environmental surveil- terns among different dolphin species. Resource protection, lance by different members of the group and may also confuse prey acquisition and predation risk are probably the most the predator (Norris & Schilt, 1988; Connor, 2000). critical forces favouring group living, especially among delphi- Guiana dolphins (Sotalia guianensis Van Beneden, 1864) nids (Connor, 2000). Dolphins live in complex social groups, live in an apparent fission–fusion society (Santos & Rosso, inhabiting three-dimensional open-water habitats where food 2008a) and are reported to form groups throughout their resources are unpredictable and patchily distributed (Norris & known areas of distribution, with lone animals rarely Dohl, 1980). When cooperatively searching and hunting for observed. Group sizes vary widely among studies and popu- food, dolphins expand the search area and also collaborate lations, and the behavioural and environmental characteristics to keep prey from escaping, which in turn reduces the ener- that influence group formation patterns are also highly vari- getic costs of foraging (Wu¨rsig & Wu¨rsig, 1980; Wu¨rsig, able (Geise et al., 1999; Edwards & Schnell, 2001; Flores & 1986). The intricate social relationships among individual dol- Bazzalo, 2004; Azevedo et al., 2005, 2007; Daura-Jorge et al., phins do not imply, however, that groups are necessarily a 2005; Flores & Fontoura, 2006; Flach et al., 2008). permanent unit of a given size formed by the same animals. Guiana dolphin mean group sizes usually range from two Groups vary widely in size and individuals may move freely to 13 individuals (Di Beneditto et al., 2001; Edwards & to larger aggregations resulting in a fission–fusion society Schnell, 2001; Azevedo et al., 2005; Santos & Rosso, 2008b). (Norris & Dohl, 1980; Connor et al., 2000). Animals exhibit- However in south-eastern Brazil, mean sizes range from 29 ing this type of system enjoy great flexibility in responding to to 32 individuals (Lodi, 2003; Daura-Jorge et al., 2005; Flach availability, distribution and different-sized resource patches et al., 2008). And in south Brazil, Flores & Fontoura (2006) (Terborgh & Janson, 1986; Bearzi & Stanford, 2007). Group reported even larger group sizes, with most Guiana dolphin formation can be also highly influenced by predation pressure encounters ranging from 60 to 80 individuals. in the habitat (Karczmarski et al., 2005). Under attack, In Sepetiba Bay, Rio de Janeiro, south-eastern Brazil Flach et al. (2008) recorded groups of one to 280 individuals; with a mean size of 30 individuals per group. In addition, seven per Corresponding author: L.A. Dias cent of their dolphin encounters consisted of large aggrega- Email: [email protected] or [email protected] tions with more than 100 animals each. Considering the 967 968 laura aichinger dias et al. magnitude of large aggregations involving a substantial When Guiana dolphins were sighted, the boat was cau- number of animals, its further investigation could provide tiously moved towards the location where the animals were valuable data on the behavioural and ecological characteristics first seen. The term sighting was defined as a dolphin encoun- of Guiana dolphins in Sepetiba Bay which might contribute to ter with either a group or an aggregation during the course of future conservation of this species in the region. the survey and represents the sampling unit (modified from The objective of this study was to investigate the occur- Flores & Fontoura, 2006; Flach et al., 2008). Groups were rence of Guiana dolphin aggregations regarding their seaso- defined as dolphins observed in apparent association usually nal, diel and spatial distributions; behavioural activities, age engaged in the same behaviour and moving in the same direc- composition and the environmental parameters measured tion, within the observers’ visual range. A sighting was con- during their occurrence in Sepetiba Bay. sidered an aggregation if it contained several groups gathered in an area usually engaged in the same behaviour but not necessarily moving in the same direction and totalling more than 100 animals (Flach et al., 2008). During all dolphin MATERIALS AND METHODS sightings, time consisted of hour of day in which the animals were sighted; their position was registered using the Global Sepetiba Bay, located in Rio de Janeiro, south-eastern Brazil Positioning System once the boat reached the point in (238040 –228540 S/448030 –438340 W), consists of an elongated which the animals were first seen; environmental parameters semi-enclosed body of water with a surface area of approxi- consisted of water depth (m), salinity (parts per thousand), mately 520 square km. The largest west–east extension is temperature (Celsius), tide (in, high; out, low) and presence 40 km and the largest north–south extension is 20 km of sea birds at the sightings’ location. For groups, the esti- (Copeland et al., 2003). The average depth is 8 m, but mated sighting size (minimum, maximum and best number dredged canals with 20–30 m in depth are also present. The of animals counted), composition according to body size continent delimits the bay on its northern and eastern (adults, juveniles, calves and neonates) (Flores & Fontoura, borders, a sand bar (Restinga da Marambaia) separates the 2006), and behaviour (feeding/foraging, travelling, socializing, bay from the Atlantic Ocean at the southern part, and the con- resting, mixed and unknown) (modified from Shane, 1990; nection with the ocean is at the western portion of the bay Flach et al., 2008) were recorded using the scan group (Flach et al., 2008) (Figure 1). sampling method after five minutes of observation (Mann, Boat surveys were conducted on a daily basis, according to 2000; Flach et al., 2008). For an aggregation, the boat was sea conditions, covering most of the area of the bay (400 km2) piloted linearly across the aggregation to estimate best sighting and following four pre-established line transects randomly size (sum of number of animals counted by two observers alternated on each survey day (Figure 1). A 7.5 m boat facing opposite directions at the bow), composition according equipped with a 120 horse power onboard motor was used to body size (adults, juveniles, calves and neonates) (Flores & during the surveys with two observers at the bow and one Fontoura, 2006), and behaviour performed by the most pilot. animals (feeding/foraging; travelling, socializing, resting, Fig. 1. Sepetiba Bay’s geographical divisions and line transects used during the study, ArcGISw version 9. guiana dolphins in sepetiba bay, rio de janeiro 969 mixed and unknown)(modified from Shane, 1990; Flach et al., map’s coordinate system was converted from World 2008). Geodetic System (WGS’84—degrees) into Universal All analyses were conducted using the Minitabw 15 Transverse Mercator (UTM 238S—metres) resulting in grids Statistical Software. Some variables measured in the field that determined one km2 cells. Two or more adjacent cells, derived binary variables used in the statistical analyses: (a) each containing at least one dolphin sighting, constituted a sighting category (according to the best number of animals cluster. counted): group or aggregation; (b) temporal distribution: season (winter: May–October
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