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Umbrella Species in Marine Systems: Using the Endangered Humphead Wrasse to Conserve Coral Reefs

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Umbrella Species in Marine Systems: Using the Endangered Humphead Wrasse to Conserve Coral Reefs Vol. 27: 251–263, 2015 ENDANGERED SPECIES RESEARCH Published online April 29 doi: 10.3354/esr00663 Endang Species Res OPEN ACCESS Umbrella species in marine systems: using the endangered humphead wrasse to conserve coral reefs Kevin C. Weng1,*, Martin W. Pedersen2, Gen A. Del Raye3, Jennifer E. Caselle4, Andrew E. Gray3 1Virginia Institute of Marine Science, College of William & Mary, Gloucester Point, Virginia 23062-1346, USA 2National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Technical University of Denmark, 2920 Charlottenlund, Denmark 3Pelagic Fisheries Research Program, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA 4Marine Science Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA ABSTRACT: Extinction risk is closely tied to body size, home range, and species distribution. Quantifying home range is critical for conservation, and can enable the use of concepts such as ‘umbrella species’, whose conservation protects other species due to shared habitat. To determine the value of the humphead wrasse as an umbrella species for coral reef conservation, we con- ducted a multi-year study of humphead wrasse home range at Palmyra Atoll, Central Tropical Pacific, tagging juvenile, female, and male individuals with acoustic transmitters. We quantified home range using 2 metrics, length and area, and determined if these metrics were related to the sex and maturity status of the individual. We recorded individual movements during 5030 fish- days, yielding detailed records for 14 individuals comprising 3 juveniles, 5 females, and 6 males. The home range of humphead wrasse measured over a 2 yr study was 0.4 to 14 km and changed with ontogeny. Females had larger home ranges than other reef fishes studied to date (n = 68), indicating value as an umbrella species for coral reefs. We compared the home range of the spe- cies to the size distribution of tropical marine protected areas (MPAs), and used a model to esti- mate the MPA length necessary to retain humphead wrasse. Most MPAs are too small to effec- tively protect the humphead wrasse. KEY WORDS: Focal species · Umbrella species · Coral reef · Humphead wrasse · Cheilinus undulatus · Home range · Protected area · Marine reserve INTRODUCTION 2005) and are more vulnerable to exploitation (Wea - ver et al. 1996). A larger home range is more easily Species loss is accelerating globally, causing con- fragmented and more difficult to protect (Purvis et al. cerns that we are entering the 6th mass extinction 2000), and is a predictor of extinction risk (Davidson (Barnosky et al. 2011). Positive feedbacks may result et al. 2009). A small geographical distribution en - in accelerating losses, since biodiversity is tied to bio- hances vulnerability to habitat loss or extreme mor- geochemical properties of ecosystems and their resil- tality events (Davidson et al. 2009). These trends are ience (Naeem et al. 2012). Extinction risk in verte- known to occur for marine fishes (Olden et al. 2007). brates correlates with fundamental biological scales: In oceans, the size of a species’ home range (ge - body size, home range, and geographical distribu- nerally considered to be the range during post- tion. Large body size is associated with enhanced recruitment life stages, i.e. following larval dispersal) extinction risk (Olden et al. 2007), as large species is a key predictor of the level of protection offered by have lower fecundity, slower growth (Cardillo et al. marine protected areas (MPAs) (Heupel et al. 2006, Di © The authors 2015. Open Access under Creative Commons by *Corresponding author: [email protected] Attribution Licence. Use, distribution and reproduction are un - restricted. Authors and original publication must be credited. Publisher: Inter-Research · www.int-res.com 252 Endang Species Res 27: 251–263, 2015 Franco et al. 2012). Some species range over scales of are those with large home ranges that encompass meters (Lindholm et al. 2006), whereas others range many sympatric species with smaller ranges (Noss et across oceans (Weng et al. 2005). Small-scale MPAs al. 1996, Berger 1997). Information needs are rela- have limited effects for many fish species (Friedlander tively simple; we need only habitat and home-range et al. 2007), particularly those that are more mobile data to identify umbrella species, a benefit in marine and leave small reserves frequently (Palumbi 2004). systems where knowledge of ecosystem function is Regions with large human populations have very low less developed than on land. Across many taxa, the populations of large-bodied fishes, including top- presence of umbrella species correlates with higher level predators, whereas areas that are effectively diversity and abundance (Branton & Richardson protected from fishing via MPAs or have a low human 2011), demonstrating that it is a powerful conser - population density can contain a large number of top- vation tool, albeit a blunt one. All focal species predators (Friedlander & DeMartini 2002, Sandin et approaches have weaknesses and biases (Coppolillo al. 2008, Richards et al. 2012). Based on our findings et al. 2004, Saetersdal & Gjerde 2011), but conserva- and many others, a major ramping up of conservation tion with available knowledge is preferable to inac- efforts is needed (Bellwood et al. 2004). tion (Wiens et al. 2008). International trade in wildlife threatens biodiver- In marine systems, an umbrella species would have sity and ecosystem function on a global scale and has (1) a large home range, (2) the greatest number of caused numerous extinctions (Rosen & Smith 2010). sympatric species (i.e. shared habitat requirements), Illegal, unreported, and unregulated fishing (IUU) and (3) high vulnerability to fishing or other impacts (Borit & Olsen 2012) intersects with the wildlife trade (Berger 1997, King & Beazley 2005, Butler et al. in coral reef systems, where animals are captured 2012). While an in-depth analysis of Point 2 is beyond alive for sale as food or aquarium animals (Poh & the scope of this paper, the humphead wrasse Cheil- Fanning 2012). Overfishing of many species is occur- inus undulatus shares habitat with a diverse commu- ring, spawning aggregations are targeted (Sadovy de nity whose benthic habitat is itself alive — the coral Mitcheson et al. 2008), and destructive fishing prac- reef. The species has a broad Indo-Pacific distribu- tices are causing severe collateral damage to reefs tion (Sadovy et al. 2003a), thus occupying the region (Johannes & Riepen 1995). Trade bans have failed to with the greatest coral reef biodiversity on the planet control overfishing on coral reefs (IUCN 2010), which (Roberts et al. 2002). The humphead wrasse also ful- face additional challenges, such as acidification, fills Point 3, being one of the largest and most con- warming, pollution, and habitat degradation (Bell- spicuous coral reef fishes, and one severely over- wood et al. 2004). The rapid economic growth of fished through most of its range. Targeting by the China indicates that demand for luxury seafood live reef fish trade has led to a severe decline in pop- products will increase substantially (Fabinyi 2012). ulation despite its broad geographic distribution (Poh Facing urgent conservation needs, we cannot wait & Fanning 2012). It is on the IUCN’s ‘Endangered’ for perfect ecosystem information before taking list, in Appendix II of the Convention on International action (Johannes 1998). Conservation planning has a Trade in Endangered Species (CITES), and is under longer history in terrestrial settings than for oceans consideration for listing according to the US Endan- (King & Beazley 2005), and the marine realm could gered Species Act. The humphead wrasse is the benefit from approaches developed on land. Simply highest priced species in the live reef fish trade protecting areas with high diversity fails to account (Sadovy et al. 2003b), and targeting continues des - for the persistence of these protected systems (Nichol- pite its rarity (Poh & Fanning 2012). In the absence of son et al. 2006). ‘Focal species’ provide greater home-range data it was not possible to evaluate understanding of complex systems (Lambeck 1997) Point 1. Only 1 publication exists on home range and and include the indicator, keystone, flagship, um - movement (Chateau & Wantiez 2007), limited to a brella (Zacharias & Roff 2001), and landscape species single individual that departed the small study re - (Coppolillo et al. 2004) concepts. The keystone spe- gion after 25 d, compromising the estimate of home cies concept aims to identify a species with the range. Therefore, knowledge of the humphead strongest role in ecosystem function, making it very wrasse’s home range would allow its evaluation for difficult to identify qualifying species (Power et al. all 3 umbrella species criteria. 1996). The landscape species concept aims to inte- Here we present home-range estimates for the grate ecological and human factors, requiring an humphead wrasse measured with an acoustic obser- even greater level of knowledge to apply (Sanderson vation network. We compare these estimates to the et al. 2002, Coppolillo et al. 2004). Umbrella species sizes of existing MPAs in the geographic distribution Weng et al.: Umbrella species for marine conservation 253 of the species’ using a retention model, and make Experiment recommendations on a MPA scale. We present both home-range area and home-range length (HRL: the We deployed a network of 51 acoustic receivers longest dimension of a shape; Kramer & Chapman (VR2W, Vemco). Animals with acoustic transmitters 1999), and discuss the value of the humphead wrasse (V9, V13, and V16 coded tags, 2 min delay, 193 to as an umbrella species for conservation of coral reef 3033 d battery life) were detected when inside the fishes. detection radius of a receiver yielding presence− absence data. Fish were tagged in 2010 and 2011, and receivers were downloaded in 2011 and 2012. MATERIALS AND METHODS The network covered all habitats of the atoll (i.e. lagoons, forereef, and backreef areas). Study species Fish were captured with hooks or by divers using nets, and were placed in a holding tank aboard a The humphead wrasse Cheilinus undulatus has a boat.
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