DOCSLIB.ORG

The Cell Biology of Neurogenesis

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Cell Biology of Neurogenesis REVIEWS THE CELL BIOLOGY OF NEUROGENESIS Magdalena Götz* and Wieland B. Huttner‡ Abstract | During the development of the mammalian central nervous system, neural stem cells and their derivative progenitor cells generate neurons by asymmetric and symmetric divisions. The proliferation versus differentiation of these cells and the type of division are closely linked to their epithelial characteristics, notably, their apical–basal polarity and cell-cycle length. Here, we discuss how these features change during development from neuroepithelial to radial glial cells, and how this transition affects cell fate and neurogenesis. DEVELOPMENTAL CELL BIOLOGY MACROGLIAL CELLS During development, neural stem cells give rise to These types of division were first deduced from retroviral Collective term for astrocytes, all the neurons of the mammalian central nervous cell-lineage-tracing experiments19–25 and were subse- oligodendrocytes and Schwann system (CNS). They are also the source of the two quently shown directly in live time-lapse observations cells. types of MACROGLIAL CELL in the CNS — ASTROCYTES and with brain slices26–31 and isolated cells in vitro32–37. OLIGODENDROCYTES1–5 ASTROCYTES . Usually, two criteria are applied to This review mainly discusses the cell-biological basis The main type of glial cell, define a cell as a stem cell — self-renewal, ideally for an of the symmetric versus asymmetric division of neural which has various supporting unlimited number of cell divisions, and multipotency, stem and PROGENITOR CELLS, concentrating on the devel- functions, including that is, the ability to give rise to numerous types of oping CNS of rodents (from which most of the available participating in the formation differentiated cell. However, as it is not clear to what data were derived) and focusing on issues such as CELL of the blood–brain barrier. A subpopulation of astrocytes extent multipotent stem cells exist during the develop- POLARITY, CLEAVAGEPLANE ORIENTATION, apical cell constitu- functions as adult neural stem ment of the CNS1–3,5–16, we use the term stem cells here ents, INTERKINETIC NUCLEAR MIGRATION and cell-cycle length. cells. to describe neural cells that are self-renewing, but not Before addressing these issues, we first briefly describe necessarily for an unlimited number of cell divisions, the main categories of neural stem and progenitor cells, and that might be multipotent or unipotent. as well as some of their basic cell-biological features. The self-renewal of neural stem cells can occur either *Institute for Stem Cell by symmetric cell divisions, which generate two daughter Neural stem and progenitor cells Research, GSF — National cells with the same fate, or by asymmetric cell divisions, Neuroepithelial cells. Before neurogenesis, the NEURAL Research Center for Environment and Health, which generate one daughter cell that is identical to the PLATE and NEURAL TUBE are composed of a single layer of Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, mother cell and a second, different cell type. Notably, cells, neuroepithelial cells, which form the neuroepi- D-85764 Neuherberg/ during development, neuroepithelial cells, which can be thelium. The neuroepithelium looks layered (‘pseu- Munich, Germany. considered stem cells, first undergo symmetric, PROLIFERA dostratified’), because the nuclei of neuroepithelial ‡Max Planck Institute of TIVE DIVISIONS, each of which generates two daughter stem cells migrate up and down the apical–basal axis dur- Molecular Cell Biology and 17,18 Genetics, cells . These divisions are followed by many asym- ing the cell cycle (interkinetic nuclear migration; see Pfotenhauerstrasse 108, metric, self-renewing divisions, each of which generates below and FIG. 2a). Neuroepithelial cells show typical D-01307 Dresden, a daughter stem cell plus a more differentiated cell such epithelial features and are highly polarized along their Germany. as a NONSTEMCELL PROGENITOR or a neuron (FIG. 1). Neural apical–basal axis, as is obvious from the organization e-mails: 38,39 [email protected]; non-stem-cell progenitors typically undergo symmetric, of their plasma membrane (FIG. 2a). Certain trans- [email protected] differentiating divisions, each of which generates two membrane proteins such as prominin-1 (CD133) are doi:10.1038/nrm1739 neurons — terminally differentiated, postmitotic cells. selectively found in the apical plasma membrane40,41; NATURE REVIEWS | MOLECULAR CELL BIOLOGY VOLUME 6 | OCTOBER 2005 | 777 REVIEWS a NE neuroepithelial markers such as the intermediate-fil- Symmetric, proliferative division ament protein nestin52; the maintenance of an apical NE NE Asymmetric, neurogenic division surface and important features of apical–basal polar- ity such as an apical localization of centrosomes53 RG N Asymmetric, neurogenic division and prominin-1 REF. 40; the presence, at the apical- most end of the lateral plasma membrane, of adher- N RG Symmetric, neurogenic division ens junctions, proteins that associate with adherens N N junctions in the absence of tight junctions such as ZO1, and proteins that are associated with the apical b NE cell cortex such as PAR3 (partitioning defective pro- Symmetric, proliferative division tein-3)/PAR6/aPKC (atypical protein kinase C)39,42; 54 NE NE and the basal lamina contact TABLE 1. Like neu- Asymmetric, differentiative division roepithelial cells, radial glial cells show interkinetic BP RG nuclear migration, with their nuclei undergoing Symmetric, Asymmetric, differentiative division neurogenic division mitosis at the apical surface of the ventricular zone N N BP RG Symmetric, differentiative division and migrating basally for S phase of the cell cycle Symmetric, (FIG. 2b). However, whereas in neuroepithelial cells neurogenic division N N BP BP Symmetric, neurogenic the nuclei migrate through the entire length of the Symmetric, division cytoplasm (FIG. 2a), this is not the case in radial glial neurogenic division N N N N cells (FIG. 2b; see below). Figure 1 | Lineage trees of neurogenesis. The lineage trees shown provide a simplified view In contrast to neuroepithelial cells, radial of the relationship between neuroepithelial cells (NE), radial glial cells (RG) and neurons (N), glial cells show several astroglial properties. An without (a) and with (b) basal progenitors (BP) as cellular intermediates in the generation of ultrastructural characteristic of astroglial cells, neurons. They also show the types of cell division involved. GLYCOGEN GRANULES55, and various molecules that are characteristic of astrocytes — such as the astrocyte- specific glutamate transporter (GLAST), the Ca2+- TIGHT JUNCTIONS and ADHERENS JUNCTIONS are present at the binding protein S100β, glial fibrillary acidic protein most apical end of the lateral plasma membrane42–44; (GFAP), vimentin and brain-lipid-binding protein and receptors for basal lamina constituents such (BLBP) — start to appear in most ventricular zone OLIGODENDROCYTES α 36,46,47 as integrin 6 are concentrated in the basal plasma cells during, but not before, neurogenesis Glial cells of the central nervous membrane, which contacts the basal lamina39. The (T. Mori and M.G., unpublished observations). In system that form the myelin sheath. apical–basal polarity of neuroepithelial cells seems to mice, this transition occurs throughout most of the require the integrity of adherens junctions. Knocking brain between embryonic day 10 (E10), when no PROLIFERATIVE DIVISION out the adherens-junction-associated protein afadin, astroglial markers can yet be detected, and E12, A division of stem or progenitor also known as AF6, perturbs the polarized organiza- when most CNS regions are dominated by progeni- cells that results in a doubling of tion of these cells43. tor cells that are expressing several of these astro- their number, that is, one stem 52,56 cell divides into two identical glial features (FIG. 3). stem cells or one progenitor cell Radial glial cells. With the generation of neurons, the divides into two identical neuroepithelium transforms into a tissue with numer- Radial glial-cell appearance and cell fate restriction. progenitor cells. ous cell layers, and the layer that lines the ventricle In terms of potential, in contrast to early neuroepi- (the most apical cell layer that contains most of the thelial cells, most radial glial cells are restricted to NONSTEMCELL PROGENITORS progenitor cell bodies) is referred to as the ventricu- the generation of a single cell type, either astrocytes, Cells that are able to generate lar zone (FIG. 2b). With the switch to neurogenesis, oligodendrocytes or — as in most cases in neurogen- differentiated cells such as neuroepithelial cells downregulate certain epithelial esis — neurons22,27–29,35,48–50,56–59. This fate restriction is neurons but that are unable to features, notably tight junctions (but not adherens less often present in neuroepithelial cells and seems to self-renew. junctions, nor ZO1 (zona occludens-1), which in the correlate with the appearance of radial glial-cell prop- PROGENITOR CELLS absence of tight junctions seems to associate with erties. Therefore, transgenic mouse cell lines in which Collective term for stem cells adherens junctions)42 and the apical-versus-basal part of the nestin promoter or the regulatory element and non-stem-cell progenitors. polarity of delivery of certain plasma-membrane pro- of the Blbp gene was used to drive the expression of the teins45. Concomitantly, ASTROGLIAL hallmarks appear. In Cre-recombinase gene at early embryonic stages,
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Suppression of DNA Double-Strand Break Formation by DNA Polymerase B in Active DNA Demethylation Is Required for Development of Hippocampal Pyramidal Neurons
    9012 • The Journal of Neuroscience, November 18, 2020 • 40(47):9012–9027 Development/Plasticity/Repair Suppression of DNA Double-Strand Break Formation by DNA Polymerase b in Active DNA Demethylation Is Required for Development of Hippocampal Pyramidal Neurons Akiko Uyeda,1 Kohei Onishi,1 Teruyoshi Hirayama,1,2,3 Satoko Hattori,4 Tsuyoshi Miyakawa,4 Takeshi Yagi,1,2 Nobuhiko Yamamoto,1 and Noriyuki Sugo1 1Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan, 2AMED-CREST, Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan, 3Department of Anatomy and Developmental Neurobiology, Tokushima University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kuramoto, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan, and 4Institute for Comprehensive Medical Science, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Aichi 470-1192, Japan Genome stability is essential for brain development and function, as de novo mutations during neuronal development cause psychiatric disorders. However, the contribution of DNA repair to genome stability in neurons remains elusive. Here, we demonstrate that the base excision repair protein DNA polymerase b (Polb) is involved in hippocampal pyramidal neuron fl/fl differentiation via a TET-mediated active DNA demethylation during early postnatal stages using Nex-Cre/Polb mice of ei- ther sex, in which forebrain postmitotic excitatory neurons lack Polb expression. Polb deficiency induced extensive DNA dou- ble-strand breaks (DSBs) in hippocampal pyramidal neurons, but not dentate gyrus granule cells, and to a lesser extent in neocortical neurons, during a period in which decreased levels of 5-methylcytosine and 5-hydroxymethylcytosine were observed in genomic DNA. Inhibition of the hydroxylation of 5-methylcytosine by expression of microRNAs miR-29a/b-1 diminished DSB formation.
    [Show full text]
  • CSF Protein Contents and Their Roles in Brain Development
    Zahedan J Res Med Sci. 2015 September; 17(9):e1042. DOI: 10.17795/zjrms-1042 Review Article Published online 2015 September 26. CSF Protein Contents and Their Roles in Brain Development 1,* 1 1 Mohammad Nabiuni, Rozmehr Shokohi, and Parisa Moghaddam 1Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran, IR Iran *Corresponding author : Mohammad Nabiuni, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran, IR Iran. E-mail: [email protected] Received: ; Accepted: January 6, 2014 March 18, 2014 Abstract: In early stages of development, the laminated structure of cerebral cortex is organized by proliferative, morphogenetic, and migratory processes. In these stages, cells within the ependymal lining of neural tube are thought to secrete embryonic cerebrospinal fluid (eCSF). As the neural tube closes, the choroid plexuses (CPs) secrete proteins such as growth factors, cytokines and morphogenes into the eCSF. The apical neuroepithelium is bathed with this fluid which plays regulatory roles in cortical cell proliferation, differentiation, and maintenance. Because of the eCSF protein contents and their impacts on neurogenesis, we focused on the effect of eCSF growth factors and their changes during brain development. Bibliographic databases including PubMed, Scopus and Google Scholar were searched between years 1990 to 2013 for the keywords “Cerebrospinal fluid” and “Neurogenesis”. In the first step, 200 articles were found, after elimination of duplicates or irrelevant papers 49 papers were selected and reviewed. Keywords: Cerebrospinal fluid; Cytokine; Neurogenesis; Choroid plexus; Cell differentiation 1. Context The central nervous system (CNS) develops from the bryogenesis. The CP diferentiates from the ependymal neural tube, a hollow structure filled with embryonic ce- cells lining the ventricular walls and, in fact, is frequent- rebrospinal fluid (eCSF) and surrounded by neuroepithe- ly considered to be a specialized cuboidal epithelium lial cells.
    [Show full text]
  • Emergence of Embryo Shape During Cleavage Divisions Alex Mcdougall, Janet Chenevert, Benoît Godard, Rémi Dumollard
    Emergence of embryo shape during cleavage divisions Alex Mcdougall, Janet Chenevert, Benoît Godard, Rémi Dumollard To cite this version: Alex Mcdougall, Janet Chenevert, Benoît Godard, Rémi Dumollard. Emergence of embryo shape during cleavage divisions. Evo-Devo: Non-model Species in Cell and Developmental Biology, 2019. hal-02362892 HAL Id: hal-02362892 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02362892 Submitted on 14 Nov 2019 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Emergence of embryo shape during cleavage divisions Alex McDougall1, Janet Chenevert1, Benoit G. Godard2 and Remi Dumollard1 1. Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement de Villefranche‐sur‐mer (LBDV), UMR7009, 181 chemin du Lazaret, 06230 Villefranche‐sur‐Mer, France 2. Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria Abstract Cells are arranged into species‐specific patterns during early embryogenesis. Such cell division patterns are important since they often reflect the distribution of localized cortical factors from eggs/fertilized eggs to specific cells as well as the emergence of organismal form. However, it has proven difficult to reveal the mechanisms that underlie the emergence of cell positioning patterns that underlie embryonic shape, likely because a system‐level approach is required that integrates cell biological, genetic, developmental and mechanical parameters.
    [Show full text]
  • Neuregulin 1–Erbb2 Signaling Is Required for the Establishment of Radial Glia and Their Transformation Into Astrocytes in Cerebral Cortex
    Neuregulin 1–erbB2 signaling is required for the establishment of radial glia and their transformation into astrocytes in cerebral cortex Ralf S. Schmid*, Barbara McGrath*, Bridget E. Berechid†, Becky Boyles*, Mark Marchionni‡, Nenad Sˇ estan†, and Eva S. Anton*§ *University of North Carolina Neuroscience Center and Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599; †Department of Neurobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510; and ‡CeNes Pharamceuticals, Inc., Norwood, MA 02062 Communicated by Pasko Rakic, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, January 27, 2003 (received for review December 12, 2002) Radial glial cells and astrocytes function to support the construction mine whether NRG-1-mediated signaling is involved in radial and maintenance, respectively, of the cerebral cortex. However, the glial cell development and differentiation in the cerebral cortex. mechanisms that determine how radial glial cells are established, We show that NRG-1 signaling, involving erbB2, may act in maintained, and transformed into astrocytes in the cerebral cortex are concert with Notch signaling to exert a critical influence in the not well understood. Here, we show that neuregulin-1 (NRG-1) exerts establishment, maintenance, and appropriate transformation of a critical role in the establishment of radial glial cells. Radial glial cell radial glial cells in cerebral cortex. generation is significantly impaired in NRG mutants, and this defect can be rescued by exogenous NRG-1. Down-regulation of expression Materials and Methods and activity of erbB2, a member of the NRG-1 receptor complex, leads Clonal Analysis to Study NRG’s Role in the Initial Establishment of to the transformation of radial glial cells into astrocytes.
    [Show full text]
  • The Genetic Basis of Mammalian Neurulation
    REVIEWS THE GENETIC BASIS OF MAMMALIAN NEURULATION Andrew J. Copp*, Nicholas D. E. Greene* and Jennifer N. Murdoch‡ More than 80 mutant mouse genes disrupt neurulation and allow an in-depth analysis of the underlying developmental mechanisms. Although many of the genetic mutants have been studied in only rudimentary detail, several molecular pathways can already be identified as crucial for normal neurulation. These include the planar cell-polarity pathway, which is required for the initiation of neural tube closure, and the sonic hedgehog signalling pathway that regulates neural plate bending. Mutant mice also offer an opportunity to unravel the mechanisms by which folic acid prevents neural tube defects, and to develop new therapies for folate-resistant defects. 6 ECTODERM Neurulation is a fundamental event of embryogenesis distinct locations in the brain and spinal cord .By The outer of the three that culminates in the formation of the neural tube, contrast, the mechanisms that underlie the forma- embryonic (germ) layers that which is the precursor of the brain and spinal cord. A tion, elevation and fusion of the neural folds have gives rise to the entire central region of specialized dorsal ECTODERM, the neural plate, remained elusive. nervous system, plus other organs and embryonic develops bilateral neural folds at its junction with sur- An opportunity has now arisen for an incisive analy- structures. face (non-neural) ectoderm. These folds elevate, come sis of neurulation mechanisms using the growing battery into contact (appose) in the midline and fuse to create of genetically targeted and other mutant mouse strains NEURAL CREST the neural tube, which, thereafter, becomes covered by in which NTDs form part of the mutant phenotype7.At A migratory cell population that future epidermal ectoderm.
    [Show full text]
  • The Act of Controlling Adult Stem Cell Dynamics: Insights from Animal Models
    biomolecules Review The Act of Controlling Adult Stem Cell Dynamics: Insights from Animal Models Meera Krishnan 1, Sahil Kumar 1, Luis Johnson Kangale 2,3 , Eric Ghigo 3,4 and Prasad Abnave 1,* 1 Regional Centre for Biotechnology, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, 3rd Milestone, Gurgaon-Faridabad Ex-pressway, Faridabad 121001, India; [email protected] (M.K.); [email protected] (S.K.) 2 IRD, AP-HM, SSA, VITROME, Aix-Marseille University, 13385 Marseille, France; [email protected] 3 Institut Hospitalo Universitaire Méditerranée Infection, 13385 Marseille, France; [email protected] 4 TechnoJouvence, 13385 Marseille, France * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: Adult stem cells (ASCs) are the undifferentiated cells that possess self-renewal and differ- entiation abilities. They are present in all major organ systems of the body and are uniquely reserved there during development for tissue maintenance during homeostasis, injury, and infection. They do so by promptly modulating the dynamics of proliferation, differentiation, survival, and migration. Any imbalance in these processes may result in regeneration failure or developing cancer. Hence, the dynamics of these various behaviors of ASCs need to always be precisely controlled. Several genetic and epigenetic factors have been demonstrated to be involved in tightly regulating the proliferation, differentiation, and self-renewal of ASCs. Understanding these mechanisms is of great importance, given the role of stem cells in regenerative medicine. Investigations on various animal models have played a significant part in enriching our knowledge and giving In Vivo in-sight into such ASCs regulatory mechanisms. In this review, we have discussed the recent In Vivo studies demonstrating the role of various genetic factors in regulating dynamics of different ASCs viz.
    [Show full text]
  • Wnt/PCP Signaling Contribution to Carcinoma Collective Cell Migration and Metastasis Kacey Vandervorst1, Courtney A
    Published OnlineFirst April 5, 2019; DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-18-2757 Cancer Review Research Wnt/PCP Signaling Contribution to Carcinoma Collective Cell Migration and Metastasis Kacey VanderVorst1, Courtney A. Dreyer1, Sara E. Konopelski2, Hyun Lee1, Hsin-Yi Henry Ho2, and Kermit L. Carraway III1 Abstract Our understanding of the cellular mechanisms governing discerned. Wnt/PCP (planar cell polarity) signaling, one of carcinoma invasiveness and metastasis has evolved dramati- the noncanonical Wnt signaling pathways, mediates collective cally over the last several years. The previous emphasis on the migratory events such as convergent extension during devel- epithelial–mesenchymal transition as a driver of the migratory opmental processes. Wnt/PCP signaling components are fre- properties of single cells has expanded with the observation quently dysregulated in solid tumors, and aberrant pathway that carcinoma cells often invade and migrate collectively as activation contributes to tumor cell migratory properties. Here adherent groups. Moreover, recent analyses suggest that cir- we summarize key studies that address the mechanisms by culating tumor cells within the vasculature often exist as which Wnt/PCP signaling mediate collective cell migration in multicellular clusters and that clusters more efficiently seed developmental and tumor contexts. We emphasize Wnt/PCP metastatic lesions than single circulating tumor cells. While component localization within migrating cells and discuss these observations point to a key role for collective cell how component asymmetry may govern the spatiotemporal migration in carcinoma metastasis, the molecular mechan- control of downstream cytoskeletal effectors to promote isms driving collective tumor cell migration remain to be collective cell motility. Introduction properties of the surrounding environment (haptotaxis or dur- otaxis; refs.
    [Show full text]
  • Clonal Dispersion During Neural Tube Formation 4097 of Neuromeres
    Development 126, 4095-4106 (1999) 4095 Printed in Great Britain © The Company of Biologists Limited 1999 DEV2458 Successive patterns of clonal cell dispersion in relation to neuromeric subdivision in the mouse neuroepithelium Luc Mathis1,*, Johan Sieur1, Octavian Voiculescu2, Patrick Charnay2 and Jean-François Nicolas1,‡ 1Unité de Biologie moléculaire du Développement, Institut Pasteur, 25, rue du Docteur Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France 2Unité INSERM 368, Ecole Normale Supérieure, 46 rue d’Ulm, 75230 Paris Cedex 05, France *Present address: Beckman Institute (139-74), California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA ‡Author for correspondence (e-mail: [email protected]) Accepted 5 July; published on WWW 23 August 1999 SUMMARY We made use of the laacz procedure of single-cell labelling the AP and DV axis of the neural tube. A similar sequence to visualize clones labelled before neuromere formation, in of AP cell dispersion followed by an arrest of AP cell 12.5-day mouse embryos. This allowed us to deduce two dispersion, a preferential DV cell dispersion and then by a successive phases of cell dispersion in the formation of the coherent neuroepithelial growth, is also observed in the rhombencephalon: an initial anterior-posterior (AP) cell spinal cord and mesencephalon. This demonstrates that a dispersion, followed by an asymmetrical dorsoventral (DV) similar cascade of cell events occurs in these different cell distribution during which AP cell dispersion occurs in domains of the CNS. In the prosencephalon, differences in territories smaller than one rhombomere. We conclude that spatial constraints may explain the variability in the the general arrest of AP cell dispersion precedes the onset orientation of cell clusters.
    [Show full text]
  • Regulation of Adult Neurogenesis in Mammalian Brain
    International Journal of Molecular Sciences Review Regulation of Adult Neurogenesis in Mammalian Brain 1,2, 3, 3,4 Maria Victoria Niklison-Chirou y, Massimiliano Agostini y, Ivano Amelio and Gerry Melino 3,* 1 Centre for Therapeutic Innovation (CTI-Bath), Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK; [email protected] 2 Blizard Institute of Cell and Molecular Science, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 2AT, UK 3 Department of Experimental Medicine, TOR, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, 00133 Rome, Italy; [email protected] (M.A.); [email protected] (I.A.) 4 School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2HU, UK * Correspondence: [email protected] These authors contributed equally to this work. y Received: 18 May 2020; Accepted: 7 July 2020; Published: 9 July 2020 Abstract: Adult neurogenesis is a multistage process by which neurons are generated and integrated into existing neuronal circuits. In the adult brain, neurogenesis is mainly localized in two specialized niches, the subgranular zone (SGZ) of the dentate gyrus and the subventricular zone (SVZ) adjacent to the lateral ventricles. Neurogenesis plays a fundamental role in postnatal brain, where it is required for neuronal plasticity. Moreover, perturbation of adult neurogenesis contributes to several human diseases, including cognitive impairment and neurodegenerative diseases. The interplay between extrinsic and intrinsic factors is fundamental in regulating neurogenesis. Over the past decades, several studies on intrinsic pathways, including transcription factors, have highlighted their fundamental role in regulating every stage of neurogenesis. However, it is likely that transcriptional regulation is part of a more sophisticated regulatory network, which includes epigenetic modifications, non-coding RNAs and metabolic pathways.
    [Show full text]
  • Rapid and Efficient Generation of Oligodendrocytes from Human
    Rapid and efficient generation of oligodendrocytes PNAS PLUS from human induced pluripotent stem cells using transcription factors Marc Ehrlicha,b, Sabah Mozafaric,d,e,f, Michael Glatzab, Laura Starosta,b, Sergiy Velychkob, Anna-Lena Hallmanna,b, Qiao-Ling Cuig, Axel Schambachh, Kee-Pyo Kimb, Corinne Bachelinc,d,e,f, Antoine Marteync,d,e,f, Gunnar Hargusa,b, Radia Marie Johnsoni, Jack Antelg, Jared Sterneckertj, Holm Zaehresb,k, Hans R. Schölerb,l, Anne Baron-Van Evercoorenc,d,e,f, and Tanja Kuhlmanna,1 aInstitute of Neuropathology, University Hospital Münster, 48149 Muenster, Germany; bDepartment of Cell and Developmental Biology, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, 48149 Muenster, Germany; cINSERM, U1127, F-75013 Paris, France; dCNRS, UMR 7225, F-75013 Paris, France; eSorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie Paris 06, UM-75, F-75005 Paris, France; fInstitut du Cerveau et de la Moelle epinière-Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, F-75013 Paris, France; gMontreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada H3A 2B4; hInstitute of Experimental Hematology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany; iDepartment of Physiology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada H3A 2B4; jDFG Research Center for Regenerative Therapies, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany; kMedical Faculty, Department of Anatomy and Molecular Embryology, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany; and lMedicial Faculty, Westphalian Wilhelms-University of Muenster, 48149 Muenster, Germany Edited by Brigid L. M. Hogan, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, and approved February 1, 2017 (received for review August 30, 2016) Rapid and efficient protocols to generate oligodendrocytes (OL) more, these protocols require long culture periods (70–150 d) to + from human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) are currently obtain O4 OL and show limited efficiency (9–12).
    [Show full text]
  • Cleavage Pattern and Development of Isolated D Blastomeres in Bivalves
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Tsukuba Repository Cleavage pattern and development of isolated D blastomeres in bivalves 著者 Hashimoto Naoki, Kurita Yoshihisa, Murakami Kana, Wada Hiroshi journal or Journal of Experimental Zoology Part B: publication title Molecular and Developmental Evolution volume 234 number 1 page range 13-21 year 2015-01 権利 (C) 2014 WILEY PERIODICALS, INC. This is the peer reviewed version of the following article: Journal of Experimental Zoology Part B: Molecular and Developmental Evolution, 324,1,2015, which has been published in final form at DOI: 10.1002/jez.b.22585.This article may be used for non-commercial purposes in accordance With Wiley Terms and Conditions for self-archiving. URL http://hdl.handle.net/2241/00123041 doi: 10.1002/jez.b.22585 1. Complete title of paper Cleavage pattern and development of isolated D blastomeres in bivalves 2. Author’s names Naoki Hashimoto1*, Yoshihisa Kurita1, 2, Kana Murakami1, Hiroshi Wada1 3. Institutional affiliations 1 Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8572, Japan 2 Fishery Research Laboratory, Kyushu University, Fukutsu 811-3304, Japan 4. Total number of text and figures One manuscript file, two tables, six figure files and two movie files. 5. Abbreviated title Cleavage and development of isolated blastomeres 6. Correspondence to: Name: Naoki Hashimoto. Address: Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tennoudai 1-1-1, Tsukuba 305-8572, Japan E-mail: [email protected] Tel & Fax: +08-29-4671 7. Supporting grant information Grant-in-Aid for JSPS Fellows.
    [Show full text]
  • A Nonsense (C.3978G>A) Abnormal Spindle-Like, Microcephaly Associated (ASPM) Gene Mutation Is a Major Cause of Primary Microc
    African Journal of Biotechnology Vol. 10(34), pp. 6396-6400, 11 July, 2011 Available online at http://www.academicjournals.org/AJB DOI: 10.5897/AJB10.2571 ISSN 1684-5315 © 2011 Academic Journals Full Length Research Paper A nonsense (c.3978G>A) abnormal spindle-like, microcephaly associated (ASPM) gene mutation is a major cause of primary microcephaly in Pashtoon ethnic group of Pakistan Shamim Saleha 1, Muhammad Ajmal 2, Muhammad Jamil 1, Muhammad Nasir 2 and Abdul Hameed 2* 1Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat 26000, Khyber Paktoonkhwa, Pakistan. 2Institute of Biomedical and Genetic Engineering, G.P.O. box 2891, 24-Mauve Area, G-9/1, Islamabad, Pakistan. Accepted 29 April, 2011 Primary microcephaly (MCPH) is an autosomal-recessive congenital disorder characterized by smaller- than-normal brain size and mental retardation. MCPH is genetically heterogeneous with six known loci: MCPH1 to MCPH7. The abnormal spindle-like, microcephaly associated (ASPM) gene at MCPH5 locus, which accounts for 37 to 54% of MCPH, appears to be the most common cause of microcephaly. More than 50% of the MCPH families genetically analyzed in Pakistan were mapped to MCPH5 locus including both families in this study. On mutation screening of ASPM gene by PCR amplification and direct DNA sequencing, a common c.3978G>A transition was identified in exon 17 of ASPM gene to be responsible for diseased phenotype in both families. This change results to the substitution of an amino acid residue at position 1326 from tryptophan to a stop codon (p.Trp1326Stop). The same mutation was also identified in several other families of Pakistani origin.
    [Show full text]