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1 Transcriptomic Responses to Hypoxia in Endometrial and Decidual Stromal Cells 2 3 Kalle T bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2019.12.21.885657; this version posted December 23, 2019. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. 1 Transcriptomic responses to hypoxia in endometrial and decidual stromal cells 2 3 Kalle T. Rytkönen 1,2,3,4, Taija Heinosalo 1, Mehrad Mahmoudian 2,5, Xinghong Ma 3,4, Antti 4 Perheentupa 1,6, Laura L. Elo 2, Matti Poutanen 1 and Günter P. Wagner 3,4,7,8 5 6 1 Institute of Biomedicine, Research Centre for Integrative Physiology and Pharmacology, 7 University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, 20014, Finland 8 2 Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Tykistökatu 6, 9 20520, Turku, Finland 10 3 Yale Systems Biology Institute, West Haven, Connecticut 06516, USA 11 4 Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, 12 USA 13 5 Department of Future Technologies, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland 14 6 Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Turku University Hospital, Kiinamyllynkatu 4-8, 15 20521, Turku, Finland. 16 7 Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale Medical School, New 17 Haven 06510, USA 18 8 Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI- 48201, USA 19 20 Correspondence should be addresses to K T Rytkönen; Email: [email protected]. Address: Institute 21 of Biomedicine, Research Centre for Integrative Physiology and Pharmacology, University of 22 Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, 20014, Finland / Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and 23 Åbo Akademi University, Tykistökatu 6, 20520, Turku, Finland. 24 25 Short title: Hypoxic transcriptome of endometrial stroma. 26 Keywords: Endometrium, Oxygen, Hypoxia, Endometrial stromal fibroblasts, Decidual stromal 27 cells, Transcription, Endometriosis, Promoter, JunD Proto-Oncogene, JUND, CCAAT Enhancer 28 Binding Protein Delta, CEBPD. 29 30 Word count: 5819 1 bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2019.12.21.885657; this version posted December 23, 2019. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. 31 Abstract 32 33 Human reproductive success depends on a properly decidualized uterine endometrium that 34 allows implantation and the formation of the placenta. At the core of the decidualization process 35 are endometrial stromal fibroblasts (ESF) that differentiate to decidual stromal cells (DSC). As 36 variations in oxygen levels are functionally relevant in endometrium both upon menstruation and 37 during placentation, we assessed the transcriptomic responses to hypoxia in ESF and DSC. In 38 both cell types hypoxia upregulated genes in classical hypoxia pathways such as glycolysis and 39 the epithelial mesenchymal transition. In DSC hypoxia restored an ESF like transcriptional state 40 for a subset of transcription factors that are known targets of the progesterone receptor, 41 suggesting that hypoxia partially interferes with progesterone signaling. In both cell types 42 hypoxia modified transcription of several inflammatory transcription factors that are known 43 regulators of decidualization, including decreased transcription of STATs and increased 44 transcription of CEBPs. We observed that hypoxia upregulated genes had a significant overlap 45 with genes previously detected to be upregulated in endometriotic stromal cells. Promoter 46 analysis of the genes in this overlap suggested the hypoxia upregulated Jun/Fos and CEBP 47 transcription factors as potential drivers of endometriosis-associated transcription. Using 48 immunohistochemistry we observed increased expression of JUND and CEBPD in endometriosis 49 lesions compared to healthy endometria. Overall the findings suggest that hypoxic stress 50 establishes distinct transcriptional states in ESF and DSC, and that hypoxia influences the 51 expression of genes that contribute to the core gene regulation of endometriotic stromal cells. 2 bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2019.12.21.885657; this version posted December 23, 2019. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. 52 Introduction 53 54 Human reproductive success depends on a properly differentiated (decidualized) uterine 55 endometrium that allows implantation, the formation of the placenta and maintenance of the 56 pregnancy (Gellersen and Brosens, 2014; Vinketova et al., 2016). In humans, and other 57 catarrhine primates, decidualization of endometrial stromal fibroblasts (ESF) to endometrial 58 stromal cells (DSC) takes place spontaneously during every menstrual cycle. Decidualization 59 involves substantial transcriptional and cellular remodeling, enabling implantation and placental 60 development as well as menstruation-associated renewal of endometrium (Gellersen and 61 Brosens, 2014). This process is triggered by autocrine and paracrine signaling pathways 62 dependent on progesterone activated progesterone receptor (PGR) and cyclic adenosine 63 monophosphate (cAMP) mediated activation of protein kinase A (PKA) (Pavličev et al., 2017; 64 Wu et al., 2018). These, together with expression of transcription factors (TFs) including 65 forkhead box protein O1 (FOXO1), homeobox (HOX), and signal transducer and activator of 66 transcription (STAT) paralogs contribute to the regulatory programming necessary for 67 decidualization (Gellersen and Brosens, 2014; Vinketova et al., 2016). 68 The endometrium is exposed to hypoxic periods specifically upon menstruation as well as 69 during placentation (Pringle et al., 2010; Maybin and Critchley, 2015), but the associated 70 transcriptional regulation remains poorly characterized. A recent study assessed the role of 71 hypoxia in menstrual repair (Maybin et al., 2018), but the difference in the hypoxia related 72 transcriptional regulation between undifferentiated ESF and differentiated DSC has not been 73 studied. Moreover, it was recently shown that DSC specific gene regulatory network involves 74 factors that are part of the oxidative stress responses (Erkenbrack et al., 2018), placing a specific 75 interest on oxygen dependent gene regulation in the endometrium. 76 Importantly, endometrial responses to hypoxia are also relevant to several aspects of 77 reproductive health. In endometriosis, endometrial cells grow outside of uterus in niches that are 78 often more hypoxic than the highly vascularized uterus (Bishop, 1956; Bourdel et al., 2007; Wu 79 et al., 2019). Endometriosis lesions grow faster in hypoxia (Lu et al., 2014) and associated 80 angiogenesis (Lu et al., 2014) and hormone actions, including regulation of estrogen receptor 81 (Wu et al., 2012), are affected by hypoxia. Additionally, the abnormalities in pregnancy disorder 82 preeclampsia are partly driven by hypoxia signaling (Tal, 2012). 3 bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2019.12.21.885657; this version posted December 23, 2019. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. 83 Up to date no whole genome studies are available that describe the transcriptomic 84 responses to hypoxia in the endometrial stromal cells. Here we characterize the transcriptomic 85 responses to severe hypoxia (1% O2, 24h) in cultured ESF and DSC. We assess the hypoxia- 86 regulated pathways by enrichment analysis and specifically focus on hypoxia regulated 87 transcription factors. Further, we show that hypoxia upregulated genes have significant overlap 88 with genes known to be upregulated in endometriosis, and guided by promoter analysis of 89 transcription factor binding sites we select two transcription factors, JunD Proto-Oncogene 90 (JUND) and CCAAT Enhancer Binding Protein Delta (CEBPD), for immunohistochemistry in 91 endometriosis lesions and healthy endometria. 92 93 94 Material and methods 95 96 Cell Culture and hypoxia treatment 97 Human immortalized endometrial stromal fibroblasts (ESF) (T HESC, Mor lab, Yale University, 98 corresponding to ATCC CRL-4003) were grown in normoxia (21% O2) in Dulbecco's Modified 99 Eagle's medium (DMEM) (Sigma-Aldrich, D2906), supplemented with 10% charcoal stripped 100 calf serum (Hyclone), 1% antibiotic/antimycotic (ABAM; Gibco), 1nM sodium pyruvate 101 (Gibco), 0.1% insulin-transferrin-selenium (ITS premix, BD Biosciences), and 0.12% sodium 102 bicarbonate. To generate DSC, ESFs were decidualized by adding of 0.5 mM 8-bromoadenosine 103 3′,5′-cyclic monophosphate (8-Br-cAMP) (Sigma) and 0.5 μM of the synthetic progestin 104 medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) in DMEM supplemented with 2% charcoal-stripped calf - 105 serum. 106 For ESF hypoxia exposure was conducted for 24 hours using ProOx C21 nitrogen- 107 induced hypoxia system (BioSpherix, Red Field, NY) at 1% O2, 5% CO2 and compared to 108 normoxic ESF from the same cell batch. For DSC, ESF were first decidualized for 36 hours and 109 then similarly exposed to hypoxia for 24 hours (total decidualization
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