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Yellow Fever and the Emotional Consequences of Untreatable Epidemic Disease
This is an EJBM Online First article published ahead of the final print article on January 1, 2015. The final version of this article will be available at www.einstein.yu.edu/ejbm. HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE Yellow Fever and the Emotional Consequences of Untreatable Epidemic Disease John S Runge, BA1 ¹Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC. ABSTRACT Yellow fever terrorized communities in tropical and urban settings during its height in the nineteenth century American South. Carried by Aedes aegypti mosquitoes that breed in stagnant water collections, the virus infects humans with fervor and is most known for its symptoms of jaundice and vomito negro, a dark vomit of coagulated blood. During the near-annual outbreaks of yellow fever, caregivers struggled to cope with the emotional consequences of failing medicine, sometimes leaving behind clues to their confusion in treating the disease and offering salient reflections on their inadequacies. As the disease ravaged through the Gulf region for decades, health worker futility can be traced to questions of what to do for others and what to do for oneself, offering a new perspective in yellow fever scholarship and insight to contemporary clinical practice and research. INTRODUCTION Epidemic diseases often arise quickly, infect indiscriminately, and frustratingly persist. Once present, epidemic diseases can exist for years as untreatable medical and scientific quandaries. These threats to health may eventually be overcome, but only after years of scientific research, evolutions in disease theory, successful experimental therapeutics, and effective distribution of curatives. The process is long and formidable. -
African American Women in Mississippi Medicine, 1900-1940 Ashford Evan Howard* College at Oneonta, State University of New York, USA
Medical Messiahs: African American Women in Mississippi Medicine, 1900-1940 Ashford Evan Howard* College at Oneonta, State University of New York, USA Introduction Mississippi is a predominately rural state, with few Clark Hine referenced in her work; however, focusing on the metropolitan centers. During the slave era, it was one of two racial and gender barriers overshadows the role African states whose population consisted of slave majority. In 1850, American women medical practitioners played providing there were 309,878 slaves including 154,626 female slaves health services to the people of their race. The perspective and 930 free Blacks including 456 free Black women. In taken by these scholars omits the many women not only 1860, these numbers increased. The state comprised of practicing medicine but also creating the necessary 436,631 slaves and 773 free Blacks, including 217,330 female institutions for black women to practice medicine and receive slaves and 401 free Black women. It would be the people medical care. With the number of Black women graduating within these populations who contended with the many from medical schools such as Meharry Medical College and diseases and illnesses within the slave institution. Kenneth F. Howard University College of Medicine and the countless Kiple and Virginia Himmelsteib King examined the trajectory number of Black women providing medical care without of diseases that inflicted slaves in both the West Indies and “proper” medical training, their stories are waiting to be told. American South, presenting a detail explanation of the This article utilized primary source information including medical dilemmas plaguing the enslaved masses while newspapers, census, court documents, and the United States connecting slave health as part of a larger diaspora rather than Deceased Physician Files, 1864-1968 (AMA), to understand regional isolations [1]. -
ANNUAL SUMMARY Atlantic Hurricane Season of 2005
MARCH 2008 ANNUAL SUMMARY 1109 ANNUAL SUMMARY Atlantic Hurricane Season of 2005 JOHN L. BEVEN II, LIXION A. AVILA,ERIC S. BLAKE,DANIEL P. BROWN,JAMES L. FRANKLIN, RICHARD D. KNABB,RICHARD J. PASCH,JAMIE R. RHOME, AND STACY R. STEWART Tropical Prediction Center, NOAA/NWS/National Hurricane Center, Miami, Florida (Manuscript received 2 November 2006, in final form 30 April 2007) ABSTRACT The 2005 Atlantic hurricane season was the most active of record. Twenty-eight storms occurred, includ- ing 27 tropical storms and one subtropical storm. Fifteen of the storms became hurricanes, and seven of these became major hurricanes. Additionally, there were two tropical depressions and one subtropical depression. Numerous records for single-season activity were set, including most storms, most hurricanes, and highest accumulated cyclone energy index. Five hurricanes and two tropical storms made landfall in the United States, including four major hurricanes. Eight other cyclones made landfall elsewhere in the basin, and five systems that did not make landfall nonetheless impacted land areas. The 2005 storms directly caused nearly 1700 deaths. This includes approximately 1500 in the United States from Hurricane Katrina— the deadliest U.S. hurricane since 1928. The storms also caused well over $100 billion in damages in the United States alone, making 2005 the costliest hurricane season of record. 1. Introduction intervals for all tropical and subtropical cyclones with intensities of 34 kt or greater; Bell et al. 2000), the 2005 By almost all standards of measure, the 2005 Atlantic season had a record value of about 256% of the long- hurricane season was the most active of record. -
Yellow Fever in the Felicianas: the Epidemic of 1878 and Its Effects
Louisiana State University LSU Digital Commons LSU Master's Theses Graduate School 2005 Yellow fever in the Felicianas: the epidemic of 1878 and its effects upon the residents of these rural parishes Mary Jane Duke Russell Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_theses Part of the Social and Behavioral Sciences Commons Recommended Citation Russell, Mary Jane Duke, "Yellow fever in the Felicianas: the epidemic of 1878 and its effects upon the residents of these rural parishes" (2005). LSU Master's Theses. 1232. https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_theses/1232 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at LSU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in LSU Master's Theses by an authorized graduate school editor of LSU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. YELLOW FEVER IN THE FELICIANAS: THE EPIDEMIC OF 1878 AND ITS EFFECTS UPON THE RESIDENTS OF THESE RURAL PARISHES A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts In The Department of Geography and Anthropology By Mary Jane Duke Russell B.A., Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College, 1990 May, 2005 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The friendly and helpful assistance of Mildred Worrell, Holice Jackson, and Ann Reiley Jones of Clinton, “Miss Bessie” Palmer, and the late Mamie Rouzan of Jackson were invaluable resources for personal histories and introductions in East Feliciana. -
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THE HOWARD ASSOCIATION of GALVESTON: the 1850S, THEIR PEAK YEARS by Peggy Hildreth the Epidemic Commenced on the Ist Iofseptember]
East Texas Historical Journal Volume 17 | Issue 2 Article 7 10-1979 The oH ward Association of Galveston: The 1850s, Their eP ak Years Peggy Hildreth Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarworks.sfasu.edu/ethj Part of the United States History Commons Tell us how this article helped you. Recommended Citation Hildreth, Peggy (1979) "The oH ward Association of Galveston: The 1850s, Theire P ak Years," East Texas Historical Journal: Vol. 17: Iss. 2, Article 7. Available at: http://scholarworks.sfasu.edu/ethj/vol17/iss2/7 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by SFA ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in East Texas Historical Journal by an authorized administrator of SFA ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. EAST TEXAS HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION 33 THE HOWARD ASSOCIATION OF GALVESTON: THE 1850s, THEIR PEAK YEARS by Peggy Hildreth The epidemic commenced on the Ist IofSeptember]. Since that time the burials have averaged about twelve per day. This morning ten coffins were ordered before 8 o'clock. Our Association, during the past three weeks, has expended about $1,200 .... Our population is about 4,500. The deaths up to this time amount to about 15 percent. 1 Mr. James W. Moore, president of the Howard Association of Galveston, Texas, was describing the local epidemic of 1853, the peak year of yellow fever invasions in which the Howards served, and requesting donations for the de flu:to organization. The Galveston group was the younger sibling of the Howard Association of New Orleans (IR37-IR7R). -
Phoenix, 2005-09-28 Student Life
Governors State University OPUS Open Portal to University Scholarship Phoenix Student Newspapers 9-28-2005 Phoenix, 2005-09-28 Student Life Follow this and additional works at: http://opus.govst.edu/phoenix Recommended Citation Governors State University Student Life, Phoenix (2005, September 28). http://opus.govst.edu/phoenix/35 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Student Newspapers at OPUS Open Portal to University Scholarship. It has been accepted for inclusion in Phoenix by an authorized administrator of OPUS Open Portal to University Scholarship. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Volume 5, Issue 2 Katrina becomes textbook example By Jo Napolitano George Sensabaugh, profes Orleans levees before they Chicago Tribune Published sor of biomedical and forensic broke and why it took so long September 23,2005 sciences at the School of to coordinate a response, Public Health at the Univer among other queries. Less than a month after sity of California, Berkeley, "There is no coherent theo Hurricane Katrina devoured said he plans to use Katrina in ry in relation to how to deal whole towns along the Gulf a forensics class to be taught with very large-scale-type Coast, professors around the at the University of California, emergencies, so that type of country are using the disaster Davis. The hurricane raises thinking will be useful," he as a springboard for lectures questions about the nation's said. on topics from civil engineer preparedness for mass casual Meghan Groth, 26, a ing to psychology. ties, he said. Bedford Park firefighter and The human drama associat "We have a number of mass paramedic, said she opted to ed with the storm helps bring disasters where we have had take the Katrina course at complex academic principles to do identifications ranging Governors State for emotional to life, university officials say. -
The Medical, Social, and Political Effects of the Yellow Fever Epidemic of 1853 in New Orleans
Voces Novae Volume 4 Article 7 2018 Hard Times in the Big Easy: The edicM al, Social, and Political Effects of the Yellow Fever Epidemic of 1853 in New Orleans Molly Iker Chapman University Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.chapman.edu/vocesnovae Recommended Citation Iker, Molly (2018) "Hard Times in the Big Easy: The eM dical, Social, and Political Effects of the Yellow Fever Epidemic of 1853 in New Orleans," Voces Novae: Vol. 4 , Article 7. Available at: https://digitalcommons.chapman.edu/vocesnovae/vol4/iss1/7 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by Chapman University Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Voces Novae by an authorized editor of Chapman University Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Iker: Hard Times in the Big Easy: The Medical, Social, and Political Ef Hard Times in the Big Easy Voces Novae: Chapman University Historical Review, Vol 3, No 1 (2012) HOME ABOUT USER HOME SEARCH CURRENT ARCHIVES PHI ALPHA THETA Home > Vol 3, No 1 (2012) > Iker Hard Times in the Big Easy: The Medical, Social, and Political Effects of the Yellow Fever Epidemic of 1853 in New Orleans Molly Iker From May to October 1853, the city of New Orleans, Louisiana, battled a terrifying yellow fever epidemic. During this outbreak, the city watched as over 8,000 people succumbed to the disease. The scourge incited panic among residents and caused many to flee from the city as the summer drew near. The yellow fever epidemic of 1853 in New Orleans was one of the worst epidemics in the history of the United States of America, and it inspired important changes in the city's medical, social, and political practices, both locally and nationally. -
Neuse River Basin Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan Table of Contents
Town of NeuseSunset River Basin Beach RegionalUnifiedDRAFT HazardDevelopment Mitigation Ordinance Plan Greene, Jones, Lenoir, Pitt and Wayne Counties Draft: January 9, 2015 NEUSE RIVER BASIN REGIONAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE SECTION 1. INTRODUCTION & PLANNING PROCESS I. INTRODUCTION.. 1-1 II. NEUSE RIVER BASIN REGION. 1-1 III. HAZARD MITIGATION LEGISLATION.. 1-2 IV. WHAT IS HAZARD MITIGATION AND WHY IS IT IMPORTANT TO THE NEUSE RIVER BASIN REGION?. 1-3 A. What is Hazard Mitigation?. 1-3 B. Why is Hazard Mitigation Important to the Neuse River Basin Region?. 1-3 V. PLAN FORMAT . 1-4 VI. INCORPORATION OF EXISTING PLANS, STUDIES, AND REPORTS. 1-6 VII. PLANNING PROCESS .. 1-6 VIII. AUTHORITY FOR HMP ADOPTION AND RELEVANT LEGISLATION. 1-11 SECTION 2. COMMUNITY PROFILES I. INTRODUCTION.. 2-1 A. Location. 2-1 B. Topography/Geology . 2-2 C. Climate .. 2-2 II. GREENE COUNTY. 2-3 A. History.. 2-3 B. Demographic Summary .. 2-3 1. Population .. 2-3 2.DRAFT Housing . 2-4 3. Economy . 2-6 III. JONES COUNTY. 2-9 A. History.. 2-9 B. Demographic Summary .. 2-9 1. Population .. 2-9 2. Housing . 2-10 3. Economy . 2-12 IV. LENOIR COUNTY. 2-15 A. History.. 2-15 B. Demographic Summary .. 2-15 1. Population .. 2-15 2. Housing . 2-16 3. Economy . 2-18 V. PITT COUNTY. 2-21 A. History.. 2-21 B. Demographic Summary .. 2-21 1. Population .. 2-21 2. Housing . 2-22 DRAFT: FEBRUARY 13, 2015 PAGE i NEUSE RIVER BASIN REGIONAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN TABLE OF CONTENTS 3. -
Recovery After Disasters: New Orleans, Paris, and Memphis
STUDIES IN EMERGENT ORDER VOL 4 (2011): 31-39 Recovery after Disasters: New Orleans, Paris, and Memphis Shannon Keeling and Art Carden1 Social learning in non-market settings can be difficult because people receive feedback that is opaque compared to the profit-and-loss signals that emerge from formal markets. For this reason, recovery doesn‘t always follow disaster. When it does, it is sometimes slower than we might like or expect. The destruction wrought by Hurricane Katrina left what Chamlee-Wright (2010) and Chamlee-Wright and Storr (2009) call a ―civil society vacuum‖ in New Orleans, and the apparently botched attempt to help the citizens of New Orleans recover from Hurricane Katrina stands out as a conspicuous example of government failure. In The Cultural and Political Economy of Recovery, Emily Chamlee-Wright identifies the causes and consequences of civil society vacuums and looks at how people in New Orleans and the surrounding area as well as government actors filled those vacuums for good or ill. We summarize and evaluate Chamlee-Wright‘s contribution and apply her insights to some of the aspects of two other disaster scenarios: the Yellow Fever Epidemic that rocked Memphis in 1878 and the Great Flood of 1910 that soaked Paris. Cultural and Political Economy in New Orleans As Chamlee-Wright argues, uncertainty was the major constraint on post- Katrina recovery (Chamlee-Wright 2010: 32-33). Americans have not always taken it for granted that disaster assistance was part of the Federal Government‘s job. After the Mississippi River flooded in 1927, President Coolidge sent then-Secretary of Commerce Herbert Hoover to assist with the relief efforts. -
Contributions to the Study of Yellow Fever
CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE STUDY OF YELLOW FEVER, A PAPER READ BEFORE i THE AMERICAN PUBLIC HEALTH ASSOCIATION, NEW YORK, NOVEMBER P2, 1872, ON THE NATURAL HISTORY AND DISTRIBUTION OF YELLOW FLYER IN THE UNITED STATES, WITH CHART SHOWING ALL THE LOCALITIES, AND THE ELEVA- TION OF EACH PLACE ABOVE SEA-LEVEL, WHERE IT HAS APPEARED, FROM ' IX 1668 to vY. D. 1874, J. M. TONER, M. D. [REPK1NTJSH FROM ANNUAL BBFOJtT SUPERVISING SURGEON U. S. MARINE-HOSPITAL SERVICE, 1873.] CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE STUDY OF YELLOW FEVER, A PAPER READ BEFORE THE AMERICAN PUBLIC HEALTH ASSOCIATION, NEW YORK, NOVEMBER 12, 1873, ON THE NATURAL HISTORY AND DISTRIBUTION OF YELLOW F EYE II IN THE UNITED STATES, WITH CHART SHOWING ALL THE LOCALITIES, AND THE ELEVA- TION OF EACH PLACE ABOVE SEA-LEVEL, WHERE IT HAS APPEARED, FROM W. D. 1668 to vY. D. 1874, BY J. M. TONER, M. D. [REPRINTED FROM ANNUAL REPORT SUPERVISING SURGEON U. S. MARINE-HOSPITAL SERVICE, 1873.] THE DISTRIBUTION AND NATURAL HISTORY OF YELLOW FEVER AS IT HAS OCCURRED AT DIFFERENT TIMES IN THE UNITED STATES. By J. M. Toner, M. D., President of the American Medical Association, Washington, D. C. The map which accompanies this paper, and which indicates the region where yellow fever has prevailed, either in an epidemic or in a sporadic form since the settlement of our country, is made up from notes taken in the study of the geographical distribution of the diseases of the United States.* No special opportunities for studying the disease in question are claimed, nor originality in the mode of presenting the facts. -
The 1878 Yellow Fever Epidemic and Public Health in Mississippi
Journal of the Southern Association for the History of Medicine and Science Volume 2 (no. 1) 2020 https://journals.troy.edu/index.php/JSAHMS/ Yellow Jack’s Wrath: The 1878 Yellow Fever Epidemic and Public Health in Mississippi Kyle Winston Master of Public Health Candidate, Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States Email: [email protected] Abstract During the nineteenth century, yellow fever outbreaks were common for communities in the American South. In 1878, a yellow fever epidemic far exceeded earlier outbreaks in its devastation across the Mississippi River Valley and beyond. While an extensive historiography exists for the effects of the 1878 epidemic on urban areas like New Orleans, Memphis, and Atlanta, historians have largely neglected its impact on rural regions. This paper addresses the rural white and black experiences in Mississippi, using the town of Grenada as a case study. It also examines the conflicts between health and charity advocates over the role of government in public health. Many white supremacists in the South feared that government control over public health would impede their control over their communities. Ultimately, their resistance prevented lasting changes to Mississippi’s public health system. It was only decades later, with the attempt to eradicate hookworms and pellagra (two chronic diseases), that reformers began to create a system in Mississippi that went beyond quarantines alone. Keywords: yellow fever, public health, 1878 epidemic, Grenada, Mississippi, United States In his 1879 speech before the Mississippi State Board of Health, Dr. John Brownrigg gave a harrowing account of the destruction of yellow fever: On Sunday, the 9th day of last August, in the stillness and beauty of a summer day, it was announced in Grenada that yellow fever was epidemic….The besom of destruction has swept over the place….The plague destroyed social organization and the mechanism of civilization as if they had been living beings…. -
1878 Yellow Fever Narratives and Post-Reconstruction Southern Identity Jessica Wells University of South Florida, [email protected]
University of South Florida Scholar Commons Graduate Theses and Dissertations Graduate School November 2017 The uS ffering South: 1878 Yellow Fever Narratives and Post-Reconstruction Southern Identity Jessica Wells University of South Florida, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd Part of the United States History Commons Scholar Commons Citation Wells, Jessica, "The uS ffering South: 1878 Yellow Fever Narratives and Post-Reconstruction Southern Identity" (2017). Graduate Theses and Dissertations. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/7106 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at Scholar Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Scholar Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. The Suffering South: 1878 Yellow Fever Narratives and Post-Reconstruction Southern Identity by Jessica Wells A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of History College of Arts and Sciences University of South Florida Major Professor: Julia Irwin, Ph.D. K. Stephen Prince, Ph.D. Brian Connolly, Ph.D. Rana Hogarth, Ph.D. Date of Approval: October 30, 2017 Keywords: Memphis, New Orleans, belonging, cultural history, Redemption Copyright © 2017, Jessica Wells DEDICATION I would never have made it through the insanity of graduate school and writing a dissertation without the consistent love and support of family and friends. I profusely thank all of you for being there for me. But I’d like to offer a special thanks to those who helped pull me through moments of insecurity, who offered me time to forget all about my dissertation and cut loose, and who assured me that I would make it.