AWAKE: a Proton Driven Plasma Wakefield Experiment at CERN
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CERN Courier–Digital Edition
CERNMarch/April 2021 cerncourier.com COURIERReporting on international high-energy physics WELCOME CERN Courier – digital edition Welcome to the digital edition of the March/April 2021 issue of CERN Courier. Hadron colliders have contributed to a golden era of discovery in high-energy physics, hosting experiments that have enabled physicists to unearth the cornerstones of the Standard Model. This success story began 50 years ago with CERN’s Intersecting Storage Rings (featured on the cover of this issue) and culminated in the Large Hadron Collider (p38) – which has spawned thousands of papers in its first 10 years of operations alone (p47). It also bodes well for a potential future circular collider at CERN operating at a centre-of-mass energy of at least 100 TeV, a feasibility study for which is now in full swing. Even hadron colliders have their limits, however. To explore possible new physics at the highest energy scales, physicists are mounting a series of experiments to search for very weakly interacting “slim” particles that arise from extensions in the Standard Model (p25). Also celebrating a golden anniversary this year is the Institute for Nuclear Research in Moscow (p33), while, elsewhere in this issue: quantum sensors HADRON COLLIDERS target gravitational waves (p10); X-rays go behind the scenes of supernova 50 years of discovery 1987A (p12); a high-performance computing collaboration forms to handle the big-physics data onslaught (p22); Steven Weinberg talks about his latest work (p51); and much more. To sign up to the new-issue alert, please visit: http://comms.iop.org/k/iop/cerncourier To subscribe to the magazine, please visit: https://cerncourier.com/p/about-cern-courier EDITOR: MATTHEW CHALMERS, CERN DIGITAL EDITION CREATED BY IOP PUBLISHING ATLAS spots rare Higgs decay Weinberg on effective field theory Hunting for WISPs CCMarApr21_Cover_v1.indd 1 12/02/2021 09:24 CERNCOURIER www. -
A Spectrometer for Proton Driven Plasma Accelerated Electrons at Awake - Recent Developments∗
Proceedings of IPAC2016, Busan, Korea WEPMY024 A SPECTROMETER FOR PROTON DRIVEN PLASMA ACCELERATED ELECTRONS AT AWAKE - RECENT DEVELOPMENTS∗ Lawrence Charles Deacon, Simon Jolly, Fearghus Keeble, UCL, London Aurélie Goldblatt, Stefano Mazzoni, Alexey Petrenko, CERN, Geneva Bartolomej Biskup, CERN, Geneva; Czech Technical University, Prague 6 Matthew Wing, UCL, London; DESY, Hamburg; University of Hamburg, Hamburg Abstract SPECTROMETER DESIGN The AWAKE experiment is to be constructed at the CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso facility (CNGS). This will be the first experiment to demonstrate proton-driven plasma wake- field acceleration. The 400 GeV proton beam from the CERN SPS will excite a wakefield in a plasma cell several meters in length. To probe the plasma wakefield, electrons of 10–20 MeV will be injected into the wakefield follow- ing the head of the proton beam. Simulations indicate that electrons will be accelerated to GeV energies by the plasma wakefield. The AWAKE spectrometer is intended to measure both the peak energy and energy spread of these accelerated electrons. Results of beam tests of the scintillator screen Figure 1: A 3D CAD image of the spectrometer system output are presented, along with tests of the resolution of annotated with distances along the z direction from the exit the proposed optical system. The results are used together of the plasma cell to the magnetic centers of magnets, and with a BDSIM simulation of the spectrometer system to pre- the center of the scintillator screen. dict the spectrometer performance for a range of possible accelerated electron distributions. INTRODUCTION RESOLUTION Proton bunches are the most promising drivers of wake- Optical System fields to accelerate electrons to the TeV energy scale in a The resolution of the energy spectrometer will ultimateley single stage. -
Proton Driven Plasma Wakefield Acceleration in AWAKE
Proton Driven Plasma Article submitted to journal Wakefield Acceleration in Subject Areas: AWAKE Plasma Wakefield Acceleration, 1 1 Proton Driven, Electron Acceleration E. Gschwendtner , M. Turner , **Author List Continues Next Page** Keywords: AWAKE, Plasma Wakefield Acceleration, Seeded Self Modulation In this article, we briefly summarize the experiments Author for correspondence: performed during the first Run of the Advanced Insert corresponding author name Wakefield Experiment, AWAKE, at CERN (European e-mail: [email protected] Organization for Nuclear Research). The final goal of AWAKE Run 1 (2013 - 2018) was to demonstrate that 10-20 MeV electrons can be accelerated to GeV- energies in a plasma wakefield driven by a highly- relativistic self-modulated proton bunch. We describe the experiment, outline the measurement concept and present first results. Last, we outline our plans for the future. 1 Continued Author List 2 E. Adli2,A. Ahuja1,O. Apsimon3;4,R. Apsimon3;4, A.-M. Bachmann1;5;6,F. Batsch1;5;6 C. Bracco1,F. Braunmüller5,S. Burger1,G. Burt7;4, B. Buttenschön8,A. Caldwell5,J. Chappell9, E. Chevallay1,M. Chung10,D. Cooke9,H. Damerau1, L.H. Deubner11,A. Dexter7;4,S. Doebert1, J. Farmer12, V.N. Fedosseev1,R. Fiorito13;4,R.A. Fonseca14,L. Garolfi1,S. Gessner1, B. Goddard1, I. Gorgisyan1,A.A. Gorn15;16,E. Granados1,O. Grulke8;17, A. Hartin9,A. Helm18, J.R. Henderson7;4,M. Hüther5, M. Ibison13;4,S. Jolly9,F. Keeble9,M.D. Kelisani1, S.-Y. Kim10, F. Kraus11,M. Krupa1, T. Lefevre1,Y. Li3;4,S. Liu19,N. Lopes18,K.V. Lotov15;16, M. Martyanov5, S. -
Swapan Chattopadhyay Course Syllabus
NIU PHYSICS 659: Special Problems in Physics, Winter 2016 Instructor: Swapan Chattopadhyay Course Syllabus This is an independent study course involving personalized study, research, problem searching and problem solving in the field of Physics of Beams and Accelerator Science. The enrolled student will perform literature search via the web, available libraries, and references provided by the instructor and identify relevant publications and current up-to-date status of the fields/topics mentioned below, search for potential areas for further exploratory research and list and quantify a limited set of graduate dissertation areas/topics that are mature for getting engaged in. The areas/topics suggested for study/research in this semester are: 1. Theoretical, computational and experimental aspects of nonlinear dynamics of high intensity space-charge dominated proton beams as relevant for future proton accelerators for exploring neutrino physics and possibilities of scaled experiments at the Integrated Optics Test Accelerator (IOTA), under construction at Fermilab. The topics could address theoretical modelling or computer simulation or experimental measurements of nonlinear dynamics, dynamical diffusion, beam halo formation and resonance dynamics in general. 2. Explore and investigate possible research into the design and development of the 100 TeV- class proton collider as envisioned in the Future Circular Collider (FCC) design study at CERN and identify beam dynamics issues relevant for further research e.g. coherent beam instabilities; beam injection dynamics; beam-environment interaction via electromagnetic impedance, beam luminosity, beam lifetime and ring lattice. 3. Explore and investigate possible research into the proton-driven plasma wakefield experiment, AWAKE, under development at CERN. The possible research areas could be around beam-plasma high fidelity simulations, beam injection dynamics, beam and plasma diagnostics and scaling from present experiments to a proper collider. -
The AWAKE Acceleration Scheme for New Particle Physics Experiments at CERN
AWAKE++: the AWAKE Acceleration Scheme for New Particle Physics Experiments at CERN W. Bartmann1, A. Caldwell2, M. Calviani1, J. Chappell3, P. Crivelli4, H. Damerau1, E. Depero4, S. Doebert1, J. Gall1, S. Gninenko5, B. Goddard1, D. Grenier1, E. Gschwendtner*1, Ch. Hessler1, A. Hartin3, F. Keeble3, J. Osborne1, A. Pardons1, A. Petrenko1, A. Scaachi3, and M. Wing3 1CERN, Geneva, Switzerland 2Max Planck Institute for Physics, Munich, Germany 3University College London, London, UK 4ETH Zürich, Switzerland 5INR Moscow, Russia 1 Abstract The AWAKE experiment reached all planned milestones during Run 1 (2016-18), notably the demon- stration of strong plasma wakes generated by proton beams and the acceleration of externally injected electrons to multi-GeV energy levels in the proton driven plasma wakefields. During Run 2 (2021 - 2024) AWAKE aims to demonstrate the scalability and the acceleration of elec- trons to high energies while maintaining the beam quality. Within the Physics Beyond Colliders (PBC) study AWAKE++ has explored the feasibility of the AWAKE acceleration scheme for new particle physics experiments at CERN. Assuming continued success of the AWAKE program, AWAKE will be in the position to use the AWAKE scheme for particle physics ap- plications such as fixed target experiments for dark photon searches and also for future electron-proton or electron-ion colliders. With strong support from the accelerator and high energy physics community, these experiments could be installed during CERN LS3; the integration and beam line design show the feasibility of a fixed target experiment in the AWAKE facility, downstream of the AWAKE experiment in the former CNGS area. The expected electrons on target for fixed target experiments exceeds the electrons on target by three to four orders of magnitude with respect to the current NA64 experiment, making it a very promising experiment in the search for new physics. -
The Future Circular Collider (FCC) Project and Its Cryogenic Challenges
The Future Circular Collider (FCC) project and its cryogenic challenges Laurent Tavian, CERN ECD 2017, Karlsruhe, 13 September 2017 Content • Introduction: Scope of the FCC study • FCC-hh tunnel cryogenics and user heat loads • FCC-hh cryogenics layout and architecture • FCC-hh cool-down and nominal operation • FCC-hh electrical consumption and helium inventory • Conclusion Scope of FCC Study International FCC collaboration (CERN as host lab) to study: • pp-collider (FCC-hh) main emphasis, defining infrastructure requirements ~16 T ⇒ 100 TeV pp in 100 km • ~100 km tunnel infrastructure in Geneva area, site specific • e+e- collider (FCC-ee), as potential first step • p-e (FCC-he) option, integration one IP, e from ERL • HE-LHC with FCC-hh technology • CDR for end 2018 Luminosity vs energy of colliders Conventional He I He II 1.E+36 x 7 FCC 1.E+35 HL-LHC ] x 30 1 - LHC 2017 .s 2 1.E+34 - LHC (design) 1.E+33 ISR 1.E+32 LEP2 HERA TeVatron Luminosity [cm LEP1 1.E+31 SppS 1.E+30 0.01 0.1 1 10 100 Centr-of-mass energy [TeV] CERN Collider plan 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 Construction Physics Upgr LEP Design Proto Construction Physics LHC Design Construction Physics HL-LHC Future Collider Design Proto Construction Physics ~25 years FCC-hh baseline parameters Parameter LHC HL-LHC FCC-hh c.m. energy [TeV] 14 100 Nb3Sn superconducting dipole magnet field [T] 8.33 16 magnets cooled at 1.9 K circumference [km] 26.7 100 luminosity [1034 cm-2.s-1] 1 5 5 29 bunch spacing [ns] 25 25 event / bunch crossing 27 135 170 ~50 mm bunch population [1011] 1.15 2.2 1 norm. -
AWAKE! Allen Caldwell Even Larger Accelerators ?
Swapan Chattopadhyay Symposium April 30, 2021 AWAKE! Allen Caldwell Even larger Accelerators ? Energy limit of circular proton collider given by magnetic field strength. P B R / · Energy gain relies in large part on magnet development Linear Electron Collider or Muon Collider? proton P P Leptons preferred: Collide point particles rather than complex objects But, charged particles radiate energy when accelerated. Power α (E/m)4 Need linear electron accelerator or m large (muon 200 heavier than electron) A plasma: collection of free positive and negative charges (ions and electrons). Material is already broken down. A plasma can therefore sustain very high fields. C. Joshi, UCLA E. Adli, Oslo An intense particle beam, or intense laser beam, can be used to drive the plasma electrons. Plasma frequency depends only on density: Ideas of ~100 GV/m electric fields in plasma, using 1018 W/cm2 lasers: 1979 T.Tajima and J.M.Dawson (UCLA), Laser Electron Accelerator, Phys. Rev. Lett. 43, 267–270 (1979). Using partice beams as drivers: P. Chen et al. Phys. Rev. Lett. 54, 693–696 (1985) Energy Budget: Introduction Witness: Staging Concepts 1010 particles @ 1 TeV ≈ few kJ Drivers: PW lasers today, ~40 J/Pulse FACET (e beam, SLAC), 30J/bunch SPS@CERN 20kJ/bunch Leemans & Esarey, Phys. Today 62 #3 (2009) LHC@CERN 300 kJ/bunch Dephasing 1 LHC driven stage SPS: ~100m, LHC: ~few km E. Adli et al. arXiv:1308.1145,2013 FCC: ~ 1<latexit sha1_base64="TR2ZhSl5+Ed6CqWViBcx81dMBV0=">AAAB7XicbZBNS8NAEIYn9avWr6pHL4tF8FQSEeyx4MVjBfsBbSib7aZdu9mE3YkQQv+DFw+KePX/ePPfuG1z0NYXFh7emWFn3iCRwqDrfjuljc2t7Z3ybmVv/+DwqHp80jFxqhlvs1jGuhdQw6VQvI0CJe8lmtMokLwbTG/n9e4T10bE6gGzhPsRHSsRCkbRWp2BUCFmw2rNrbsLkXXwCqhBodaw+jUYxSyNuEImqTF9z03Qz6lGwSSfVQap4QllUzrmfYuKRtz4+WLbGbmwzoiEsbZPIVm4vydyGhmTRYHtjChOzGptbv5X66cYNvxcqCRFrtjyozCVBGMyP52MhOYMZWaBMi3sroRNqKYMbUAVG4K3evI6dK7qnuX761qzUcRRhjM4h0vw4AaacActaAODR3iGV3hzYufFeXc+lq0lp5g5hT9yPn8Avy+PMg==</latexit> A. Caldwell and K. V. Lotov, Phys. -
Accelerator Programme Evaluation Report
OFFICIAL Accelerator Programme Evaluation Report ACCELERATOR PROGRAMME EVALUATION REPORT 1. Executive Summary 1.1. Accelerator science (i) enables advanced facilities that underpin fields as diverse as nuclear and particle physics, and physical and life sciences; and (ii) develops novel techniques that could revolutionise future research and lead to a wealth of applications. 1.2. Accelerator science within STFC is supported within the National Laboratories and by the Programmes Directorate (PD) programme. The PD programme funds accelerator R&D in universities via the UK’s two accelerator institutes (the Cockcroft and John Adams Institutes), and by fixed contribution to the Accelerator Science and Technology Centre (ASTeC) National Laboratory. 1.3. This review has evaluated the STFC PD funded Accelerators Programme under three financial scenarios (flat cash, and ±10%). The review includes a consideration of the breadth and balance of the programme and its sustainability. 1.4. We find that the UK performs world class accelerator science and is a valued and sought-after international partner. UK scientists lead international collaborations and working groups, develop innovative techniques, produce high impact papers, and leverage international investment in projects. UK accelerator institutes and universities provide world-class training and skilled graduates that move into industry and the public sector, 1.5. This world-leading expertise provides a basis to successfully leverage support and lead work in future projects. For example, the UK’s track record in cryomodules and targetry enabled the UK to successfully bid for BEIS funding and lead this work at Fermilab’s Long Baseline Neutrino Facility (LBNF). We note that this investment dwarfs PD’s total accelerator science budget, and that participation would not otherwise have been possible. -
HL-LHC Processilc250⇠ at Ps ILC250-Up250 Gev Is ' Substantial for the Low Mass Standard-Model-Like Higgs Boson
Future Linear Colliders AHitoshi案 Murayama東京大学国際高等研究所 (Berkeley & Kavli IPMU) Whistler LCWS,TODAI INSTITUTES FOR ADVANCED Nov STUDY 6 2015 A案 マークのみ C案 I ODIAS 東京大学国際高等研究所 TODAI INSTITUTES FOR ADVANCED STUDY C案 I マークのみ TODIAS 東京大学国際高等研究所 E案 TOD IAS TODAI INSTITUTES FOR ADVANCED STUDY E案 TOD マークのみ IAS From: Dmitri Denisov [email protected] Subject: Talk at LCWS tomorrow Date: November 5, 2015 at 08:07 To: Murayama Hitoshi [email protected] Hi Hitoshi, this is a reminder about your talk at LCWS workshop at Whistler tomorrow at ~12:30pm. The workshop is progressing well with over 200 participants and many interesting talks. Probably most significant news is that it will take Japan another 2-3 years to evaluate to host or not the ILC - more than many expected. You addressing this on positive side would be great. Looking forward to see you tomorrow, Dmitri. What does it mean? Timeline Proposed by LCC • 2013 - 2016 – Nego:a:ons among governments – Accelerator detailed design, R&Ds for cost-effec:ve produc:on, site study, CFS designs etc. – Prepare for the interna:onal lab. • 2016 – 2018 – ‘Green-sign’ for the ILC construc:on to be given (in early 2016 ) – Interna:onal agreement reached to go ahead with the ILC – Forma:on of the ILC lab. – Prepara:on for biddings etc. • 2018 – Construc:on start (9 yrs) • 2027 – Construc:on (500 GeV) complete, (and commissioning start) (250 GeV is slightly shorter) The Posi)on of MEXT and the Japanese Government towards the ILC ILC being studied officially by the MEXT Japan Science Council of Recommendation Japan in 2013 MEXT ILC Taskforce formed in 2013 Commissioned Survey by NRI ILC Advisory Panel ( in 2014, and 2015) in JFY 2014 ~ 2015 planned Particle & Nuclear Phys. -
DESIGN of a HIGH LUMINOSITY 100 Tev PROTON -ANTIPROTON COLLIDER
DESIGN OF A HIGH LUMINOSITY 100 TeV PROTON -ANTIPROTON COLLIDER A Dissertation presented in partial fulfillment of requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Physics and Astronomy The University of Mississippi by SANDRA JIMENA OLIVEROS TAUTIVA April 2017 ProQuest Number:10271967 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. ProQuest 10271967 Published by ProQuest LLC ( 2017). Copyright of the Dissertation is held by the Author. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. ProQuest LLC. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, MI 48106 - 1346 Copyright Sandra Jimena Oliveros Tautiva 2017 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ABSTRACT Currently new physics is being explored with the Large Hadron Collider at CERN and with Intensity Frontier programs at Fermilab and KEK. The energy scale for new physics is known to be in the multi-TeV range, signaling the need for a future collider which well surpasses this energy scale. A 10 34 cm−2 s−1 luminosity 100 TeV proton-antiproton collider is explored with 7× the energy of the LHC. The dipoles are 4.5 T to reduce cost. A proton- antiproton collider is selected as a future machine for several reasons. The cross section for many high mass states is 10 times higher in pp¯ than pp collisions. -
CERN and Astroparticle Physics
CERN and Astroparticle Physics Fabiola Gianotti, APPEC, 7 April 2016 CERN scientific strategy: three main pillars Full exploitation of the LHC: ! Run 2 started last year ! building upgrades of injectors, collider and detectors (HL-LHC) Diversity programme serving a broad community: ! ongoing experiments and facilities at Booster, PS, SPS and their upgrades (ELENA, HIE-ISOLDE) ! participation in accelerator-based neutrino projects outside Europe (presently mainly LBNF in the US) through the CERN Neutrino Platform Preparation of CERN’s future: ! vibrant accelerator R&D programme exploiting CERN’s strengths and uniqueness (including superconducting high-field magnets, AWAKE, etc.) ! design studies for future accelerators: CLIC, FCC (includes HE-LHC*) ! future opportunities for scientific diversity programme (new) * HE-LHC:~16 T Nb3Sn magnets in LHC tunnel (" √s ~ 30 TeV) CERN scientific strategy: three main pillars Full exploitation of the LHC: ! Run 2 started last year ! building upgrades of injectors, collider and detectors (HL-LHC) Diversity programme serving a broad community: ! ongoing experiments and facilities at Booster, PS, SPS and their upgrades (ELENA, HIE-ISOLDE) ! participation in accelerator-based neutrino projects outside Europe (presently mainly LBNF in the US) through the CERN Neutrino Platform Preparation of CERN’s future: ! vibrant accelerator R&D programme exploiting CERN’s strengths and uniqueness (including superconducting high-field magnets, AWAKE, etc.) ! design studies for future accelerators: CLIC, FCC (includes -
Poster, Some Projects Are Also Progressing at CERN
Status Report of Survey Activities Philippe Dewitte, Tobias Dobers, Jean-Christophe Gayde, CERN, Geneva, Switzerland Introduction: France Besides the main survey activities, which are presented in dedicated talks or poster, some projects are also progressing at CERN. AWAKE, a project to verify the approach of using protons to drive a strong wakefield in a plasma which can then be harnessed to accelerate a witness bunch of electrons, will be using the proton beam of the CERN Neutrino to - Gran Sasso, plus an electron and a laser beam. The proton beam line and laser beam line are ready to send protons inside the 10m long plasma cell in October. The electron beam line will be installed next year. ELENA, a small compact ring for cooling and further deceleration of 5.3 MeV antiprotons delivered by the CERN Antiproton Decelerator, is being installed and aligned, for commissioning later this year. The CERN Neutrino Platform is CERN's undertaking to foster and contribute to fundamental research in neutrino physics at particle accelerators worldwide. Two secondary beamlines are extended in 2016-18 for the experiments WA105 and ProtoDUNE. In parallel the detectors for WA104 are refurbished and the cryostats assembled. This paper gives an overview of the survey activities realised in the frame of the above mentioned projects and the challenges to be addressed. AWAKE - Advance WAKefield Experiment AWAKE will use a protons beam from the Super Proton Synchrotron (SPS) in the CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso facility (CNGS). CNGS has been stopped at the end of 2012. A high power laser pulse coming from the laser room will be injected within the proton bunches to create the plasma by ionizing the (initially) neutral gas inside the plasma cell.