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More Information on Chestnuts and Ink Disease Promises to Be Late by Anthony Boutard Nk Disease Is a Serious and Often Fatal Root Britain and Australia

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More Information on Chestnuts and Ink Disease Promises to Be Late by Anthony Boutard Nk Disease Is a Serious and Often Fatal Root Britain and Australia Vol. 3 No. 3 Published by The Western Chestnut Growers Assn., Inc. Summer2001 California Orchard Tour More Information on Chestnuts And Ink Disease Promises to be Late by Anthony Boutard nk disease is a serious and often fatal root Britain and Australia. In southern Austra- Summer Highlight Idisease in the American Chestnut (Cas- lia, a similar disease in chestnut is caused Harvey Correia, WCGA Board mem- tanea dentata (Marsh.) Borkh.) and Euro- by P. cryptogea Pethybridge and Lafferty ber, and Lorin Amsberry, of Fowler Nurs- pean chestnut (Castanea sativa Mill.). (Wicks and Vole 1976). ery, have been working hard to ensure an Symptoms appear in the spring with trees The Chinese (Castanea mollissima orchard tour for early September that will producing smaller than normal and yellow- Blume) and Japanese (C. crenata Sieb. and be both educational and enjoyable. Sched- ish leaves. Declining vigor is associated Zucc.) chestnut species are generally con- uled for Friday and Saturday, September 7- with the loss of fine roots, followed by the sidered resistant to ink disease caused by 8, there will be visitations to 5 or 6 orchards gradual girdling of the stem collar. Beneath Phytophthora cinnamomi and P. cambivora in the Linden/Modesto area, and Dr. Kay the bark at the base of the tree the tannins in (Crandall et al. 1945, Day 1939. The Euro- Ryugo, retired UCD professor, will direct a the dying tissue are blackened, hence the Japanese hybrids vary in susceptibility, with tour of the U.C. Davis chestnut plantings. common name for the disease. At the time “Bouche de Bétizac” showing good resis- Angelo Ibleto promises another of his the symptoms are visible, the tree may tance (Breisch 1995). famous barbecue dinners on Friday evening. have been infected for several The Japanese chestnut is suscep- The cost of the weekend meeting, includ- years. tible to Phytophthora katsurae Ko ing dinner, will be $35, and must be sent to The disease is thought to and Chang (Erwin and Ribeiro the treasurer, Ray Young, with the reserva- have been brought to the 1996), which causes a dis- tion form to be found on p. 5. Call Harvey southern United States in the ease with symptoms similar at 916-777-4152 or email him at early 19th century, possibly on to other Phytophthora spe- [email protected]. exotic ornamentals. From there cies. Thus far, the dis- Those who are planning to fly should it spread northwards killing ease with respect to plan on using the Sacramento airport. The large mature American chestnuts is limited to Best Western Stockton Inn will be the head- chestnuts (Crandall et Japan, but that can quarters motel. al. 1945). In 1932, change by some lapse See p. 5 for more details. Margaret Milburn and in our quarantine rules. G.F Gravatt, research- The same species also NNGA 2001 Meeting To Be ers with the USDA, causes heart and fruit Held August 5-8, 2001 described the causative rot in coconuts, and is The 92nd NNGA Annual Meeting will organism as a species serious problem in Ha- be held at Cornell University in Ithaca, New of Phytophthora. waii. York from August 5-8, 2001. Information Later, Phytophthora Genus Phytophthora can be obtained from the NNGA website at cinnamomi Rands, was The genus http://www.icserv.com/nnga/index.html . isolated as the species Phytophthora was first To receive additional information about this causing the disease in described in 1876 by meeting, put “NNGA Annual Meeting” in native chestnuts and Anton de Bary who the subject header of an e-mail to chinquapins. identified the organism [email protected]. It should be an infor- In Europe, also in Symptoms appear in the spring with trees pro- responsible for the dev- mative week for all who attend. the early 19th century, ducing smaller than normal and yellowish astating late blight of a similar disease was leaves. the potato. The Greek- In This Issue noted first in Portugal, based epithet means 1 California Orchard Tour and then Italy and France. The French my- “plant destroyer.” D.C. Erwin and O.K. 1 More on Ink Disease cologist, Delacroix (1897), observed that Ribeiro (1996) describe 59 species within 1 NNGA Annual Meeting Info certain varieties and grafted trees are espe- the genus. They are primarily tropical and 2 President’s Message cially susceptible to the disease. In Oregon, subtropical in distribution, favored by warm, 3 Quality Standards Meeting at MSU grafted trees also seem particularly vulner- wet conditions. 5 Orchard Tour Details able (R. Coleman, pers. comm.). The caus- Although Phytophthora and the closely 6 Survey Results ative organism in the European chestnuts, related genus Pythium are often referred to 9 Managing Nutrition in the Orchard Phytophthora cambivora (Petri) Buis, was de- as “fungi,” they are fundamentally distinct 11 Membership Directory Additions 12 Letter to the Editor scribed by the Italian pathologist Petri in 1917. from true fungi and have been proposed as 12 Foliar Analysis Directions Both species of Phytophthora are now a separate kingdom, “Chromista,” which found in the United States, Europe, Great See Ink Disease, p. 7 Summer 2001 1 A MESSAGE FROM THE PRESIDENT WESTERN CHESTNUT GROWERS ASSN., INC. Interesting things are happening in the chestnut business. You will see elsewhere BOARD OF DIRECTORS in this edition of the newsletter that a meeting was held at Michigan State University to PRESIDENT Ben Bole discuss chestnut quality standards. There have been some sizable chestnut plantings in (503) 625-1248 Email: [email protected] Michigan and growers and the proponents of the project are exploring some potential VICE PRESIDENT Chris Foster ground rules to handle the marketing of this crop as the production increases in the SECRETARY-TREASURER Ray Young DIRECTOR Harvey Correia next few years. DIRECTOR Bob Schilpzand Several growers represented the WCGA from Washington, Oregon and Califor- DIRECTOR Scott Sloane nia. We feel that it is very important to be involved in the early stages of these meet- DIRECTOR Lee Williams ings so that the areas currently producing chestnuts have their interests represented. COMMITTEES Editor Carolyn Young The interests of current growers should be fairly reflected in any regulations that are Phone: (360) 887-4520 FAX: (360) 887-3669 adopted. email: [email protected] The general feeling of the more established growers is that there is a market for all NOTICE The Western Chestnut is published quarterly of the current production plus that from the newly planted orchards. There may be a by the Western Chestnut Growers Assn., Inc. at time, however, when an unusually large crop may create a short-term surplus. With PO Box 841, Ridgefield, WA 98642. this in mind some growers are exploring the development of added value products Copyright 2001. Original articles may be reprinted with written permission of the author such as dried, peeled or frozen chestnuts. Recently there have been many articles in and this publication. the food, nutrition and restaurant press on chestnuts. These are very helpful and can Regular membership is $20 per year per expand the market for our product. The added value products will allow a lengthening person. Members receive The Western Chestnut quarterly. For foreign delivery contact Editor for of the season due to their storability and expand the market because of their conve- pricing. Back issues may be obtained by nience to the end user. members. Membership applications may be obtained from the Secretary-Treasurer. The summer field day is taking shape and it will be fun and informative. Harvey POSTMASTER Correia has worked hard putting together the details and I hope that many of you will Send Address changes to WCGA, c/o PO be able to attend. Pull together your questions and perhaps you will get some an- Box 841, Ridgefield, WA 98642. swers. It is always helpful to visit other orchards even if it only convinces you that ADVERTISING RATES what you are doing is better for your situation. This newsletter has more specific infor- Full page, camera ready (w/1 photo) .. $15.00 Half page, camera ready (w/1 photo) ... 10.00 mation on the tour in another article. Quarter page ........................................... 7.50 Our trees are doing quite well. There is minimal shot hole borer damage this year Business card (4 issues) ........................... 10.00 One classified ad per member per year is free and most of them are getting out of the reach of the occasional deer that gets through (max 6 lines, $2.50 ea add’l 6 lines). Ad the fence. They are about to bloom and there are many female flowers forming on the space may be reserved with full payment but must meet established deadlines. If ad is branches. If the weather is favorable during pollination we could have a good crop. cancelled, money may be refunded if space is I hope to see many of you in California in September. resold. Make checks payable to Western Chestnut Growers Assn., Inc. All ads and other copy preferred in PC format on disk or e-mail to [email protected]. Ads must adhere to published ad sizes for space purchased. Call for specifics. Otherwise for best results, submit original photographs. Layout of ads will not be done until payment is received. Send EDITOR’S NOTES materials to P.O. Box 841, Ridgefield, WA 98642, or Fedex/Express Mail to 29112 NW WCGA is lucky indeed to have not only knowledgeable members, but members 41st Ave., Ridgefield, WA 98642. Call for who are willing to share with others. In this issue you will enjoy Anthony Boutard’s further info. well researched article on phytophthora that provides some ideas for inhibiting its PUBLICATION AND DEADLINES spread.
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