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Subsistence Uses of Fish and Wildlife and the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill

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Subsistence Uses of Fish and Wildlife and the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill Special Publication No. SP1990-001 Subsistence Uses of Fish and Wildlife and the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill by James A. Fall 1990 Alaska Department of Fish and Game Division of Subsistence Symbols and Abbreviations The following symbols and abbreviations, and others approved for the Système International d'Unités (SI), are used without definition in the reports by the Division of Subsistence. All others, including deviations from definitions listed below, are noted in the text at first mention, as well as in the titles or footnotes of tables, and in figure or figure captions. Weights and measures (metric) General Mathematics, statistics centimeter cm Alaska Administrative Code AAC all standard mathematical signs, symbols deciliter dL all commonly-accepted and abbreviations gram g abbreviations e.g., alternate hypothesis HA hectare ha Mr., Mrs., base of natural logarithm e kilogram kg AM, PM, etc. catch per unit effort CPUE kilometer km all commonly-accepted coefficient of variation CV liter L professional titles e.g., Dr., Ph.D., common test statistics (F, t, χ2, etc.) meter m R.N., etc. confidence interval CI milliliter mL at @ correlation coefficient (multiple) R millimeter mm compass directions: correlation coefficient (simple) r east E covariance cov Weights and measures (English) north N degree (angular ) ° cubic feet per second ft3/s south S degrees of freedom df foot ft west W expected value E gallon gal copyright greater than > inch in corporate suffixes: greater than or equal to ≥ mile mi Company Co. harvest per unit effort HPUE nautical mile nmi Corporation Corp. less than < ounce oz Incorporated Inc. less than or equal to ≤ pound lb Limited Ltd. logarithm (natural) ln quart qt District of Columbia D.C. logarithm (base 10) log yard yd et alii (and others) et al. logarithm (specify base) log2, etc. et cetera (and so forth) etc. minute (angular) ' Time and temperature exempli gratia (for example) e.g. not significant NS day d Federal Information Code FIC null hypothesis HO degrees Celsius °C id est (that is) i.e. percent % degrees Fahrenheit °F latitude or longitude lat. or long. probability P degrees kelvin K monetary symbols (U.S.) $, ¢ probability of a type I error (rejection of the hour h months (tables and figures) first three null hypothesis when true) α minute min letters (Jan,...,Dec) probability of a type II error (acceptance of second s registered trademark the null hypothesis when false) β trademark second (angular) " Physics and chemistry United States (adjective) U.S. standard deviation SD all atomic symbols United States of America (noun) USA standard error SE alternating current AC U.S.C. United States Code variance ampere A U.S. state two-letter abbreviations population Var calorie cal (e.g., AK, WA) sample var direct current DC hertz Hz Measures (fisheries) horsepower hp fork length FL hydrogen ion activity (negative log of) pH mideye-to-fork MEF parts per million ppm mideye-to-tail-fork METF parts per thousand ppt, ‰ standard length SL volts V total length TL watts W SPECIAL PUBLICATION NO. SP1990-001 SUBSISTENCE USES OF FISH AND WILDLIFE AND THE EXXON VALDEZ OIL SPILL by James A. Fall Alaska Department of Fish and Game, Division of Subsistence, Fairbanks Alaska Department of Fish and Game Division of Subsistence 1300 College Road, Fairbanks, AK 99701-1599 1990 The Division of Subsistence Special Publications series was established for the publication of techniques and procedure manuals, special subject reports to decision-making bodies, symposia and workshop proceedings, application software documentation, in-house lectures, and other documents that do not fit in another publications series of the Division of Subsistence. Most Special Publications are intended for readers generally interested in fisheries, wildlife, and the social sciences; for natural resource technical professionals and managers; and for readers generally interested the subsistence uses of fish and wildlife resources in Alaska. Special Publications are available through the Alaska State Library and on the Internet: http://www.subsistence.adfg.state.ak.us/. James A. Fall Alaska Department of Fish and Game, Division of Subsistence, 1300 College Road, Fairbanks, AK 99701-1599, USA This document should be cited as: Fall, J.A. 1990. Subsistence uses of fish and wildlife and the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill. Alaska Department of Fish and Game Division of Subsistence, Special Publication No. SP1990-001, Fairbanks. The Alaska Department of Fish and Game (ADF&G) administers all programs and activities free from discrimination based on race, color, national origin, age, sex, religion, marital status, pregnancy, parenthood, or disability. The department administers all programs and activities in compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973, Title II of the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) of 1990, the Age Discrimination Act of 1975, and Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972. If you believe you have been discriminated against in any program, activity, or facility please write: ADF&G ADA Coordinator, P.O. Box 115526, Juneau, AK, 99811-5526 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 4040 N. Fairfax Drive, MS 2042, Arlington, VA, 22203 Office of Equal Opportunity, U.S. Department of the Interior, 1849 C Street NW, MS 5230, Washington DC 20240 The department’s ADA Coordinator can be reached via phone at the following numbers: (VOICE) 907-465-6077, (Statewide Telecommunication Device for the Deaf) 1-800-478-3648, (Juneau TDD) 907-465-3646, or (FAX) 907-465-6078 For information on alternative formats and questions on this publication, please contact: ADF&G Division of Subsistence at www.subsistence.adfg. state.ak.us. SUBSISTENCE USES OF FISH AND WILDLIFE AND THE EXXON VALDEZ OIL SPILL by James A. Fall Division of Subsistence Alaska Department of Fish and Game Anchorage, Alaska Paper presented at the 17th Annual Meeting of the Alaska Anthropological Association Fairbanks, Alaska March 10, 1990 ABSTRACT The Exxon Valdez 011 spill occurred in or near areas used by 18 rural communities for subsistence hunting, fishing, and gathering. Prior to the spill, the Division of Subsistence of the Alaska Department of Fish and Game had conducted baseline studies of subsistence uses in each of these communities. Most of the results of these studies appear In the division's technical paper series. Since the spill, the division has been involved in a four component oil spill response project. The overall goal of the project is to provide communities with reliable Information that they can use In their responses to the spill's effects. The four components are: 1) a project which tests subsistence foods for evidence of hydrocarbon contamination; 2) a harvest survey which will update subsistence data for 1989; 3) assistance in de'slgning regulatory changes made necessary by damage to harvest areas; and 4) a public communications program. The paper will describe each of these components and present any preliminary findings which are available. INTRODUCTION 1 On March 24, 1989, the grounding of the oil tanker Exxon Valdez on Bligh Reef spilled about 11 million gallons of crude 011 into Alaska's Prince William Sound. The oil spill has fouled, to varying degrees, the lands and waters used for subsistence hunting, fishing, and gathering by 18 rural communities from Cordova and Tatitlek In the east to Perryville and Ivanof Bay on the Alaska Peninsula to the west (Figure 1) . As shown in Table 1, In 1986 these communities had about 15,600 residents (excluding the Kodiak Coast Guard base). In 1980, the majority of the population in 15 of these communities was Alaska Native, mostly Alutiiq. The remaining three (Cordova, Seldovia, and Kodiak city) also had substantial Alaska Native populations. As shown below, subsistence activities have remained central to the economies, traditions, and ways of life of each of these communities. The Division of Subsistence of the Alaska Department of Fish and Game was created in 1978 to compile and make available to the public, information on "all aspects of the role of subsistence hunting and fishing In the lives of the residents of the state" (AS 16.05.094). The division conducts community-based research using a variety of data gathering methods, including systematic househoid surveys, key respondent Interviews, participant observation, mapping, harvest calendars, and archival research. Most division researchers have training In anthropology and other social sciences. Since the Exxon Valdez disaster, the division's work in the spill area has been part of the state's oil spill response program, and not part of the "damage assessment" program which is also underway. As noted in this paper, the division's major goal, therefore, has been to provide needed services and useful information to the affected communities, rather than focus research strictly on documenting the spill's 1 Acknowledgements. Many Individuals have contributed to the division's oil spill response program. The first to be mentioned must be Philippa (Pippa) Coiley, the division's "011 spill coordinator" whose efforts have been tireless, extremely effective, and much appreciated by everyone. Bob Wolfe, the division's research director, has made Invaluable contributions to all phases of the work. Other division employees who have played (and continue to play) major roles have been Ron Stanek, Lee Stratton, Craig Mishler, Lisa Scarbrough, Janet Cohen, Rachel Mason, Deborah Robinson, Bob Walker, Louis Brown, and Andy Williams. Village technicians Ann Jackson and Mary Kompkoff helped maintain lines of communication with Tatitlek and Chenega Bay. I also thank the many village assistants who served a skiff operators, fishers, and assistant Interviewers. Finally, thanks to all the members of the 011 Spill Health Task Force for their contributions to the research design and support of the division's program. effects for future analysis or litigation. But, certainly, the data that result from the division's studies will have applications beyond the 011 spill response period.
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