New Jersey Institute of Technology Digital Commons @ NJIT
Theses Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Spring 5-31-1989
Statistical multiplexing of video sources for packet switching networks
Krishna Kancherla New Jersey Institute of Technology
Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.njit.edu/theses
Part of the Electrical and Electronics Commons
Recommended Citation Kancherla, Krishna, "Statistical multiplexing of video sources for packet switching networks" (1989). Theses. 1368. https://digitalcommons.njit.edu/theses/1368
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ABSTRACT
tl f h St t t l M lt pl x n f d S r
r t S t h n t r
Kr hn K n h rl M t r f S n n El tr l En n r n 19 9
h r t d b r C n t nt n M n p l A t r f r
C n t n n t r r f t v lv n t rd tr l nt r t d n t r h n- dl n ll t p f tr ff h pl nt r t d t h n t hn l f r v v d nd d t St t t l r n hr n t d v n lt pl x n f f ll - t n v d r n n t l t p t rd p t z d v d n t r h n
l t t l z th n n t n h nn l ff ntl th t l n
l t t th r v r h r d th n pt f n t t t l lt - pl x n f r p t v d n t n h t p l f n l nt rn l p t n t r t pp rt ISDN rv h b n d pt df S l t n h v b n r- r d t t d n tr t th t t t l th n ff t f p t z d v d n th n t r h v n h h p d l n lt nd t th t th h nn l r t p r
r d r d n n xp n nt l nn r th n b r f r n r d
An xpr n f r th v r t t f th h nn l h b n d r v d n t r f h nn l r t p r r nd th n b r f r lt pl x d Al th v r t f th h nn l h h r f r b ff r d d t th n th t f th
lt pl x d d t h h h p d n t n l n n th nt rn l n t r
r l htl l d d h h nd t th t th l n n d t r d t STATISTICAL MULTIPLEXING OF VIDEO SOURCES FOR PACKET SWITCHING NETWORKS
b Kr hn K n h rl
h b tt d t th lt f Gr d t S h l f th r In t t t f hn l n p rt l f lf ll nt f th r r nt f r th d r f M t r f S n n El tr l En n r n 19 9 A O A S EE
tl f h St t t l M lt pl x n f d S r r t S t h n t r
f C nd d t Kr hn K n h rl M t r f S n n El tr l En n r n 19 9
h Ab tr t Appr v d b th Ex n n C tt
r C n t nt n M n p l Adv r t A t r f r p rt nt f El tr l nd C p t r En n r
r n An r t A t nt r f r p rt nt f El tr l nd C p t r En n r n
r Irv n W t A t nt r f r p rt nt f El tr l nd C p t r En n r n
r In t t t f hn l r r I A
Kr hn K n h rl r nt ddr r nd d t t b nf rr d M S E E 19 9 t f b rth l f b rth S nd r Ed t n K W n C ll Ind 19 1
C ll t n t t t n tt nd d t r t f r Andhr Un v r t 19 1- 5 S E E 19 5 r In t t t f hn l 19 7- 9 M S E E 19 9
M j r El tr l En n r n t n h ld Gr d t A t nt n r r r I
A n l d nt
I h t xpr n r th n t r C n t nt n M n p l f r h v l bl d n nd n r nt thr h t th r f th th I
p ll nd bt d t h f r h n htf l nd n tr t v r t t v r
t f th th th t h h th th ld n v r h v b n pl t d I
l xpr th n t r Irv n W n nd r r n An r h rv d
n th th tt nd d ppr pr t t n I l xpr
n r th n t Mr d h n n f r h h lpf l d n f t r
11 5 l t n p t v r t f th r t b t n t th l t I ld
l t th n ll th h h v h lp d n n r th th r d r n th
nt r r f th th
Ch pt r
1 Intr d t n 1
Ch pt r 2
t S t h n t r
1 Intr d t n
Attr t v t r f t S t h n 5
3 St t t l M lt pl x n
3 1 Intr d t n 7
3 St t t l M lt pl x n p r d th M nd M f 1
3 3 U n n M lt pl Ch nn l 13
t r Ar h t t r 1
5 C n l n 19
Ch pt r
3 t d C n t n
3 1 Intr d t n
3 M d l n nd An l A pt n 3 3 3 S r M d l
3 3 1 M d l A C nt n -St t r t - M r v M d l
3 3 Q n S l t n U n M d l A 9
3 3 3 M d l r t -St t C nt n - M r v r 3
3 3 Q n An l U n M d l 37
3 C n l n
Ch pt r 4
S l t n M d l
1 S t Ch r t r t 1
S l t n lt
3 C n l n 5
Ch pt r
5 C n l n 59
App nd x 1
bl r ph t f r
1 St t t l M lt pl x n 9
r n n Sp d l 11
3 r f t t 15
t r Ar h t t r 17
3 1 St t t l M lt pl x r f S r
3 t r t h t r 7
3 3 n S pl n & Q nt z t n f S r r t 31
3 St t r n t n r - M d l 33
3 5 M n r M d l 3
1 S l t n M d l
% Ut l z t n f h Sp d Ch n l 5
3 Ch n l r t / r f S r
3b λ(n f S r 47
3 Ch n l r t / r d r v d fr ( 7
Av r U f h Sp d Ch n l f S r 5
b λ(n -t f S r 51
5 Ch n l r t / r f S r Mb t b ff r 53
5b Ch n l r t / r f S r 3 9Mb t b ff r 5
Av r U f Ch nn l th th t b ff r 55 t f bl
bl 1 % Ut l z t n f l n n th t r 5 bl % Ut l z t n f t S t h n th t r 57 Ch pt r
Intr d t n
h n r n p p l r t f p t t h n t h ndl d t v nd v d
nt r t d rv h r lt d n r t n rn f r h h n t r n t n l v-
l nd p t l d t b ff r d l A v d xp t d t b j r tr ff p n nt n Int r t d S rv t l t r (IS t v r
p rt nt t tr n t f n t nt l t th v r bl tr n n r t
h p t h v b n d p bl b th n r n f pt l f b r l n nd th d v l p nt f h hl ph t t d SI n t n d v
t r b nd dth b v l bl d t th f pt l f b r l n
r rv r d n d t th p d l d n th n t n l n t h d br d-b nd rv p l r l d n th t h ; th f
r t n rn f th t h n n n t r f f t r ll n nt r t d fl x bl
t hn l h f t p t t h n f r v v d nd d t l h h h
tr ff n t n xp t d n th nt xt f n t r rv n l r n b r
1 f d nt l nd p nd nt t t t l r
h r d th n pt f n t t t l lt pl x n f r p t
t h n n t r t pp rt IS rv p rt l rl f r v d r S -
l t n t d h b n d n t t d th n t r p rf r n nd r n r n l d nd t n Al th tr n n ff n f th h h p d l n h b n
t d d th n b r f r n r
t t h n f v r bl b t-r t r l-t v d r n f r th ff nt h r n f n t n r h l nt n n n f r p t r
l t r bl b t-r t v d d n xh b t th t p f t t t l v r t n th t d p t t h n ttr t v f r b r t tr ff Adv nt f p t
t h n v r nv nt n l r t t h n nd th tr n n ff n f p t t h n d t t t t l lt pl x n f r v d n t n r x- pl n d n d t l n h pt r II Al n t r r h t t r th t pp rt nt r t d
rv n h h p d tr n n l n nd h h p rf r n p t t h h b n d r b d
Ch pt r III xpl n t p rf r n d l f t t t l lt pl x n n p t v d n t n h d n b t r t f n l v d r
f n t n f t b d n xp r nt l d t [1] f v d t l ph n
rr l t d M r v pr d l ( n n d r t t nd n n nt n t r xpl n d t f t th xp r nt l d t th t r d t d l th np t r t f v r l nd p nd nt v d r nt t t t l lt pl x r
h d l f v r bl b t r t r d r v d fr h pt r III r d f r
r l t n p rp h l t n d l th b t r t d t nd th n t r
nd r n d r t n r xpl n d n d t l n h pt r I nd f n ll th r lt r pr nt d O r r lt h th t th n b r f r n r fr 1 t 1
t th t t t l lt pl x r th h nn l r t p r r d r d xp n nt ll fr 7 5 Mb t p r nd t 1 9 Mb t p r nd h l nt n n th h nn l
t l z t n t 5% An ppr x t xpr n f r th v r t t h b n d r v d n t r f h nn l r t p r r λ(n nd th n b r f r
lt pl x d n Al t h b n n t d th t th v r t d r d th n b r f r lt pl x d n r d
r th d t r t h v t b ff r f z Mb t t t th
v l nt ff t t t t t l lt pl x n h b ff r n ff t h b n f nd t b n l bl th n b r f r n r b nd 5 h v r t f th h nn l h h r f r th b ff r d d t th n th t f th lt pl x d d t h l n nd th p t t h f th nt rn l p t n t r r l htl l d d v n f r l r n b r f r nd t n th t th p rf r n d
3 Ch pt r 2 t S t h n t r
2. Intr d t n
t t h n t hn l h h v d r t n t ntr - d d n th 197 nl f r b r t p t r n t n t t h n
t hn d l d t d n p l z d d t n t n n t r th
r n n b r f t l n t r r n n th rld t d t t h-
n n t r t ff r n d t tr n n rv f r lt pl ppl t n
h nt r t n f d ff r nt t p f nf r t n v r h d b ttr - t v f r l r l n nd f r b tt r t l z t n f th p rf l r r
h p p l r t f p t t h n nt r t d rv f r n n r n n b r
f ppl t n f r n rn n t r f ff r n d p rf r n r ff
n t n h b n r l pr bl n h v n d n t r p rf r n
t fr ll r r t t t ll lt pl x d n h r d n t r r r ; th nt-t - nt b nd dth r r nt f nd v d l r ft n v r dr t ll d n t r r d n d f r th ppl t n f d t tr ff
l v l fl t t n t h n v r t x d th l t th n t r tr ff n t n l v l r r lt n n l n tr n n d l n h v d t l nd v n
t bl n p th n t r lt th r
In th n t r nd r n rv r b n ntr d d nt p t
t h n n t r h p t v d t tr n n nd t l n- f r n n t h rv d nd th n t r t pr v d tr l r nt d t p - f- rv ( OS tr n n th t h ld t d v r nd tr n nt p r- f r n r r nt Ad t n t r r r r n r nd t n f r
d p rf r n b t th r r l n d n t t t ll n r t - f t r p rf r n h p r p rf r n t d r d t l f tr ff ntr l th n d t r r l t t n h r t ll p t t h n n t r n ll n n l r n nl t d h r f th n t r r r
h n t f bl n pr t d t p rf r n r t r Ev n th h r b nd dth v l bl d t th f f br pt l n th n rv l d th n t n l n r lt n n h h n t n l v l S p t f
d n n n r h t t r f r p t t h n n t n n t r h v
b n d d n [ ]
2.2 Attr t v t r f t S t h n
d ll f th b v nt n d dr b f p t t h n t hn l
th r r f t r th t t n ttr t v th d f tr n n f r n-
t r t d rv
5 . r n n Eff n :
M n d t rv r h r t r z d b b r t n t n p tt rn h h
p r f nv nt n l r t t h d f l t r x pl nt r t v d t r t p ll nl f p r nt f th b nd dth v l bl t th
Alth h t l d l r n z d v l t b r t In th v r t l ph n nv r t n l th n % f th v l bl b nd dth t ll d
t t h n n xpl t th b r t n t ll n r t h r th tr n n f l t
2. Ad pt b l t t n d n t hn :
t t h n l t ttr t v t n d r n d n t hn f r
nf r t n tr n n M t nf r t n d n t hn n t d t- t pt t nt n th fl f nf r t n r th tr n n f l t n
rd r t t ff ntl W th p t t h n n n xpl t d n t hn
h h pr d b r t nf r t n tr
3 Ad pt b l t t h n n tr ff :
t t h n n t r ll pr v d h r th x tl th b nd dth r -
r d A n rv r d v l p d th d ff r nt b nd dth r r nt p t t h n n d pt t th h n n nd t n h r l th n
nv nt n l r t t h n n
Int r t d nt rn l r h t t r :
M t pr p l f r ISDN rv pr v d nt r t d b t r r p r t
t h n n t r f r d ff r nt t p f nf r t n t t h n n pr - v d b th n nt r t d t r nt rf nd n l n t r l t n f r
d r n f d ff r nt nf r t n tr n p rt n d n l d n v d t nd v d n l S b t nt l t v n ld d b p bl b th n t h n
nd t r n l p nt h d t l f h n r h t t r [ ] r v n n - t n
2. St t t l M lt pl x n
2. . Introduction:
h tr n n ff n f p t t h n d t statistical multiplex- ing. h p t f ll tr ff tr r r d nt n l nd tr n t- t d n first-come first-serve b n n n p t t t v r
f th f tr ff tr pt th n xt tr ff tr rv d nd n n t n r r t d S n th nt r tr n n p t C
(b t / nd ll t d t n l p t t t t t L/ C nd t tr n t p t th t L b t l n
In time-division (TDM) nd frequency-division multiplexing (FDM) th tr ff tr th l n p t nt ll bd v d d nt p rt n n p r tr ff tr In FDM, th h nn l b nd dth W bd v d d nt h nn l
h th b nd dth W/ h tr n n p t f h h nn l r hl
C/m, h r C th p t th t ld b bt n d f th nt r b nd dth r
7 ll t d t n l h nn l h tr n n t f p t th t L b t l n Lm/C, r t l n r th n n th rr p nd n t t t l lt pl x n
h In TDM, ll t n d n b d v d n th t x nt l t f f x d l n th ( . ., n b t r n b t l n r p rh p n p t l n f r f x d l n th p t A n n pt ll th n t n l n n b v d h v n
p r t l n th p t C/m. In th h r th l t r h rt r l t v t p t l n th th tr n n t f p t L b t l n Lm/C. In th
h r th l t r f p t l n th th tr n n t f n L b t p t
C, b t th r t f (m-1) p t tr n n t b t n p t
f th tr On f th th th t ll r fr n n l
th t th t t t l lt pl x n h ll r v r d l p r p t th n
th r M r M. h n r n f r th p r d l p rf r n f M
nd FDM th t th n t n r r r t d h n ll t d t tr ff tr th nt r l pt h l th r tr ff tr h v p t t n n th r
In nv nt n l r t t h d n t r h r pr v d d th -
n t n h nn l th t d d t d t th t r If th r d n t
f th v l bl b nd dth t l t; th r n pp rt n t f r n th t b nd dth v l bl t n th r r St t t l lt pl x n pr v d f r
t r t h r tr n n f l t n d nd b h h n n -
r 1 U r nf r t n nt r t th l ft h r t br n nt bl th
h d r dd d h ld p t. t fr d ff r nt r r th n
1 St t t l M lt pl x n pl d n nd nt r th tr n n f l t Up n r pt p t
r nt t pr p r d t n t n nd th r n l d t tr r r n tr t d
t t h n xt nd th d t n l d th t h n f n t n h h l d t f rth r t v n
In nv nt n l r t t h d n t r th pr n p l r f d l th f n t pr p t n p d f n l t t h n ntr d v r bl d l d t th n t h t n tr n n l n h v r d l [7] n b ppr x t d b
h r b th p t l n th n th n b r f t nd l n th p d
f th tr n n f l t n b t p r nd p th v r t l z t n f th f l t nd th n d l n nd h d l n b d r d b d r n th p t l n th d r n th n b r f l n n r n th p d
f th tr n n f l t r d r n th p n f th tr n n f l t
r n th p t l n th h lpf l p t p nt b t n l d t n ff nt
f th tr n n l n n p t b h rt r l r r p r nt f th
v l bl b nd dth d t tr n t th h d r nf r t n r th r th n th
r n l d t r n th l n p n r f th ff n f t t t l
lt pl x n f r p d h n b r f l n f n t n f th z f th n t r
nd th th t th p t t h r nt r nn t d h r n n v r bl
n th t n th tr n n p d , h h n b v r d v r d r n
1 r 2.2. r n n Sp d . l
1 1 pr d n th rv r p rt d n [ ] (f p 1 r h h th t t l d l v r th tr n n p d f r t n l n nn t n p nn n d t n f 5 l h n d l h n n th f r d t f x d tr n n p d th t r pr nt v n n r t t h d n t r
2. .2 St t t l lt pl x n p r d th TDM nd FDM
A th t t t t ll d nt l nd nd p nd nt n p t tr
h th n rr v l r t f λ/ p t / r t b tr n tt d v r - n t n l n [5] h v r tr n n t 1/y. If th tr r r d
nt n l n tr th r t λ l t t t l lt pl x n th v r
d l p r p t
If n t d th tr n n p t d v d d nt l p rt n n
p r p t tr n t - nd fr n -d v n lt pl x n h p rt n
b h v l n M/M/1 th rr v l r t λ/ nd v r rv r t
h r f r th v r d l p r p t
i.e., t l r r th n f r t t t l lt pl x n
h pr d n r nt nd t th t lt pl x n l r n b r f tr ff
tr n p r t h nn l n tr n n l n p rf r v r p rl n t r
1 f d l h p rf r n v n p r r f th p t f th h nn l n t
ll t d n d r t pr p rt n t th rr v l r t f th rr p nd n tr
h h th t statistical multiplexing p rf r ll h n p r d t TDM
nd FDM.
2. . U n n v . lt pl h nn l n t t t l lt pl x n
C n d r n t n l n rv n nd p nd nt n tr ff tr
th r t λ/ hf S pp th t l n d v d d nt n p r t h nn l th n
h nn l n d t h tr ff tr v r f tr ff tr h n p t
t n tr n n t rr p nd n h nn l d t tr n t p t f
n th r tr h tr n n t f p t n h f th h nn l r
xp n nt ll d tr b t d th n 1/µ . h t n b d l d b th
M r v h n th M/M/m t p r th v r d l
p r p t f th t nd n M/M/1 t th th rr v l r t λ
nd rv r t l ( t t t l lt pl x n th n h nn l h v n n t
l r r p t In th f r r th v r d l p r p t v n b
h r PQ th pr b b l t th t n rr v l ll f nd ll rv r b nd ll
b f r d t t n nd v n b
h t n n n th Erlang C formula nd n d n t l ph n
13 Wh l n th f M/M/1 t th v r d l p r p t
h r PQ nd Q d n t th n pr b b l t n h Wh n p << 1
(l htl l d d t h v nd
Wh n p nl l htl l th n 1 h v
h r f r f r l ht l d t t t l lt pl x n th h nn l pr d
d l l t t l r r th n th d l f t t t l lt pl x n th
h nn l b n d n n ( b t th t - nd fr n -d v n
lt pl x n r h v l d th r t f th d l l t n
2.4 t r Ar h t t r
A d d n t n 1 lth h h h r tr n n p d n r d
n d l t pt bl l v l th r xpl t t n ll r r n n r - t n f p t t h n p nt h pr v nt n tr n n ff n
bt n bl th p t t h n r d p nd nt n th h r t r t f th p r- t l r ppl t n t t h n b t t d t th ppl t n th t r
1 r 3 r f t t
15 b r t th t ppl t n th t h v p b nd dth r r nt th t b-
t nt ll h h r th n th r v r b nd dth r r nt p l x pl r l t v d n l
r 3 ll tr t b pr n p t z t n f n l h
n l f r t nv rt d t d t l f r n n A/D nv rt r It th n d d
n n ppr pr t d n h d p nd n n t l t nd bandwidth r r d Aft r th n l d d t br n nt bl h d r dd d nd
t nt thr h th n t r At th d t n t n th d n pr r v r d th n l nv rt d t n l nd pl d b th n t r ntr d
v r bl d l d ff r nt p t th n th n l xp r n d ff r nt
d l n r n th n t r n r t b t n t n r th t th ff t
d n t d r d th l t f th r v d n l
v n th t v t n f r n tr t n n nt r t d rv n t r n
p t t h n n t r r h t t r pr p d n [ ] h b p -
n nt f th r h t t r r h n n r h r t S t h (PS),
t t r Int rf (PNI), h Sp d n (HSL), C t r Int rf
(CI) nd t r Ad n tr t n C nt r (NA C).
h r b d ff r nt nd f PNIs d p nd n n th n t r f th
th d nd rv C t r n t th th PNI n t l
S b r b r n (DSL) h v n Kb v h nn l nd p r t p t
d n ll n h nn l f r v r In th th PNI ld pr v d
v d n nd p t z n b t th f r nd t r ld b v n v
1 r Network Architecture
17 n l r n tr t d b th f r nd PNI. S n ll n ld b h ndl d thr h
x h n d th th CI. An th r p b l t p r t n (PL)
( d n th r f r f r l t n p rp In th th d n nd p t z n ld b pr v d d n th CI nd th PNI ld pr v d statistical multiplexing. A th rd p b l t h h p d p t d l n n pr t l
l r t th nt rn l n t r pr t l
h b v d r b d nt rn l p t n t r r h t t r t h v th f l- l n h r t r t
1. High speed digital transmission:
M d rn d t l tr n n f l t ff r h h r p d nd b tt r rr r p rf r-
n h pl t t lv th d l pr bl t n r th b tr n n p d t th rd r f v r l Mb t d p nd n n th d t r t
2. Simple internal network protocols:
h f h h p d d t l tr n n f l t r t pp rt n t f r
r tl pl f d p t pr t l th n th n t r S pl pr t l
l b n d d t n r th t f t nd n xp n v pr t l pr r n b
b lt
3 Hardware switching:
C nv nt n l p t t h r l n n r l p rp p t r r ll t n f
1 r pr r v l p t t h r h t t r b d n SI p n nt
ll b n d d t tt n h h p d p r t n nd n pl nt t n
S p r t n f rv fr tr n p rt:
A th n t r r xp t d t h ndl th fr ntl h n n tr ff th nt r- n l n t r h ld pr v d b tr n p rt th t h n n th p r t r f
t lf h b v r h t t r d t d ff r nt rv n d b p nt
t th p nt t th nt rn l p t n t r nd b p l rv n d
tt h d t b t p r t fr th n t r
2. C n l n
h h pt r n b r z d
1 S v r l ttr t v f t r f p t t h n t hn l r d d
St t t l lt pl x n d r b d n d t l n p r n th M nd
M.
3 h n pt f n n l nt rn l p t n t r t pp rt IS rv
d d
19 Chapter 3
Packet Video Communications
. Intr d t n
A CM d d v d n l n r lt n l r b t r t (h ndr d f
Mb t / In l t d b nd dth n t n n t r ( r t t h n
f v d r n l f ll ll l n p t Adv n d d t pr n t hn r pl d t tr n t d d f ll t n v d th n d t l l n f l r p t h r pl t d tr d ff b t n th n h v bl
d n r t nd d t rt n f th d d d t l r v r bl r t d
nt h nn l f l r p d th n th d n r t t v r h h t v t lt d
n d r pp d th b ff r r d h b ff r b rb t t t l p f th d n r t b t p r r l t r n d t n x rt n thr h ld th
n d r n tr t d t t h nt d n d th t h l r r t b t r
l t t v d b ff r v r fl S l rl h n b ff r nd rfl ppr h d th h nn l p d nt n d b n r n th b t r t th pr v n th
l t h ff n f th lt d h n r th l r f x d p d
n th tp t l n ; nf rt n t l th l t f th r v d ll t rt
ff r n fr h hl v bl v r t n
r bl b t r t v d d n xh b t th t p f t t t l v r t n th t
d t t t l lt pl x n nd p t t h n ttr t v f r b r t - n t n h n t r r h t t r n d n ll pp rt v r bl b t r t
r b th n t th r t f v r l nd p nd nt tr n -
n b ff r th n th n t r p f ll h t hn l pr v d ff -
nt v d tr n n th t th npl nt v r t n n l t f lt d
d r
A xpl n d n pr v h pt r n t t t l r n hr n lt pl x n
v r l nd p nd nt r h r l n f p t l th n th f th r p r t In t d f n nd v d l b ff r ll r f d n b ff r
nd th r l t v b t r t t nd t th t r nd th v r r t
nd t d b th l f l r n b r W n th t p t t h n n t r xt n n f t t t l lt pl x n th d t fr nd v d l r
nt d nt ll p t th t r t r d nd f r rd d fr t h t t h t rd th r d t n t n h t t t l th n f v r bl r t r
h v d p t r b ff r d n th n t r t h t n b th t - t t l lt pl x n nd p t t h n ntr d v r bl d l n d l v r n d t d t th b ff r n t In dd t n th ntr d d t l d t b ff r v rfl h t v r p rt nt t l t p r t r nd l n p d
1 t n z th ff t h l nt n n th ff n f t t t l v r n
St t t l M lt pl x n f v d pr p d nd l t d t ll b r - t r n 197 f r p t r ph n nt rfr d r [3] Appl t n th t r r t l nd n hr n d l v r h t l ph n v nd r l-t v d r- r ntl d d t d r t t h n h h n th n n pt f f t p t t h n [ ] xpl n d n pr v h pt r
h n hr n p t z d tr n n f nv r t n l v r r v r
tr n nt nd-t - nd d l ; v p t x d n v n t thr h ld n t b d t nth z th nt n v tr t th r v r t p t th r lt n v l th t n b t l r t d p t rt n d r A l r pr bl n d r d n f ll t n v d n [1] h pl x t n n th b ff r n t t t f p t z d v r lt fr th rr l t d n t r f th t h t pr th t d l th r t f v r A v d r
n r t rr l t d b t r t b t f d ff r nt t t t l n t r h tp t
f d t l v ph n lt rn t b t n t l p rt nd l nt p r d h
rr p nd t t t t f r th r tp t r t ; th t t rr p nd n t
z r b t r t r p r nt f th t In ntr t th tp t r t f v r bl b t r t v d d r xh b t nt n v r t n n n d l
nd n l t t hn r d v l p d n [1] t v l t th n t t t
n p t z d v d In th r f r h v d th d t th n r-
t d n nd t n l r pl n h nt nt rfr d n h f r r n t r
l t n p rp n t t t l n l f th d t nd t r v
d l th t t h th r b t t t r pr nt d n th n xt t n h f r t d l (M d l A nt n - t t t r r v d r t -t M r v pr h h d f r l t n p rp n [1] nd f r r t h -
nd d l (M d l d r t - t t nt n -t M r v pr h h
d n n n l h n l t d l d t n l z th n b h v r f t t t l lt pl x n f v r l nd p nd nt d nt ll d tr b t d v d r r l r lt r pr nt d n App nd x .
.2 M d l n nd An l A pt n
d r r d t b n r t n 3 fr / nd E h fr
n t f ppr x t l 5 p x l th t r d t ll d d A th t
nd p nd nt v d r r lt pl x d [3] nt h h p d tr n . h
nb ff r d d d b t fr h r r f r t t r d n p r t pr b ff r nd th n j n n lt pl x r n 3 1 h lt pl x r bl th d t nt bl th t r tr n tt d v r th h h p d n t n l n h bl b n hr n t fr th t b n p rt n f d t fr h
r h fr l n th d p nd n th n t nt n nt f d t fr th
r r d l t r nd r d nt f t n nf r t n t b n l d d t n bl th d lt pl x n t th d t n t n A bl l b p t f
d t bl d fr n l r t r t r d nd f r rd d n I O
(f r t- n- f r t- t d n th rd r th r bl d h p t l n th b v r bl d t t p r l h n n th r b t r t r f x d n
3 r 3 1 St t t l M lt pl x r f S r
h h th v r bl r r t ll v r n p t rr v l r t E h p t n d h d r d nt f n th r th d t n t n t n n b r
nd p bl t t p t l rt th n t r n f x v b ff r n d l
Err r d t t n nd rr t n v rh d b t r dd d
h t t t l lt pl x r d l d th t r v th n d d b t tr fr th pr b ff r ; t rv r t d t r n d b th p d f th h h p d h nn l h n l b d n nt n fl d fl [7] p- pr x t n f th tr ff th t d n t t nt nt th d r t n t r f th p t r fr h b h v l r rv r f t r th t f d fr t r ppl f t -v r n r t nd pt thr h f x d-r t n
h n l r th l t n d l n h h b t tr fr nd v d l
r r bl d nt p t f fixed length.
In rd r t n l z th n b ff r t t t th d d r r t n d
d l h r t d p nd n th pr n l r th nd th n t r f th v d
n f r n th t br pt v nt h th h d f t l n p r n
n p t r ph n t xp t d th t th r t ll h v bell-shaped t t n r pr b b l t d n t nd t xh b t n f nt rr l t n f r n nt rv l f v r l fr h b h v r h b n v r f d xp r nt ll n [1]
h n h d d r t n f 1 seconds r 3 fr h n t nt n b t r t (t r d n b t /p x l Alth h th r d r t f x d f r th d r t n f fr (1/3 t tr t d nt n -t f n t n
5 n th fr p r d v r ll p r d t th t l ll th t th r
r b t 5 p x l p r fr nd 3 fr p r nd th 1 b t/p x l
rr p nd t 7 5 Mb t / h r d b t r t v r ll 3 fr (1 h v r r t µ = 5 b t /p x l t nd rd d v t n σ 3 b t /p x l
h x v l f th b t r t 1 1 b t /p x l nd th n b t /p x l 3 h h t r f th v l f r th b t r t h h n
nd t n f r n r l pr b b l t d n t f n t n h t v r n
f th n v l t d nd pr v d t f t th xp n nt l f r h h
r ntl v r f d b rb t [9] n xp r nt nv lv n v r t f v n
n h b t f t xp n nt f th t v r n xp n nt f nd t b
= 3 9 S-1.
A t d l f th n d d b t r t f v d r r pr nt d n
b th th f r t- nd nd- rd r t t t l ( n nd v r n pr p rt
f th r d d t ll f t r f th t d - t t d tr b t n
r t h d In p rt l r th d l th n nd v r n th x-
p r nt l d t h t d - t t d tr b t n f th d l r n d l nd
b ll- h p d h h r fl t th n t r f th xp r nt l d t h n n 3
h n b h v r t th lt pl x r n t v r n t v t th p f
n t r f th d tr b t n th r lt (App nd x 1 h h r lt n [3]
pp rt th pr nt pt n f n xp n nt l t v r n
r .2. t r t h t r
2 . S r M d l
. . M d l A: C nt n St t , r t M r v M d l
In M d l A th d r r t d l d nt n t t d r t -t
t h t pr t λ(n r pr nt th b t r t f n l r d r n th nth fr A f r t- rd r t r r v M r v pr λ(n n r t d b th r r v r l t n
h r (n n f nd p nd nt G n r nd v r bl nd nd b r n t nt A th t (n h n nd v r n 1 rth r th t - 1; th th pr h v t d - t t v r E(λ nd d r t
t v r n C(n r v n b [ ]
h t v r n xp n nt l nd n f t th xp r nt l d t h
t d - t t d tr b t n f λ G n th n E(λ nd v r n C(
h h t r n 3 h b ll- h p d d n t tr n t d t z r A -
n th t th n t v t l f th d n t f λ v r ll th r r n bl
t h n f xp r nt l d t nd th t r r v d l r th r d d t
h d r t t v r n C(n bt n d fr th xp r nt l f t C(τ =
53 x τ-3 9b pl n t n/ = 3 fr / M t h n t n (3
nd (3 3 th th r d d t
It b l v d th t th nt n - t t t r r v d l pr v d r th r
r t ppr x t n f th b t r t
. .2 Q n S l t n U n M d l A
h d l n (3 1 th th p r t r n (3 d t n r t th
b t r t f h r n n l t n xp r nt d nt l r
n r t nd p nd nt b t tr th r t λ(n f r th d r t n f th r nth
fr It d th t th r n d n t b n hr n z d n th r fr
n h th f r t fr rr n f th r r nd z d v r
9 th nt rv l f fr On n t l z d th r p th r nd v d l fr
n hr n z t n nd th r r t n r t d rd n t th t r r v f r-
l (3 1 t n r t d fr n l r v r p r d j n pr b ff r n
3 1 At th nd f th fr th b t n th pr b ff r r p t z d nt f x d l n th p t th t pr d nt th n ft v r b t th t ld n t f ll f ll p t r n n th pr b ff r nd r p t z d th n th n xt fr p r d t n th lt pl x r r rv d n FIFO rd r t rr v l
r d t b p n St t t r ll t d nd th r lt r xpl n d
n Appendix 1.
. . M d l : r t St t , C nt n M r v r
In Model B th b t r t nt z d nt f n t d r t l v l r n t n b t n th l v l r d t r th xp n nt l tr n t n r t th t
d p nd n th rr nt l v l h nl n Model A , th b t r t
ppr x t d b nt n -t pr λ (t th d r t j p t r nd poisson t h r t f th p n t nd th pr b b l t f th j p
z h n d p nd n n th l v l f th b t r t Model B bt n d fr th nt n - t t b t r t b pl n th t r nd n t n t n
nd nt z n th t t t th p nt h n n 3 3 h ppr x t n
n Model B pr v d b d r n th nt z t n t p nd n r n th
pl n r t
Model B d r t f n t - t t nt n -t M r v pr It t t
3 n pl n nd nt z t n f th r r t .
r . .
p th t f th nt z d l v l p t x l v l h nt z t n
t p th n b r f t t nd th tr n t n r t r t n d t f t th v r v r n nd t v r n f n t n f th r d d t b f r Model B
d t n l z th t t t l lt pl x r nt n - t t th t f ll d fr N v r bl r t r h th r t λ(t h th r t np t r r t ll b λN(t), n t d f λ(t h t t l r t th f N nd p nd nt
r nd pr h th n E(λ nd t v r n C( C( - t
t d t t h t d t t n nd t v r n f λN(t) ll th n b
h r r nf n t n b r f h f M r v d l th t n f t th p r t r
n (3 5 nd (3 It n l d d th t b rth-d th M r v d l ll - r t l d r b th r t r b t r t ( b rth-d th pr ll nl tr n t n b t n n hb r n t t r nt z t n l v l [ ] h t nd n
f th b t r t t rd h h r l v l t d r t h h l v l nd nv r l th t nd n f th b t r t t rd l r l v l t n r t h h l v l xp t d
h r lt n n r l t t n r d tr b t n f th t t n 3 A pl b rth-d th pr th t xh b t th b h v r nd h xp n nt l t v r -
n v n b th t t tr n t n d r n 3 h t t λ N(t) f th pr n 3 r pr nt th nt z d l v l f th r t b t r t f N
3 State transition diagram—Model
3 3 r An n f r nt z t n t p A b t /p x l nd M+1 p bl l v l (0,
A MA)iA r jfr t t t d h xp n nt l tr n t n r t r
t t jA r v n b
It n b h n [7] th t λ (t t t d t t ll h v b n l d tr b t n
th n E(λ , v r n CN(0), nd xp n nt l t v r n CN
3 h p r t r f th d l M, A, nd 0 r bt n d b t h n t n
(3 -(3 11 th r d v l n (3 5 nd (3 W th th n b r f lt - pl x d l v l M p r t r nd f r v n n b r f lt pl x d r , th r
Int r t n l l M >∞ = C (0 E(λ = 1 b t /p x l h f r f n t n b r f r , th b n l d l d n t nv r t th nt n -
t t M d l A b d r n th t p z v rth l t h n th t th
n l t r lt n M d l r n l r nt th l t n th t
M d l A ( App nd x 1 In th b n l d l th r t λ (t n b d
th r t r t fr M nd p nd nt n r , h lt rn t n b t n tr n tt n b t /p x l ( ll d th O t t nd A b t /p x l (th O t t
rd n t rn ll d tr b t n A h n n 3 5 n r t rn
O th xp n nt l r t nd O th r t β . h r t r t t f M
35 r . . M n r M d l
6 M r rr p nd x tl t nt z n th r t b t r t f v d
r nt M l v l
. .4 Q n An l U n M d l
h n r l nt n -t d r t - t t M r v pr ppr x t n f th r t np t b t r t f ll h b n l r d l p l
t nt n - t t b f d b n np t r th r t λ (t n t f fl
(b t / h np t fl r t n d r t l v l (0, A, 2A,....MA . t r j.i,jd n t t h l v l th pt xp n nt l tr n t n r t fr l v l
th f x d r t n t f fl p r t n t t q(t) d n t th z f th
A pl t d r pt n f th n t r r t d n n l t t
(t , λ (t }. h f r t p n nt nt n v r bl h l th nd d r t n f n t v l h j nt t t t f th t t t t n t n t n b d r b d n t r f
h f r rd tr n t n t n fr t t t t + Δt r
37 A Δ t- nd n r n nd- rd r t r Δt th v l t n f th pr
v rn d b th t f l n r d ff r nt l t n
If th t l z t n p l th n 1
th pr h v t d t t th l t n d tr b t n l t- ∞ (t x
Fi(x). h n th t d r b d b t f rd n r d ff r nt l t n
h n t l nd t n f ll fr th b rv t n th t th b ff r nn t b
pt f th n t nt n r t iA l r r th n th rv r t . An dd t n l
nd t n bt n d x
h t f t n (3 17 n b r tt n n tr x f r b n th v t r
3 h r d n l tr x th l nt ( A - c) nd th r t tr n t n
tr x fr (3 17 A n th t th lt pl x r r t c n t l t n f th np t l v l iA, n n n l r t φ nd z d n t th nv t r nd
n v l f -1 h l t n f (3 1 v n n t r f t n n v l
t x th n v l nd rr p nd n nv t r f -1
h n (3 19 t n v r ll nv l n th tr t l ft h lf-pl n f r th l t n t b t d - t t pr b b l t d tr b t n h n t nt n th
b v t n r d t r n d fr th n t l nd t n
h r d n t th jth l nt f φ h t d t t d tr b t n f th b ff r l n th x v n b
nd th pr b b l t th t th b ff r z x d rt n l n th r f rr d t survivor function, F(x) = 1-F(x)
r th p l f th r d l n 3 th r t n (3 7 pl f
(3 17 t
39 h tr x b tr d n l tr x h n t l nd t n n (3 17 pr v d n h t n t lv f r th n t nt n (3 19 lt nd t
l r nt b t n th t d l v n th h M d l A G n d tr b t n f r r r t h r M d l n l d tr b t n h r lt r pr nt d n App nd x 1
.4 C n l n
S v r l r t r t b n d r d h l tr n tt n v d p t n t t t -
l lt pl x n r d d r bl b t r t v d d n n t dv nt
f d n b nd dth h r n v t t t l lt pl x n nd p t t h n
n d l f v r bl b t r t v d r r d d n d t l
h pr b b l t f d l n v d d t b nd n pt bl l t dr p dr t-
ll th n b r f lt pl x d r n r b nd n St t t l r
n hr n t d v n lt pl x n l ff ntl b rb t p r l v r t n
f th b t r t f nd v d l r th t th n f nt v r t n n r pt n
l t
Ch pt r 4
S l t n M d l
In th h pt r ll pr nt r l t n d l f th n t r nd v r
th r n r l p r t r d f r th h h p d tr n n l n nd f n ll r lt
h d t r t f r r t n fr [1] th xp r nt l v l f th
r d l xpl n d n th pr v h pt r W n th t th v l r
n r t d n d f d v r n f nd t n l r pl n h nt h U n th n t r r h t t r xpl n d n h pt r II nd th r d l fr h pt r
III h v l t d n t r h n n 1
4. S t Ch r t r t
W d ll r , 2, ...., r h n n r t n th d t r t A v d r r n r t n 3 fr p r nd E h fr n t f ppr x t l 5 p x l h 1 b t p r p x l rr p nd
1 I: t t r Int rf
S : h Sp d n
S : t S t h
S2: t S t h 2
S : t S t h
S4: t S t h 4
r 4. . S l t n M d l f t r t 7 5 Mb t p r nd N nd p nd nt v d r r lt pl x d nt high speed channel (HSL) t t t l lt pl x n pr v d d b Packet Network
Interface. t r t r d nd f r rd d n first-come first-serve basis. h t t n r d fr [1] f r 1 nd ll h v 3 fr h b t r t
n r ll d tr b t d rd n t 3 f ll
M n µ= 5 b t /p x l
St nd rd d v t n σ = 3 b t /p x l
r b nd = b t /p x l
Upp r b nd = 1 b t /p x l
E h r h v n n np t/ tp t t- p t f 1 r nd h h
t ll t f r dd n h d r nf r t n nd p t z t n r n n l n
r d l d f r h h p d tr n n p rp E h p t 1 b t l n
n l d n 1 b t f r n l d t nd b t f v rh d h l n p r t
n f r t f r t rv pr t l S n th p t l n th f x d th v r bl
r r t ll v r n p t rr v l r t n n rr v l r t
r d
h t t t l th n f th v r bl b t r t r h v d h n th d t fr v r l r v r d t th r n PNI pr r t th tr n n
n t th h nn l nd b ntl t th n t r A th p t rr v t th packet switch 1(PS1), th n r pl d n tr n n l n link12 & link 13 h
h r n 5 % f th d t fr S1 . h p t r t r d nd f r rd d fr
3 t h t t h n th n t r t rd th r d t n t n h r th h v
l ttl r t t t l v r n n ll n t th l n r d r t l l d d v n h n 1 r r n r t n d t lt n l
4.2 S l t n lt
S l t n r rr d t n NETWORK I1.5 l t n p [1 ]
[11] h th p r nt t l z t n f th h h p d h nn l n 1
r nd h h r nd 5% h t l z t n nt n d n t nt nd
th n b r f r n r d th h nn l r t n r d rd n l
n h v
Ch nn l r t / r A r t h nn l r t / b r f r
h 3 h th n b r f r v r h nn l r t p r r
It h th t th h nn l r t p r r λ(n d r xp n nt ll fr 7 5
Mb t p r nd t 1 9 Mb t p r nd th r n r fr 1 t 1
h ff t d n tr t th t t t l v r n f v r bl b t r v r f th xp n nt l f t f λ( h v ppr x t d log λ(n tr ht l n h n
n 3b W h v
r 4.2. % Ut l z t n f h Sp d Ch nn l
4 Ch nn l r t r . . f S r . . f S r Ch nn l r t r . . f S r C n d r n = 7 x1 h v
3 h th h nn l r t p r r d r v d fr b v t n v r th n b r f r lt pl x d
h th n b r f r v r th v r t f th h h
p d h nn l W n t d th t th v r t t d r d th n b r
f r n r d W h v b rv d th t th f n t n f λ(n t l f
xp n nt l f r v r f th h v b h h h th t λ(n -tl
v r n b r f r ppr x t d t tr ht l n n h v Av . U f S . f S r . . f S r h r λ(n fr t n ( ≈ 15 9 nd b≈- 1 3 n h v
n ppr x t xpr n f r t n t r f n nd λ(n h r lt nd t th t th v r t fr l t n ppr x t l l t th t d r v d fr t n ( 1 v r th r n t x tl l b f ppr x t v l f nd b.
r th d t r t h v t b ff r f Mb t f r h r t t th ff t th t f th t t t l lt pl x n 5 b h th t th ff t n th h nn l r t th b ff r nd th t b ff r h ff t f
lt pl x n t b n l bl th r n r b nd 5 Al th
v r t f th h nn l h h r f r th b ff r d d t th n th t f th
lt pl x d d t h h n n
C n t th nt rn l p t n t r th l t n r lt r r z d
n bl 1 h h h th p r nt t l z t n f th l n nd bl
h th p r nt t l z t n f p t t h f r d ff r nt n b r f r
h l n r d r t l l d d nd t n th t th r p bl f h ndl n r
d t n n fr S2, S nd 4 ll Al th v r d r d
f r h h r n b r f r h n n th t th p rf r n d In
bl th t S h v l t l z d b th d t fr r nt r n th n t r thr h S , h r th th r t h r d r t l
t l z d h h th t th n t r t ll n h ndl th d t n n fr
5 Ch nn l r t r . . f S r Ch nn l r t r . . f S r Av . U f S . f S r Table 4.1 % Utilizations of links in the Network f S r n 1 l n 13 l n l n 3 1 1 5 7 3 7 7 7 3 7 3 133 39 93 33 59 3 133 3 53 7 3 7 993 7 3 7 5 53 9 53 5 75 7 3 7 7 9 15 3 7 7 55 1 51 33 3 9 7 3 7 15 9 71 55 9 7 3 55 9 5 5 1 9 1 5 7 7 9 1 5 33 5 5 9 519 55 3 75 5 59 3 f 9 53 3 1 9 1 35 17 5 1 31 97 5 1
5 Tabl2 1.2 Utilizations of Packet Switches in the Network f S r S1 S S3 1 37 9 13 5 7 33 59 3 13 3 1 13 99 7 31 5 3 9 53 5 5 75 7 3 9 3 77 7 1 5 9 7 3 77 15 9 7 55 9 5 5 3 5 71 9 1 5 7 7 39 13 5 51 75 57 5 17 35 33 1 91 31 97 5 1
57 th r p t t h
4. C n l n
h r lt pr nt d n th r d n tr t th t th t t t ll lt - pl x d v d d t n b tr n tt d v r ff ntl n p t t h d n t-
r h v n h h p d tr n n l n nd h h p rf r n p t t h
Al th l d n th n t r n r th h nn l r t d r xp n nt ll f r lt pl x d d t An ppr x t xpr n f r th v r t f th h nn l h b n d r v d n t r f h nn l r t p r r nd th n b r
f r lt pl x d Al th v r t f th h nn l h h r f r th b ff r d d t th n th t f th lt pl x d d t h h h p d l n f th
nt rn l p t n t r r l htl l d d nd t n th t th n d t
r d t
5 Ch pt r C n l n
r bl b t r t v d d n n t dv nt f d n b nd dth h r-
n v t t t l lt pl x n nd p t t h n . In th r f r h v d n tr t d th ff t f t t t l lt pl x n n h r n th n
n t n h nn l Wh n v d p t z d nd n r r pr nt th n th b ff r n n b pr v d d b th n t r t lf b lt pl x r t
t t t l th n n th p t n t r nt rf p r t n b tr n t- t d
S l t n r d n t h th ff t f t t t l th n f p t z d v d n th p t t h n n t r h v n h h p d h nn l lt nd -
t th t th h nn l r t p r r d r d n n xp n nt l nn r th n b r f r n r d An ppr x t xpr n f r th v r t f th h nn l h b n d r v d n t r f th h nn l r t p r r d
nd th n b r f r lt pl x d n th h nn l r th d t r t
59 d Mb t b ff r t t th ff t th t bt n d th t t t l l- t pl x n Al th v r t f th h nn l h h r f r th b ff r d d t th n th t f th lt pl x d d t
h r l d th l t n r lt f th p rf r n f n nt rn l p t n t r h h n r t nv l r v l f p t z d v d d t ff r n d p rf r n On f th ttr t v f t r f th h h p d p t n t r th t t t v r t pr v d rv th t b dd n th th n th nt rn l p rt n f th n t r S rv th t r b dd d n th nt rn l f n t n n t r n b d ff lt t h n b th
ff t ll t r ft n n n xp t d h r t b t l th t t b
v r h n ntr d n n rv r h n n x t n rv S p r t n th rv fr th n t r r d th nt r t n n d ff r nt rv
h n r d d v l p nt t h h r b n j r p rt n f th t
f n t n rv Of ll th dv nt p t t h n ntr d
v r bl p t l b th d t tr n n rr r nd v r bl d l
h l t n r lt h v b n bt n d b t l z n p rt l r d n
h ll d t t n fr [1] f r v n n It ld b
t nt r t n t t d th tr n n f t ll d t b All tr n -
n l n r n d r d t b r n n n d r t n l (simplex) nn r
rth r nt r t n r th t n b d n h v n l n n f ll r h lf d pl x
l n
App nd x
r l lt f M d l
M d l A d ff lt t n l z b t tr htf r rd t l t h n d n f M d l A l t d n n l f M d l pr nt d In b th r nt r t d n th n nd v r n f th z t th
lt pl x r nd th rv v r f n t n (x, . h rv v r f n t n (x (t
x} t t d t t n ppr pr t f r f r t b t r pr nt th fr t n f d t th t j n th lt pl x r h n t z x d thr h ld x. r r l t v d th r x ll bl z x0 , n p t th t j n th th r th n x0 d t h d f th ll rr v t th r d t n t n t l t f r r nth z n th tr n tt d n r th r n th rv v r f n t n (x0 n b v d l pr b b l t h th r h v h n th z x n t n t x=3 d n t th t t ld r r
3 t pt f th z t th tp t p d f th lt pl x r
1 h th r l t v n n t v t f th rv v r f n t n (x t p t l n th f r th l t n r lt n M d l A h n th z r d
n In th l t n r n f r 1 th n n l t l z t n p %
v r d t th v r t n n th n r t d r nd n dr v n th r n th t l t l z t n v r d l htl h l t n rr d t f r th
t t n f n v d r f ll d b pr b ff r f d n p t
nd 3 xh b t th l r nt b t n th rv v r f n t n f r th t d l f r th f n nd f v v d r h n n l t l z t n
% b t th n l th M d l B rr d t f r th t l t l z t n
6 b rv d n M d l A h r nt b t n t d l n r n M d l
A G n d tr b t n f r r r t h l M d l d r t b - n l d tr b t n h r nt th h th n n t v t f th n b h v r t th p f t d - t t d tr b t n d nd pp rt th ppr h
f t h n th f r t nd nd rd r t t t l pr p rt h d ff r n n
rv v r f n t n n 3 rt nd n r z r z l v l r d t th b d ff r n n th d l In M d l A th n l rv r h l
n M d l b f fl ppr x t n th b h v l nf n t rv r
h n n t v t f th rv v r f n t n t th n b r f nt z t n l v l
n th n l n M d l th bj t f h r lt pr nt d r
f r n v d r b t th tr nd rr v r f r r th n n r f
5-7 h th r lt f ppl n th n l t th lt pl x n f r th n n
v d r 5 h th dr t r d t n n th rv v r f n t n d
t th lt pl x n f v r l v d r f r n t nt t l z t n f p %
Ev n n r fr 1 t r th l pr b b l t dr p b n rd r f
n t d h th f r n t nt b ff r z nd v r n p.
h l pr b b l t h n d n tr t th t t t t l lt pl x n f v r -
bl b t r t v d d r ll n t xh b t p r pt bl l t v r t n n v d
r pt n h t v bl n t r n lt rn t v t th f lt d
v d d r h h nt n n hr n tr n n t th xp n f v r -
bl r pt n l t
r
r 2 r
r 4 r
r 6 BIBLIOGRAPHY
[1] M l r An t S n G K rl n nd bb n " rf r n
d l f t t t l lt pl x n n p t v d n t n "IEEE r n .
C n., v l 3 pp 3 - l 19
[ ] S rn r nd W tt "A p t n t r r h t t r f r nt r t d r-
v " n r . G O ECOM 8 , S n CA pp 1 1- 1 19 3
[3] G ll " ff r nd h nn l h r n b v r l nt rfr p t r ph n
d r " ll S t. h ., v l 51 n 1 pp 1- 9 n 197
[ ] h n " n n n r h t t r f r p t t h n n t n
n t r " IEEE C n. M z, v l 25, n 9, pp 5-1 S pt 19 7
[5] rt nd G ll r t t r , r nt ll 19 7
[ ] S rn r " n f n nt r t d rv p t n t r " IEEE . S l t.
Ar C n., v l SAC- n pp 1373-13 v 19
[7] Kl nr Q n S t , l 1 l Y r W l 1975 197
[ ] A p l r b b l t , nd r bl , nd St h t r .
Y r M Gr ll 19
[9] W rb t " d d n n n A nv r n nt " r . h rd Int. C nf.
New Syst. Services Telecommun., v 19
[1 ] S Ch n S tr d W K rpl "Intr d t n t l t n n t- r 11 5 " CACI Products Company, 19
[11] t r 11 5 U r M n l r n CACI Products Company, 1988.
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