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Documento Completo Descargar Archivo ECOLOGÍA Y CONSERVACIÓN DE LOS ARMADILLOS (MAMMALIA, DASYPODIDAE) EN EL NORESTE DE LA PROVINCIA DE BUENOS AIRES, ARGENTINA Autor AGUSTÍN MANUEL ABBA Director Dr. Marcelo H. Cassini Co-Director Dr. Sergio F. Vizcaíno Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo Universidad Nacional de La Plata Tesis Doctoral Año 2008 A. M. Abba, 2008 Tesis Doctoral Para Lore, mi familia, mis amigos… Y para todos los que me acompañaron durante este interesante camino. 2 A. M. Abba, 2008 Tesis Doctoral AGRADECIMIENTOS Quiero agradecer inicialmente a las personas que me acompañaron, ayudaron, soportaron y asistieron en las tareas de campo y laboratorio: Luis Gerardo Pagano, Patricio Gado, M. Cecilia Ezquiaga, Eduardo Etcheverry, Leo Ferretti, Leo Lagomarsino y Daniel Udrizar Sauthier. A las personas y organismos que me facilitaron un desinteresado apoyo en diversos y muy importantes asuntos profesionales y de logística: Hugo López, Graciela Navone, Marcela Lareschi, Susana Bargo, Jim Loughry, Colleen McDonough, Diego Verzi, Benjamín Bender, Solana Tabeni, Leandro Martín Pérez, Luis Castro, Pablo Simón, Silvia Torres Robles, Itatí Olivares, Cecilia Morgan, Emiliano Donadío, Lali Guichón, María Luisa Bolkovic, Susana Merani, Silvia Puscama, Juan José Bianchini, Mariella Superina, Diego Meier y su novia, Ana Salazar, Pancho Prevosti, Martín Ciancio, Damián Glaz, Jorge Casciotta, Adriana Almirón, a todos los integrantes del Grupo GEMA (UNLu), a todo el personal de la Biblioteca Florentino Ameghino (FCNyM, UNLP), del Centro de estudios Parasitológicos y Vectores (CEPAVE), del Departamento de Postgrado de la Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo (FCNyM, UNLP) y de la Secretaría de Investigación y Transferencia (FCNyM, UNLP). A los profesores que me dieron los cursos y materia de posgrado: Jorge Gebhard, Arturo Kehr, Fernando Momo, Ricardo Ojeda, Juan Carlos Gómez, Javier Lopez Casenave y a todos sus colaboradores. A mis Directores Sergio y Marcelo. A los dueños, encargados y peones de todos los campos visitados y especialmente a la gente de El Destino, El 12, Talar Chico y Juan Gerónimo. A los organismos que me apoyaron, tanto económica como institucionalmente: División Zoología Vertebrados (FCNyM, UNLP), Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Técnica (CONICET), Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas de la provincia de Buenos Aires (CIC), Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo (FCNyM, UNLP), Centro de estudios Parasitológicos y Vectores (CEPAVE, FCNyM, CONICET), Fundación Elsa Shaw de Pearson, Idea Wild, Conservation International (Fondo para la conservación de Edentados), Ministerio de Asuntos Agrarios (MAA), Estación de Cría de animales Silvestres (ECAS, MAA), Universidad Nacional de Luján (UNLu). Por último, y muy especialmente, a Lore, mi familia, mis amigos, a Marta Nieva, a Mariano y a todos los armadillos y demás animales, plantas y paisajes que me deleitan la vida. 3 A. M. Abba, 2008 Tesis Doctoral INDICE GENERAL Resumen ……………………………………………………………………………... 8 Summary …………………………………………………………………………….. 12 Índice de figuras en el texto…………………………………………………………. 16 Índice de tablas en el texto…………………………………………………………… 21 Índice de apéndices en el texto………………………………………………………. 24 CAPÍTULO 1. INTRODUCCIÓN 1.1 Marco conceptual, objetivos e importancia de la tesis…………………………. 25 1.1.1 La conservación de la fauna silvestre en el siglo XXI………………………… 25 1.1.2 La ecología como instrumento científico de la biología de la conservación… 29 1.1.3 Objetivos e importancia de la tesis…………………………………………… 30 1.2 Los xenartros y las tres especies estudiadas…………………………………….. 31 1.2.1 Presentación de los xenartros………………………………………………… 32 1.2.2 Presentación de las tres especies estudiadas…………………………………. 32 1.2.3 Distribución de las tres especies ……………………………………………... 36 1.2.4 Estudios realizados en ecología y conservación de las tres especies................. 38 1.3 La región pampeana y el área de estudio………………………………………. 45 1.3.1 Reseña del uso de la tierra en la zona de estudio……………………………. 45 1.3.2 Actualidad general de los tres partidos en la zona de estudio………………. 48 1.3.3 Descripción actual de la zona de estudio……………………………………. 50 CAPÍTULO 2. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS 2.1 Delimitación del área de estudio………………………………………………... 57 2.2 Evidencias Indirectas (Capítulo 3 y parte del Capítulo 6)……………………. 57 2.3 Entrevistas. Uso y Caza (Capítulo 4)…………………………………………… 62 2.4 Estructura poblacional (Capítulo 5 y parte del Capítulo 6)………………….. 63 2.5 Termorregulación (Capítulo 7)............................................................................. 77 2.6 Hábitos alimenticios (Capítulo 8)………………………………………………. 78 CAPÍTULO 3. DISTRIBUCION A ESCALA DE PAISAJES 3.1 Introducción………………………………………………………………………. 80 3.2 Resultados 4 A. M. Abba, 2008 Tesis Doctoral 3.2.1. Abundancia total de signos y distribución entre establecimientos……................ 81 3.2.2 Relación entre la abundancia de signos y las características de paisaje de los establecimientos……………………………………………………………………..…. 83 3.2.3. Abundancia poblacional en cuatro establecimientos con diferentes características. Recapturas……………………………………………………………………………… 85 3.3 Discusión y conclusiones………………………………………………………….. 88 CAPÍTULO 4. ENTREVISTAS. USO Y CAZA 4.1 Introducción……………………………………………………………………… 93 4.2 Resultados y Discusión 4.2.1 Características, tipo e intensidad de uso del campo………………… 94 4.2.2 Datos específicos de los armadillos………………………………….. 95 4.2.3 Uso y posible impacto antrópico……………………………………. 100 4.3 Conclusiones…………………………………………………………………….. 104 CAPÍTULO 5. ESTRUCTURA POBLACIONAL 5.1 Introducción…………………………………………………………………….. 105 5.2 Resultados 5.2.1 Proporción de sexos…………………………………………………. 105 5.2.2 Edades y estado reproductivo. Mortalidad. Estacionalidad…..…….. 107 5.2.3 Abundancia poblacional…………………………………………….. 114 5.2.4 Métrica corporal y dimorfismo sexual………………………………. 116 5.2.5 Anormalidades y marcas ……………………………………………. 119 5.3 Discusión…………………………………………………………………………. 120 CAPÍTULO 6. USO DE HABITAT Y ACTIVIDAD 6.1 Introducción……………………………………………………………………... 123 6.2 Resultados 6.2.1 Relación distribución de signos y variables locales del ambiente…... 124 6.2.2 Relación entre capturas y variables locales y climáticas……………. 126 6.2.3 Distribución de signos en relación a la estabilidad en el manejo del suelo.......................................................................... 129 6.2.4 Respuesta de escape…………………………………………………. 132 6.2.5 Vecino más cercano………………………………………………….. 133 5 A. M. Abba, 2008 Tesis Doctoral 6.2.6 Distancia entre capturas y recapturas………………………………. 136 6.2.7 Superficie de terreno utilizada ……………………………………… 137 6.2.8 Ciclo diario de actividad...................................................................... 138 6.2.9 Actividad versus especie, edad y estación del año............................... 140 6.3. Discusión…………………………………………………………………………. 141 CAPÍTULO 7. TERMORREGULACIÓN 7.1 Introducción 7.1.1 Generalidades sobre termorregulación y metabolismo……………… 146 7.1.2 Termorregulación y metabolismo en los xenartros…………………… 148 7.1.3 Antecedentes………………………………………………………….. 149 7.1.4 Objetivos……………………………………………………………… 150 7.2 Resultados 7.2.1 Resultados generales…………………………………………………. 151 7.2.2 Temperatura corporal y temperatura del ambiente………………….. 152 7.2.3 Temperatura corporal y peso………………………………………… 153 7.2.4 Temperatura corporal y comportamiento……………………………. 153 7.2.5 Temperatura corporal y ectoparásitos………………………………. 154 7.3 Discusión y conclusiones…………………………………………………………. 155 CAPÍTULO 8. HÁBITOS ALIMENTICIOS 8.1 Introducción……………………………………………………………………… 158 8.2 Resultados 8.2.1 Análisis general……………………………………………………… 159 8.2.2 Análisis específicos: por especie y por estación…………………… 160 8.3 Discusión y conclusiones………………………………………………………... 164 CAPÍTULO 9. CONCLUSIONES GENERALES. PAUTAS DE CONSERVACIÓN. FUTURAS TAREAS A DESARROLLAR. 9.1 Descripción actualizada de la biología y los hábitos de tres especies de armadillos..................................................................................................... 166 9.2 Segregación de nicho entre armadillos simpátricos: efecto de competencia o adaptaciones a diferentes tipos de ecosistemas....... 170 9.3 Ecología metabólica de los armadillos: consecuencias eco-etológicas 6 A. M. Abba, 2008 Tesis Doctoral de la homeotermia imperfecta – heterotermia temporal..................................... 173 9.4 Mortalidad, requerimientos de hábitat y conservación de armadillos en el noreste bonaerense............................................................................................ 175 CAPÍTULO 10. BIBLIOGRAFÍA BIBLIOGRAFÍA............................................................................................................. 177 7 A. M. Abba, 2008 Tesis Doctoral RESUMEN Uno de los grandes desafíos ambientales del siglo XXI es detener el proceso cada vez más acelerado de pérdida de biodiversidad a escala global, nacional y local. El hombre, directa o indirectamente, es la causa principal de la mayoría de las disminuciones de especies. La destrucción y degradación del hábitat son las amenazas más importantes, pero otras presiones significativas incluyen la sobreexplotación por caza (para alimentación, por deporte, para mascotas y medicinas), las especies introducidas, la contaminación y las enfermedades. Los xenartros, en particular los armadillos, son especies importantes por varias razones. Se destacan, la pertenencia al único clado de mamíferos posiblemente originario de América del Sur y que de las 18 especies de xenartros alguna vez registradas en nuestro país, 11 aparecen en estatus
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