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Earthquake Cycle and Continental Deformation Along the Peruvian Subduction Zone Juan Carlos Villegas Lanza

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Earthquake Cycle and Continental Deformation Along the Peruvian Subduction Zone Juan Carlos Villegas Lanza Earthquake cycle and continental deformation along the Peruvian subduction zone Juan Carlos Villegas Lanza To cite this version: Juan Carlos Villegas Lanza. Earthquake cycle and continental deformation along the Peruvian subduc- tion zone. Earth Sciences. Université Nice Sophia Antipolis, 2014. English. NNT : 2014NICE4087. tel-01249564 HAL Id: tel-01249564 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01249564 Submitted on 4 Jan 2016 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. UNIVERSITE DE NICE SOPHIA ANTIPOLIS - UFR SCIENCES Ecole Doctorale des Sciences Fondamentales et Appliquées T H E S E pour obtenir le titre de Docteur en Sciences de l’UNIVERSITE de Nice-Sophia Antipolis Spécialité: Sciences de la Terre et de l’Univers - Géophysique Présentée et soutenue par Juan Carlos VILLEGAS LANZA Earthquake cycle and continental deformation along the Peruvian subduction zone Cycle sismique et déformation continentale le long de la subduction Péruvienne Thèse dirigée par Jean-Mathieu NOCQUET et Mohamed CHLIEH Soutenue le 05 Novembre 2014 Jury : VIGNY Christophe Directeur de Recherche Rapporteur AUDIN Laurence Chargée de Recherche Rapporteur M. DELOUIS Bertrand Professeur Examinateur SOCQUET Anne Physicien Adjoint Examinatrice NOCQUET, Jean-Mathieu Directeur de Recherche Directeur de thèse CHLIEH Mohamed Chargé de Recherche Co-directeur de thèse ii Abstract The Nazca/South American subduction zone is one of the most active regions on Earth. Large earthquakes and associated tsunamis occur recurrently almost all along its margin. Nevertheless, the ~1000 km long (from lat.2ºS to 9ºS) segment in northern Peru and southern Ecuador subduction has remained in relative seismic silence for at least the past five centuries. Before the work presented in this thesis, no information about the processes accommodating the convergence was available for this region and it was impossible to answer whether it could host a great Mw>8.5 earthquake in future or not. Nowadays, spatial geodesy, and more specifically GPS/GNSS enable us to quantify the surface displacement on the overriding plate with a millimeter accuracy. Geodetic measurements together with the use of elastic models allow us to determine the amount of interseismic coupling at the plate interface. My thesis focuses on the seismic cycle and the continental deformation along the Peruvian subduction margin, with particular interest along its northern and central segments. We use GPS measurements acquired since 2008 in the frame of an international French-Peruvian- Ecuadorian project (the Andes Du Nord project, ADN). Our GPS velocity field covers the entire Peruvian subduction margin, with measurements in the Andean cordillera and part of the sub-Andean region. Modeling of GPS velocity field show the existence of a new tectonic microplate that we baptized as the Inca Sliver, which is in southeastward translation a rate of 4-5 mm/yr with respect to stable South America. The Inca sliver encompasses the entire Peruvian subduction margin from southern Ecuador to northern Bolivia including the coastal areas and the Western cordillera of Peru. We find that the Inca sliver diverges from the North Andean Sliver in Ecuador and Colombia, contributing to the opening of the Gulf of Guayaquil. In its southern part, the Inca sliver possibly contributes to the lateral holding of the Altiplano plateau. We propose that the primary driving process that induces the motion of the slivers observed all along the Andes is partitioning of the oblique Nazca/South America convergence. However, our results show that the level of partitioning is partial in Peru (~25%). Inland the Inca sliver motion appears to be accommodated by complex fault systems and internal deformation within its eastern part. In terms of interseismic coupling (ISC), we demonstrate important variations both along-strike and along-dip. We find that the subduction segments of northern Peru and southern Ecuador (from lat.2ºS to 9ºS) shows in general a low to weak ISC, with possibly shallow partial coupling confined near the trench. Our results therefore explain the absence of large earthquakes in this region and correlate with the occurrence of moderate magnitude tsunami-earthquakes that occurred in the last decades. Contrasting with this behavior, the central Peru segment (lat. 10ºS a 14ºS) shows a high ISC that spatially correlates with the rupture area of past large earthquakes (M>8) and in particular with the Mw~8.8 1746 devastating earthquake. The present-day interseismic moment deficit suggests a recurrence time of 266-347 to reproduce a similar event. In southern Peru, our models show two areas with high ISC near Nazca (lat. 15ºS) and near the boundary with Chile (lat. 18ºS). We also find evidence for ongoing postseismic deformation in the area of the 2001 Mw=8.4 Arequipa earthquake. Finally, we document a Slow Slip Event (SSE) synchronous to seismicity swarms that took place in northern Peru in 2009. This sequence lasted 7 months and released a total moment equivalent to an earthquake of Mw=6.7. We analyze the relationship between seismic and aseismic processes. Finally based on all these results, we propose inferences about the anatomy of the plate interface in terms of its frictional properties at the scale of the Peruvian subduction. In overall, our results contribute to better quantify the hazard posed by subduction and continental earthquakes in Peru. They also shed light on the active tectonics and the long-term deformation of the Peruvian Andes. i ii Résumé La zone de subduction entre les plaques Nazca et Amérique du Sud est une des régions les plus actives de notre planète. De grands tremblements de terre et tsunamis associés se produisent de façon récurrente presque tout au long de sa marge. Néanmoins, le segment de subduction au nord du Pérou (de lat.3ºS à 9ºS) est resté le seul segment sismiquement silencieux depuis les premières informations historiques sur les séismes qui remontent au XVème siècle. Avant le travaux présentés dans ce manuscrit, aucune information sur les processus accommodant la convergence de la plaque Nazca vers le continent Sud-Américain n’était disponible le long du segment de 1000km au nord Pérou et sud Equateur. Les techniques de géodésie spatiale, en particulier le GPS/GNSS, nous permettent de quantifier les mouvements à la surface de la plaque supérieure avec une précision millimétrique. Ces mesures, couplées à l'utilisation de modèles élastiques, nous permettent de déterminer le niveau du couplage intersismique le long de l'interface entre les plaques. Le but de ma thèse est d'étudier le cycle sismique et la déformation continentale le long de la zone de subduction du Pérou, avec un intérêt particulier pour son segment nord. Nous utilisons des mesures GPS acquises depuis 2008 dans le cadre d'un projet international (le projet Andes Du Nord, ANR- ADN). Le champ de vitesse GPS obtenu couvre l’ensemble de la marge de subduction péruvienne, avec des mesures dans la cordillère et dans une moindre mesure dans la région sub-Andine. L'analyse et la modélisation du champ de vitesse GPS ont permis d'obtenir les résultats suivants: Premièrement: nous mettons en évidence l'existence d'un nouveau domaine continental, que nous avons baptisé comme le sliver Inca et qui est en translation a une vitesse de 4-5 mm/an en direction sud-est par rapport au craton Sud Américain. Le sliver Inca s’étend tout le long de la marge péruvienne. Le sliver Inca diverge du sliver Nord-Andin en Equateur et en Colombie, contribuant ainsi à l'ouverture du golfe de Guayaquil. Dans sa partie sud, le sliver Inca contribue probablement à maintenir latéralement l'Altiplano. Nous proposons que le processus responsable du mouvement des slivers est le partitionnement de la convergence oblique de la plaque Nazca vers le continent Sud-Américain. Cependant, nos résultats montrent que ce partitionnement est partiel (~25%). A l’intérieur du continent, le mouvement de ces slivers semble être accommodé par des systèmes de failles complexes dans la partie orientale des Andes. En terme de couplage intersismique (ISC) le long de l’interface de subduction, nous démontrons d’importantes variations latérales et en profondeur. Nos résultats indiquent que le segment de subduction du nord du Pérou et du sud de l'Equateur (de lat.2ºS à 9ºS, 1000 km long) sont faiblement couplés, avec éventuellement un couplage partiel superficiel proche de la fosse. Ces résultats expliquent l'absence de grands séismes dans cette région. Au contraire, le segment central du Pérou (lat. 10ºS un 14ºS) montre une fort couplage intersismique qui corrèle avec les zones de rupture des grands séismes (M>8.0) dans du siècle passé. Le déficit actuel de moment intersismique suggère un temps de récurrence de 266 à 347 années pour reproduire un séisme similaire à celui de 1746 (~M8.8). Dans le sud du Pérou, nos modèles montrent deux zones fortement couplées près de Nazca (lat. 15ºS) et près de la frontière avec le Chili (lat. 18ºS). Nous mettons de plus en évidence que le région du séisme du 2001 Mw8.4 2001 d’Arequipa subit actuellement une déformation postsismique significative. Enfin, nous documentons un épisode de glissement transitoire asismique simultané à un essaim de sismicité dans le nord du Pérou en 2009. Cette séquence a duré 7 mois et libéré un moment total équivalent à un séisme de Mw6.7. Nous analysons la relation entre les processus sismiques et asismiques.
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