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Early Medieval and Romanesque Art 14 Early Medieval and Romanesque Art hat do you know about knights and medieval times? Have you ever W seen an illuminated manuscript in a museum? Have you ever heard the term Romanesque? The Byzantine Empire, with its power, wealth, and culture, thrived for about 100 years. Western Europe, however, struggled through a period of change that began with the fall of the Roman Empire and continued to the beginning of the modern era in the fifteenth century. This period, from A.D. 500 to 1500, is known as the Middle Ages, or the Medieval period. Read to Find Out As you read this chapter, learn how the monaster- ies were built and about the creation of manuscript illuminations. Continue to read to find out about Romanesque churches and the revival of relief sculpture and wall painting. Focus Activity Relate the details and characteristics you find in the artworks in this chapter with what you are learning about the Early Medieval and Romanesque periods. Look at the illustration from a prayer book in Figure 14.1. What does it suggest about religious devo- tion during the Middle Ages? Where are the figures directing their eyes? Life after the fall of the Roman Empire was uncertain. People con- centrated on the joys awaiting them in eternal life. As you go through this chapter, make a list of the artworks that are inspired by religious themes and a list of those that are not. Which list is longer? Using the Time Line Locate on the Time Line about when the prayer book illustration in Figure 14.1 was created. The Time Line also introduces you to some of the other artworks in this chapter. 800 c. 1080–1120 c. 800s The pope crowns Charlemagne c. 860 Saint Sernin facade Feudalism as the first Holy Roman Emperor Medieval manuscripts are shows Romanesque develops decorated with illuminations style 500 1000 c. 475–1050 c. 1050–1300 Early Medieval Period Romanesque Period 308 ■ FIGURE 14.1 Pentecost from a Sacramentary. 11th century. Psalter from Getty Center, Los Angeles, California. c. 1100s c. 1100 c. 1200 The stone castle Christ in Majesty painted Relief sculpture of The evolves and becomes in the church at San Clemente Last Judgment appears the symbol of in Tahull, Spain on the tympanum of the authority Church of Santa Maria Refer to the Time Line on page H11 in your Art Handbook for more 1100 1500 about this period. c. 1150–1500 Gothic Period 309 LESSON ONE The Early Medieval Period Vocabulary t one time the Middle Ages were known as the “Dark Ages,” a ■ feudalism ■ monasticism A label suggesting that they represented many blank pages in the ■ serfs ■ cloister history of Western civilization. However, a closer look has helped to fill in ■ transept ■ illuminations those pages with an impressive list of accomplishments. During this period, many of the important features of our modern Discover world were born, including parliamentary government, common law, After completing this lesson, present-day languages, and modern nation states. In art, the Middle you will be able to: Ages were anything but dark. It was the most splendid of all periods for ■ Identify the three periods of the Middle Ages. bookmaking, a time of a great architectural revival, and an era of impor- ■ Explain the contributions Charle- tant developments in sculpture. magne made to learning and the arts during the Early Medieval period. The Age of Faith ■ Discuss the importance of Perhaps a more accurate label for this period would be the Age of monasticism and the contribu- tions of monks to the art and Faith. The hearts and minds of Medieval people were fixed on one all- architecture of the Early important goal—preparation for eternal life after death. The Church, which Medieval period. had grown in power and influ- ence since the collapse of the Roman Empire, guided the Europe A.D. 1160 people in this quest. 6 ° ° ° 0°N 0 20 E40E The Church influenced the KINGDOM OF lives of kings and peasants NORWAY KINGDOM OF N KINGDOM alike throughout western W OF SWEDEN E SCOTLAND a Europe. Virtually everyone S D North e N S A c L Sea KINGDOM i E lt D a was born into the faith, and R OF DENMARK 50 I B °N WALES N A KIEVAN RUS L PRUSSIA all were expected to place loy- G Saxony N London E R h in KINGDOM alty to the Church above Aachen e F HOLY R OF ATLANTIC O E i v POLAND C ROMAN e everything else. OCEAN Normandy N r Paris A EMPIRE M R O F D KINGDOM F Lechfeld OF G O KINGDOM N I VENETIAN OF NAVARRE M K Three Periods of the KINGDOM O TERRITORIES HUNGARY OF Aquitaine D Venice LEÓN G IN Genoa GA K ea Middle Ages 40° TU D k S N R an ac O KINGDOM KINGDOM ub er l P e Riv B OF OF ARAGON Because of its length, it is CASTILE Corsica Rome BYZANTINE EMPIRE Córdoba M helpful to divide the Middle U Sardinia KINGDOM S L OF Ages into three overlapping I M SICILY T E periods. They are the Early R R I T O R Y Medieval, which dates Mediterranean Sea from about the last quarter of the fifth century to the middle of the eleventh; the MAP SKILLS Romanesque, which, in most ■ FIGURE 14.2 Notice the various kingdoms into which Europe was divided areas, took place during the during the Middle Ages. How is Europe during this period different from Europe during the height of the Roman Empire? How do you imagine these changes eleventh and twelfth cen- might have affected the art and architecture of Europe? turies; and the Gothic, which 310 overlapped the Romanesque and continued in some areas into the sixteenth century. This chapter deals with the Early Medieval and Romanesque periods. From Charlemagne to Feudalism The fall of Rome is considered the start of the Early Medieval period. This was a time of great uncertainty because the strong central government that had assured law and order to all Roman subjects was gone. The period was marked by conflicts, open warfare, and mass migrations of foreigners into and across lands formerly controlled by the Romans. Under these trying conditions, the Carolingian dynasty was founded. Although it survived less than 150 years, this dynasty managed to bring about the revival of a strong, efficient government. Furthermore, it stimulated a renewed interest in learning and the arts. The Role of Charlemagne One man was largely responsible for the many accomplishments of the Carolingian dynasty. He was Charles the Great, more commonly known as Charlemagne (Figure 14.3). Already King of the Franks, Charlemagne was crowned emperor by the pope on Christmas Day in the year 800 and ■ FIGURE 14.3 Charlemagne was King of the Franks until Pope Leo III became the first of the Holy Roman Emperors. crowned him the first Holy Roman Emperor. Under Charlemagne’s Charlemagne’s domain grew until it rule, people throughout western Europe were united by his style of government and by a set of common ideas. How do you imagine this included all of the Western part of the old stability and unity influenced artists and their work? Roman Empire except Britain, Spain, southern Italy, and Africa. His subjects enjoyed an Equestrian Statuette of Charlemagne. c. 800. Bronze. Carolingian sculpture. 24 ϫ 17.5 ϫ 9.5 cm (91⁄2 ϫ 63⁄4 ϫ 33⁄4Љ). Louvre, Paris, France. efficient government and a remarkable level of law and order. Beyond creating a great empire, Charlemagne encouraged learning and Charlemagne’s credit that many of the ancient the arts. He ordered every monastery and documents we have today were copied by abbey to establish a school where students scholars working under his command. could learn arithmetic, grammar, and the The center and capital of Charlemagne’s psalms. His most important achievement, empire was Aix-la-Chapelle, now the German however, may have been the preservation town of Aachen. (See map, Figure 14.2.) of ancient manuscripts. He invited scholars Here he set up his court and tried to restore from England and Ireland to his court to the splendors of ancient Rome. Statues were rewrite old texts and prepare new ones. It is to brought from Italy, baths were constructed, Chapter 14 Early Medieval and Romanesque Art 311 and a chapel was built (Figure 14.4) that or vassal, to the lord. The vassal pledged his closely resembled the famous Roman church loyalty and military assistance to the lord. at Ravenna (Figure 13.12, page 295). Most of the people, however, were serfs, or Unfortunately, Charlemagne’s empire with poor peasants who did not have land to give in its strong central government ended shortly return for protection. These people worked the after his death in 814. By the close of the land and were handed over with it when the ninth century, civilization in western Europe land passed from one nobleman to another. was in a shambles once again. Weak central government and the need for protection led to the formation of a governmental system Churches and known as feudalism. Monasteries Like their early Christian ancestors, The Rise of Feudalism Medieval church builders used Roman mod- Feudalism was a system in which weak els. The Roman civic basilica continued to be noblemen gave up their lands and much of the most popular type of structure for reli- their freedom to more powerful lords in return gious services. for protection. The lord allowed the former The basilica featured a rectangular plan, owner to remain on the land as his adminis- which was divided on the inside to form a trator.
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