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Global Value Chains and Development GLOBAL VALUE CHAINS AND DEVELOPMENT UNIDO’s Support towards Inclusive and Sustainable Industrial Development This document has been produced without formal United Nations editing. The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this document do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries, or its economic system or degree of development. Designations such as “developed”, “industrialized” and “developing” are intended for statistical convenience and do not necessarily express a judgment about the stage reached by a particular country or area in the development process. Mention of firm names or commercial products does not constitute an endorsement by UNIDO. The opinions, statistical data and estimates contained herein are the responsibility of the author(s) and should not necessarily be considered as reflecting the views or bearing the endorsement of UNIDO. Cover photo: djvstock / dollarphotoclub.com GLOBAL VALUE CHAINS AND DEVELOPMENT UNIDO’s Support towards Inclusive and Sustainable Industrial Development December 2015 United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) Table of Contents FOREWORD 7 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 8 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS 10 1. INTRODUCTION 13 2. VaLUE CHAINS, GLOBALIZATION AND INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT 16 2.1. Conceptual foundations and caveats 16 2.2. Diverse approaches to industrial value chain development 19 2.3. Globalization and the inclusion of developing countries 22 3. EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE ON GLOBAL VaLUE CHAIN DYNAMICS AND DEVELOPING COUNTRY INCLUSION 25 3.1. The Rise of GVCs 25 3.2. GVCs and Industrial Development: Global Dynamics 26 3.2.1. Sources of Manufacturing Value Added by Region 26 3.2.2. Participation in GVCs and Regional Interactions 33 3.2.2.1. Textile and Apparel Industry 33 3.2.2.2. Machinery and Electrical Equipment Industry 35 3.2.2.3. Transport Equipment Industry 37 3.2.3. Impact of GVC Participation on Industrial Development 39 3.3. GVCs and Industrial Development: Sectoral Dynamics 40 3.3.1. Types of GVCs 40 3.3.1.1. Apparel Industry 41 3.3.1.2. Furniture Industry 42 3.3.2. Foreign Direct Investment and Spill-overs to Host Countries 44 3.3.3. Firm Relationships and Governance Structure 47 3.3.4. Innovation and Upgrading Opportunities 48 4. UNIDO’S EXPERIENCE IN INDUSTRIAL VaLUE CHAIN ANALYSIS 51 4.1. UNIDO’s approach to value chain analysis 51 4.2. Analysing value chains across 7 dimensions 55 4.2.1. Mapping the value chain 56 4.2.2. Dimension 1: Sourcing of inputs and supplies 57 4.2.3. Dimension 2: Production capacity and technology 58 4.2.4. Dimension 3: End-markets and trade 60 4.2.5. Dimension 4: Governance of value chains 62 4.2.6. Dimension 5: Sustainable production and energy use 64 4.2.7. Dimension 6: Value chain finance 66 4.2.8. Dimension 7: Business environment and socio-political context 68 4.3. The process of value chain analysis 70 4.4. Using diagnostic results 71 5. VaLUE CHAIN DEVELOPMENT: EXAMPLES OF UNIDO TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE 75 5.1. Enhancing capacities for standards and quality compliance 75 5.2. Investment promotion 81 5.2.1. Subcontracting and Partnership Exchange (SPX) 83 5.2.2. Investment Monitoring Platform (IMP) 86 5.3. Cluster development and export consortia 88 5.4. Exchange platforms and learning networks 94 5.4.1. Leather and Leather Products Industry Panel 95 5.4.2. Green Industry Platform 97 5.5. Greening of value chains 98 5.6. GVC and social inclusion 101 6. CONCLUSIONS 104 6.1. What has been learned? 104 6.2. SDGs, dynamics of GVCs and implications for ISID 105 6.3. The way forward: Creating synergies within UNIDO and with other organizations to make GVCs work for ISID and SDG 9 108 7. REFERENCES 110 5 Foreword Global value chains (GVCs) are increasingly playing a leading role in production and trade for international markets. Today, more than a half of manufactured products in trade are intermediate goods for further processing in other countries. The values of imported goods in exports are also on the rise. Many manufacturing and service firms without direct involvement in international trade are indirectly participating in GVCs as suppliers to firms in GVCs. As a window of opportunity to access international markets, to absorb new technologies and to follow international standards of production, GVCs have tremendous implications for UNIDO’s vision of inclusive and sustainable industrial development. This report documents UNIDO’s extensive experience in the field of GVCs and presents UNIDO’s approaches in research, diagnostic tool development and technical cooperation projects to move towards inclusive and sustainable industrial development through GVCs. Given the increasing weight of GVCs in world production and trade, a systematic review of our work on GVCs comes at a timely moment and documents UNIDO’s far-reaching support for the industrialization of developing countries. Our strength derives from three interrelated factors. First, UNIDO takes an inclusive approach towards value chain development, collaborating with different stakeholders, promoting linkages and supporting relevant organizations in GVCs based on our experience that technical support without in-depth understanding of the situation on the ground yields little impact. Second, UNIDO is involved in all the functions of research and policy advice, diagnostic tool development and technical cooperation projects to create synergies among them for higher impact. Finally, given the issues and challenges that need to be addressed in relation to GVCs, such as trade facilitation, technological upgrading and sustainable production, UNIDO works closely with other international organizations, research institutes, national development agencies as well as country governments and stakeholders. This report addresses the challenges and obstacles faced by countries seeking to establish effective GVCs to promote inclusive and sustainable industrial development in accordance with Goal 9 of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. It presents approaches and possible solutions that UNIDO has developed to overcome these challenges, and helps countries achieve their development goals. I sincerely hope that our Member States and institutional partners will be inspired by this report to engage in a dialogue with us to join forces and discuss where, what and how we can work together to realize our common objectives. LI Yong Director General of UNIDO 7 GLOBAL VALUE CHAINS AND DEVELOPMENT Acknowledgements This report is the result of cross-divisional cooperation between the Industrial Policy, External Relations and Field Representation Division and the Programme Development and Technical Cooperation Division at UNIDO under the overall guidance of Ludovico Alcorta, Director of the Research, Statistics and Industrial Policy Branch and Taizo Nishikawa, Deputy to the Director General. The project was initiated by Shichun Wang and Zhen Wang in consultation with Member States. The report was produced by Nobuya Haraguchi, Frank Hartwich and Alejandro Lavopa, drawing from an extensive review of UNIDO materials. The review was carried out by Andreas Birnstingl. Insightful comments and useful inputs were provided by Manuel Albaladejo, Bernardo Calzadilla- Sarmiento, Nicola Cantore, Michele Clara, Manuela Eyvazo, Smeeta Fokeer, Gilles Galtieri, Sarwar Hobohm, Ralf Steffen Kaeser,T omoyoshi Koume, Ivan Král, Stefan Kratzsch, Olga Memedovic, Toshiyuki Miyake, Somaya Erika Moll, Brian Portelli, Fabio Russo, Adnan Seric, Cornelia Staritz, Cornelius van Berkel and Maria Wirth. Throughout the production process, WeijunS hen, Shraddha Srikant and Jing Zhou made invaluable contributions. Niki Rodousakis provided copy-editing assistance and improved the report’s language and style. Iguaraya Saavedra provided overall administrative support. 8 FIGURES Figure 3.1. Distribution of Value Added by use and per industry. North Africa and Middle East. 1990 and 2001. 27 Figure 3.2 Distribution of Value Added by use and per industry. Sub-Saharan Africa. 1990 and 2001. 27 Figure 3.3 Distribution of Value Added by use and per industry. West Europe. 1990 and 2001. 28 Figure 3.4 Distribution of Value Added by use and per industry. East Europe. 1990 and 2001. 28 Figure 3.5 Distribution of Value Added by use and per industry. Central Asia. 1990 and 2001. 29 Figure 3.6 Distribution of Value Added by use and per industry. East Asia. 1990 and 2001. 29 Figure 3.7 Distribution of Value Added by use and per industry. South and East Asia. 1990 and 2001. 30 Figure 3.8 Distribution of Value Added by use and per industry. Oceania. 1990 and 2001. 30 Figure 3.9 Distribution of Value Added by use and per industry. North America. 1990 and 2001. 31 Figure 3.10 Distribution of Value Added by use and per industry. Central America. 1990 and 2001. 31 Figure 3.11 Distribution of Value Added by use and per industry. South America. 1990 and 2001. 32 Figure 3.12 Value added in the textile and apparel industries and participation in GVCs by region in 1990 34 Figure 3.13 Value added in the textile and apparel industries and participation in GVCs by region in 2011 35 Figure 3.14 Value added in machinery and electrical equipment industry and participation in GVCs by region in 1990 36 Figure 3.15 Value added in machinery and electrical equipment industry and participation in GVCs by region in 2011 37 Figure
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