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The State Historical Society of Missouri

COLUMBIA, MISSOURI BOARD OF EDITORS

LAWRENCE 0. CHRISTENSEN SUSAN M. HARTMANN University of Missouri-Rolla Ohio State University, Columbus

WILLIAM E. FOLEY ALAN R. HAVIG Central Missouri State University, Stephens College, Warrensburg Columbia

JEAN TYREE HAMILTON DAVID D. MARCH Marshall Kirksville

ARVARH E. STRICKLAND University of Missouri-Columbia

COVER DESCRIPTION: This colorful Fourth of July postcard, printed in the first decade of the twentieth century, is a part of the Robert Perkins Collection. The Perkins collection of postcards, primarily greeting and sentimental images, is housed in the Society's photograph collection. MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

Published Quarterly by THE STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF MISSOURI

COLUMBIA, MISSOURI

JAMES W. GOODRICH EDITOR

LYNN WOLF GENTZLER ASSOCIATE EDITOR

CHRISTINE MONTGOMERY RESEARCH ASSISTANT

ANN L. ROGERS RESEARCH ASSISTANT

Copyright 1995 by The State Historical Society of Missouri 1020 Lowry Street, Columbia, Missouri 65201

The Missouri Historical Review (ISSN 0026-6582) is owned by the State Historical Society of Missouri and is published quarterly at 10 South Hitt, Columbia, Missouri 65201. Send communications, business and editorial correspondence, and change of address to the State Historical Society of Missouri, 1020 Lowry Street, Columbia, MO 65201. Second class postage is paid at Columbia, Missouri.

SOCIETY HOURS: The Society is open to the public from 8:00 A.M. to 4:30 P.M., VOLUME LXXXIX Monday through Friday, and Saturday from 9:00 A.M. to 4:30 P.M., except legal holidays. NUMBER 4 Holiday Schedule: The Society will be closed September 2-4 for Labor Day. JULY, 1995 THE STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF MISSOURI The State Historical Society of Missouri, heretofore organized under the laws of the State, shall be the trustee of this State-Laws of Missouri, 1899, R.S. of Mo., 1969, chapter 183, as revised 1978. OFFICERS 1992-1995 Avis G. TUCKER, Warrensburg, President JAMES C. OLSON, Kansas City, First Vice President SHERIDAN A. LOGAN, St. Joseph, Second Vice President VIRGINIA G. YOUNG, Columbia, Third Vice President NOBLE E. CUNNINGHAM, Columbia, Fourth Vice President R. KENNETH ELLIOTT, Liberty, Fifth Vice President ROBERT G. J. HOESTER, Kirkwood, Sixth Vice President ALBERT M. PRICE, Columbia, Treasurer JAMES W. GOODRICH, Columbia, Executive Director, Secretary, and Librarian

TRUSTEES Permanent Trustees, Former Presidents of the Society WILLIAM AULL III, Lexington LEO J. ROZIER, Perryville FRANCIS M. BARNES III, Kirkwood ROBERT C. SMITH, Columbia RUSH H. LIMBAUGH, Cape Girardeau

Term Expires at Annual Meeting, 1995 WALTER ALLEN, Brookfield W. ROGERS HEWITT, Shelbyville JAMES A. BARNES, Raytown EMORY MELTON, Cassville VERA H. BURK, Kirksville DOYLE PATTERSON, Kansas City RICHARD DECOSTER, Canton STUART SYMINGTON, JR., St. Louis Term Expires at Annual Meeting, 1996 HENRIETTA AMBROSE, Webster Groves FREDERICK W. LEHMANN IV, H. RILEY BOCK, New Madrid Webster Groves LAWRENCE O. CHRISTENSEN, Rolla GEORGE MCCUE, St. Louis ROBERT S. DALE, Carthage WALLACE B. SMITH, Independence Term Expires at Annual Meeting, 1997 ILUS W. DAVIS, Kansas City DALE REESMAN, Boonville JOHN K. HULSTON, Springfield ARVARH E. STRICKLAND, Columbia JAMES B. NUTTER, Kansas City BLANCHE M. TOUHILL, St. Louis BOB PRIDDY, Jefferson City HENRY J. WATERS III, Columbia

BOARD OF TRUSTEES The Board of Trustees consists of one Trustee from each Congressional District of the State and fourteen Trustees elected at large. In addition to the elected Trustees, the President of the Society, the Vice Presidents of the Society, all former Presidents of the Society, and the ex officio members of the Society constitute the Board of Trustees.

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE Eight Trustees elected by the Board of Trustees together with the President of the Society consti­ tute the Executive Committee. The Executive Director of the Society serves as an ex officio member. WILLIAM AULL III, Lexington, Chairman ROBERT C. SMITH, Columbia FRANCIS M. BARNES III, Kirkwood BLANCHE M. TOUHILL, St. Louis H. RILEY BOCK, New Madrid Avis G. TUCKER, Warrensburg LAWRENCE O. CHRISTENSEN, Rolla VIRGINIA G. YOUNG, Columbia JAMES C. OLSON, Kansas City EDITORIAL POLICY The editors of the Missouri Historical Review welcome submission of articles and documents relating to the history of Missouri. Any aspect of Missouri history will be considered for publication in the Review. Genealogical studies, however, are not accepted because of limited appeal to general readers. Manu­ scripts pertaining to all fields of American history will be consid­ ered if the subject matter has significant relevance to the history of Missouri or the West.

Authors should submit two double-spaced copies of their manuscripts. The footnotes, prepared according to The Chicago Manual of Style, also should be double-spaced and placed at the end of the text. Authors may submit manuscripts on disk. The disk must be IBM compatible, preferably in WordPerfect. Otherwise, it must be in ASCII format. Two hard copies still are required, and the print must be letter or near-letter quality. Dot matrix submissions will not be accepted. Originality of subject, general interest of the article, sources used, interpretation, and style are criteria for acceptance and publication. Manuscripts should not exceed 7,500 words. Articles that are accepted for publication become the property of the State Historical Society of Missouri and may not be published elsewhere without permis­ sion. The Society does not accept responsibility for statements of fact or opinion made by the authors.

Articles published in the Review are abstracted and indexed in Historical Abstracts, America: History and Life, Recently Published Articles, Writings on American History, The Western Historical Quarterly, and The Journal of American History.

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James W. Goodrich, Executive Director State Historical Society of Missouri 1020 Lowry Street Columbia, Missouri 65201 Phone (314) 882-7083 ANNUAL MEETING WORKSHOPS The State Historical Society will offer three workshops on Saturday, October 14, 1995, to coincide with the annual meeting. • Asking for Money. Rheba Symeonoglou, director of grants for the Missouri Humanities Council, will discuss what funding organizations look for when responding to requests for money. She will focus on the importance of understanding the funder's guidelines and of seeking assistance from the funding organization's staff. • House Genealogy: Tracing the History of a Building. Debbie Sheals, historical preservationist consultant, will lead this workshop on tracing the "genealogy" of a building. Divided into three parts, the workshop will cover site inspections—what architectural clues can show; following the paper trail—how to obtain a legal description of the property; and archival methods for documenting the search. The last segment will also examine how to document a site that cannot be restored. • Research in the Five Civilized Tribes. Dorothy Tincup Mauldin, author and genealogist, will present this workshop on genealogical research methods in the Cherokee, the Choctaw, the Creek, the Seminole, and the Chickasaw tribal records. She will discuss how to access and find available records for these tribes as well as provide tips for approaching Native American genealogy. The workshops will be held from 9:00 to 10:30 A.M. in the Donald W. Reynolds Alumni and Visitor Center on the University of Missouri-Columbia campus. The registration for each workshop is $10.00. Membership in the Society is not required. To reserve a place in a workshop send a check made payable to the State Historical Society of Missouri and choice of workshop to: The State Historical Society of Missouri 1020 Lowry Street Columbia, MO 65201 CONTENTS

"A MOST UNEXAMPLED EXHIBITION OF MADNESS AND BRUTALITY": JUDGE LYNCH IN SALINE COUNTY, MISSOURI, 1859. PART 2. By Thomas G. Dyer 367

"I ACTED FROM PRINCIPLE": WILLIAM MARCELLUS MCPHEETERS, CONFEDERATE SURGEON. By Cynthia DeHaven Pitcock and BillJ.Gurley 384

JOSEPH W. FOLK AND THE "MISSOURI IDEA": THE 1904 GOVERNOR'S RACE IN MISSOURI. By Steven L. Piott 406

WILLIAM FRANCIS ENGLISH: EDUCATOR AND CIVIC ACTIVIST. By William I. Mitchell 427

HISTORICAL NOTES AND COMMENTS

Missouri's Nominee for National History Day Teacher of Merit 447 Gift Given in Memory of Virginia Botts 448 Society Receives Collections 448 Missouri Historic Marker Program 449 News in Brief 451 Local Historical Societies 453 Gifts 464 Missouri History in Newspapers 467 Missouri History in Magazines 473 In Memoriam 478

BOOK REVIEWS 479

BOOK NOTES 484

INDEX TO VOLUME LXXXIX 487

HISTORIC MISSOURI COLLEGES: CENTRAL WESLEYAN COLLEGE Inside Back Cover State Historical Society of Missouri

"A Most Unexampled Exhibition of Madness and Brutality": Judge Lynch in Saline County, Missouri, 1859 Part 2

BY THOMAS G. DYER*

Within forty-eight hours after the lynchings of the three slaves, James M. Shackleford, who had harangued the mob at the jail, composed a justifi­ cation for the murders and delivered it to the Marshall Democrat. In this and subsequent letters to several newspapers, Shackleford, who was widely regarded as a primary leader of the mob and would become its principal apologist, employed clear and sometimes clever arguments written in fluid prose to explain its brutal actions. That Shackleford wrote the letters and the newspaper published them indicates a need in the community for justifi­ cation and explanation. Little is known about Shackleford, a farmer who owned 160 acres of land approximately five miles east of Marshall. Circuit Attorney John W. Bryant thought him well regarded in the community, and his election as a

*Thomas G. Dyer is a professor of history and higher education at the University of Georgia, Athens. He received the A.B. degree from Missouri Valley College, Marshall, and the M.A. and Ph.D. degrees from the University of Georgia. Dyer discussed the emotional climate and the crimes that led to the brutal lynching of four slaves in Saline County in part one of this article, which appeared in the April 1995 issue of the Missouri Historical Review. 367 368 Missouri Historical Review justice of the peace suggests that he had the respect of his neighbors. Judging from the clarity and force with which he presented his arguments, he may have had more than an ordinary education. It also appears that he had journalistic pretensions or experience, since he claimed to have been offered the editorship of a local party organ during the election of 1856. A Democrat who had been a Whig, but evidently not a slaveowner, Shackleford's political views were strongly prosouthern.1 Altogether, five lengthy letters from the thirty-seven-year-old native of Kentucky survive. These, together with a detailed letter from Judge Russell Hicks explaining his view of the mob action, provide rare commentary from two of the principals involved in the trial and lynchings of the slaves. Editorial observations and letters published in area newspapers supply addi­ tional insight into the rationale advanced for mob violence and afford a glimpse into divisions among whites in the aftermath of the murders.2 Shackleford's first letter rested upon an organizational scheme drawn from classical sources and common in nineteenth-century argument. He cited first the right of the people everywhere to know "why the people of old Saline—distinguished, as they ever have been, for their devotion to law and order"—should engage in mob violence, then proceeded to a recitation of grievances against the slaves, and finally presented a detailed justification for the mob action and a prescription to remedy the failings of the system.3 In the letter Shackleford explained the events leading to the murders with confidence (even arrogance), portraying the slaves in the most egre­ gious light and depicting the whites involved as tragic victims of black brutes. Benjamin Hinton, "a most estimable young man," had been mur­ dered. William Durrett, "in attempting to correct a slave whom he had for­ bidden to come on his place," had lost the use of his hand. Mary Habecot, "a poor, defenceless, delicate woman," had been the victim of an attempted rape. And "a little girl, about eleven years of age, gathering blackberries, was caught by a naked negro and dragged into the brush, and a rape attempted upon her."4 In addition, Shackleford touched upon a theme that he and others would repeatedly emphasize: Missouri slave law was inherently unfair to whites in its provision of inadequate penalties for attempted murder and rape by slaves. The crimes had been execrable, Shackleford continued, had fol­ lowed "each other in rapid succession, [and] excited the public mind to the

1 Shackleford sold his farm and left Saline County sometime in early 1860, apparently moving with his wife and five children to Johnson County, approximately fifty miles away. Marshall Democrat, 9 December 1859; U.S. Census, 1860, Johnson County, Missouri. 2 Shackleford's letters appear in the Marshall Democrat, 22 July, 5, 26 August, 2, 9 September 1859. 3 Marshall Democrat, 22 July 1859. 4 Ibid. Judge Lynch in Saline County 369 highest pitch." The people had therefore resolved to take action that would "make the penalty suit the crime" and set "a terrible example" that would quell the "spirit of insubordination" among the slaves.5 Shackleford emphasized the ultimate power of the people in the dispen­ sation of justice. The people had been forced to act, he wrote, because the legislature in its failure to revise the criminal code as it applied to slaves had not satisfied public opinion. "The law that is not based upon public opinion, is but a rope of sand. An enlightened public opinion is the voice of God, and when brought into action it has a power and an energy that cannot be resist­ ed." "An enlightened people," Shackleford went on, "will ever discriminate in the use of illegal power. If we are advancing in civilization, as I believe we are, the use of this power will become less frequent; the law will have more reverence, because it will be clothed with the sanctity of justice. If we are retrograding, if we are going backwards, the abuse of unlawful power will cure itself; the strong arm of military power will do the work." Likening the action of the mob to that of the crowds during the French and American revolutions, Shackleford observed that there was "no reason why we should not have a little mob law in the State of Missouri, and County of Saline, when the occasion imperiously and of necessity demands it."6 Shackleford found precedent for the lynchings in the extralegal activi­ ties of Andrew Jackson, noting with admiration that "it was mob law when Jackson drove the Legislature of Louisiana from their halls and closed the door" and when he "bombarded Pensacola, and hung [Alexander] Arburthnot [sic] and [Robert] Ambrister." Such appeals to Jacksonian precedent fitted well with Shackleford's emphasis upon popular sovereignty as a justification for mob law. This view posited mob law as a complemen­ tary extension of the common law and an expression of the public will, a position entirely compatible with Shackleford's explanation for the mob violence in Saline County. His stress upon the responsibility of the people to substitute their will for an inadequate legal system (the differential punish­ ments for crimes committed by blacks and whites) calls to mind a common justification in nineteenth-century America for vigilante justice.7 Shackleford and other Saline Countians clearly knew about the extensive vigilante activity throughout the western and southwestern United States dur­ ing the late 1850s. The most famous of these actions, the San Francisco vigi­ lance committee, had administered "justice" in the California city for much of 1856 and was cited in the Waverly and St. Thomas Saturday Morning Visitor by J. F. Yancey, a Waverly farmer, in justification and explanation for the

Ibid. Ibid. Ibid. 370 Missouri Historical Review action of the Saline County mobs. Like Shackleford, Yancey defended the Saline County lynchings as vigilante actions taking the place of a failed legal system.8 The Marshall Democrat endorsed the general logic and echoed Shackleford's views a week later and several times during the coming months. "A series of the most dastardly and diabolical outrages" and a "spir­ it of insubordination" among the slave population had "wrought the minds of the people to the highest pitch of excitement; and nothing less than the lives of the criminals could possibly satisfy them," the newspaper added.9 The Lexington Express, located forty miles away in Lafayette County, strongly condemned the entire affair and specifically singled out Shackleford's role as the leader. The Express's unequivocal denunciation of the murders—a "most unexampled exhibition of madness and brutality"—provoked responses from several area residents, who quickly labeled the Express as a "negro-out­ rage-loving," antisouthern newspaper. Shackleford referred to it as "that silly

8 Ibid., 19 August 1859; Waverly and St. Thomas Saturday Morning Visitor, 3 September 1859. See also the remarks of "Observer," Marshall Democrat, 5 August 1859. 9 Marshall Democrat, 29 July 1859.

The actions of the San Francisco vigilance committee of 1856 may have influenced the leaders of the 1859 Saline County mobs.

State Historical Society of Missouri Judge Lynch in Saline County 371 and contemptible Lexington sheet, ... its negroism being so thinly covered that the most ordinary penetration may see it." In a long letter to the Express, which was reprinted in the Marshall Democrat, Shackleford revis­ ited the issues, expanded upon his earlier parallels between the American Revolution and the action of the mob, and vilified the newspaper for its "niggerish" sympathies.10 J. F. Yancey complained about the Express article in the Saturday Morning Visitor and defended the lynchings much as Shackleford had, with strong emphasis upon the inadequate penalties prescribed by Missouri slave law for rape. Like Shackleford, Yancey employed antiblack rhetoric, which foreshadowed that used by proponents of mob action in the postbellum peri­ od, writing of "fiendish" slaves driven to the rape of white women by "hell­ ish lust." It was well known, Yancey said, that Saline County's slaves had laughed at, even exulted over the failure of the first mob to take John from the jail and burn him. Yancey also condemned slaveowners for complicity in crimes committed by their slaves. Slaveowners were "too prone to run them off, or, in some other manner, shield them, when their guilt is known, from the penalty of violated law." The slaves, Yancey concluded, "regardfed] this as a license to commit crime after crime." He suggested that if Missouri were to adopt statutes compensating slaveowners for slaves executed at law, then the shielding of chattels would stop.11 Some Saline Countians questioned the lynchings and criticized the mob. The day after the killings, the Saline County Herald protested the day's events, condemning the "disgusting scenes" surrounding the murders of the slaves and decrying the disregard for law and "the rule of anarchy . . . that bodes ill to the permanency of our institutions." Editor George Allen seemed especially concerned that the lynchings might be only the beginning of a protracted period of vigilante law that would be socially destructive to the white population.12 Meanwhile, Judge Hicks sent a long letter to the Lexington Express concerning his understanding of the entire affair and including a detailed account of his own involvement. Part of Hicks's motivation lay in setting the record straight from his point of view in the belief that the lynchings would soon be reported widely throughout the United States and abroad. Running nearly two thousand words, Hicks's minute account of the circum-

10 Ibid., 19, 26 August, 2, 9 September 1859. The Lexington Express files are incomplete and do not contain the issue in which Shackleford's letter was published. Fortunately, the Democrat reprinted it. 11 Waverly and St. Thomas Saturday Morning Visitor in Marshall Democrat, 19 August 1859. 12 Marshall Saline County Herald in Waverly and St. Thomas Saturday Morning Visitor, 23 July 1859. 372 Missouri Historical Review stances surrounding the trial and the lynchings occupied most of the space, but he concluded with a strikingly personal response to the travesty that he saw in the action of the mob.13 The judge felt betrayed. "My feelings as a man as well as a Judicial officer have been cruelly wounded," Hicks wrote. He had presided over the seven-county district for nearly three years and "was proud of the circuit" in which he presided. The judge lauded the area as the "most populous [and] most wealthy" outside St. Louis and declared that "all had gone on smooth­ ly until the unfortunate special term in Saline." He elaborated: "To find myself both morally and physically, without the aid of people, unable to administer the laws; to be unable, with the assistance of the proper officers, to protect the prisoners at the bar of the court while upon their trial; to keep them from being dragged from the hall of justice by violence, and hung and burnt in sight of the court house, was a blow I was not prepared to receive. —But it came, and came like a thunderbolt in a cloudless sky, and has creat­ ed such feelings as I never before experienced, and hope and trust I never shall again, in any situation in which I may be placed."14 Within days Russell Hicks resigned his judgeship in clear protest against the vigilante perversion of the judicial process in Saline County and as a result of profound, personal disillusionment. Well-regarded in Saline County, Hicks's resignation was greeted with general regret. Even James M. Shackleford had kind things to say about the judge in the wake of the resignation.15 Later, other glimmers of dissent appeared when local authorities issued a warrant against Shackleford for disturbing the peace. The origins of the warrant and its disposition cannot be determined with certainty, but it likely resulted from a complaint by Benjamin Chase, a sixty-four-year-old engi­ neer and New York native whom Shackleford said belonged to the "Know Nothing," or American Party, "clique" in Marshall. Chase evidently charged Shackleford with having acted illegally during the violence and vio­ lating his oath as a justice of the peace. Shackleford took refuge in natural law theory to deal with the question of his oath, the charge that troubled him most since failure to adhere to an oath would normally bring dishonor in southern society. When the law fails to provide adequate protection to the people, he wrote, and is "weak, powerless and impotent," then citizens are justified to act extralegally. "I, for one, shall ever act in accordance with the natural law, when I believe the safety of society requires it. No oaths, no religious or political organizations shall have binding influence to deter me

13 Russell Hicks to editors, Lexington Express, published in Marshall Democrat, 5 August 1859. 14 Ibid. 15 Marshall Democrat, 19 August 1859. Judge Lynch in Saline County 373 from acting, when the welfare, the peace and the safety of society require me to act."16 The Saline County Herald provided a forum for Chase and published a letter in which he excoriated Shackleford. Unfortunately, no files of the Herald exist, and it is impossible to know the contents of that letter, how fully the newspaper may have departed from the positions of the prolynch- ing group, or how much community support Chase attracted. Shackleford claimed that Chase acted alone in promoting the peace warrant against him or, at most, in concert with two or three other persons. Shackleford treated the warrant with contempt and, claiming that he "alone [had been] selected out of the numerous and highly respectable gentlemen of Saline, who were more implicated in the matter," demanded an immediate jury trial on the charges the same day that he was served. According to Shackleford, the nervous local authorities feared that such a trial "would produce great excitement." Appearing to enjoy his notoriety and prospective martyrdom, Shackleford sanctimoniously claimed that he would do everything he could to "keep down excitement" and, if need be, would go "quietly to jail." The matter appears to have been dropped.17 The probability remains that the majority of the white population in Saline County harbored few reservations about the correctness of the lynch­ ings. Within a week, Lizzie Marshall, a farm woman who lived in the south­ west part of the county, wrote to her sister that there had been "great excite­ ment amongst the people of the county." Marshall reported that "the Negroes are getting Smarter than the White folks here" and in matter-of-fact language observed that as a result, "there was two negroe's [sic] hung and one burnt."18 While no significant information survives from which conclusions can be drawn concerning the effects of mob violence upon slave crime, it appears to have had little immediate impact on escape attempts. In fact, the murders may have stimulated slaves to run away. Such was likely the case only days after the lynchings when five slaves belonging to Ossamus Hurt,

16 Ibid., 5 August 1859; U.S. Census, 1860, Saline County, Missouri. In a general way Shackleford's arguments were tied to the concept of honor that pervaded southern society dur­ ing the antebellum era. Lynching could take several forms in defense of honor—the murder of slaves by mobs being only one, and apparently an infrequent one at that. Shackleford's emphasis upon the protection of white womanhood as partial justification for the lynching conforms to descriptions of ways in which southern whites behaved within the context of honor. That there was opposition to the actions of the Marshall mob, however, indicates that some residents rejected the notion that law could be suspended for reasons of honor and an understanding that such suspensions would gain little sympathy in a more metropolitan world where the rule of law was a primary value. See Bertram Wyatt-Brown, Southern Honor: Ethics and Behavior in the Old South (New York: Oxford University Press, 1982). 17 Marshall Democrat, 5 August 1859. 18 Lizzie Marshall to Dear Sis, 20 July 1859, Marshall Family Papers, Western Historical Manuscript Collection, University of Missouri-Columbia (hereinafter cited as WHMC- Columbia). Internal evidence clearly indicates that the letter was written on July 26. 374 Missouri Historical Review who lived in the southern part of the county, escaped and tried to make their way to the underground railway in Iowa. Lizzie Marshall, who lived near Hurt, believed it likely that the slaves had been "carried off by some white man."19 In fact, Caesar, a literate slave preacher, led the five, who evaded capture for three weeks—crossing the treacherous Missouri River, slipping due north through the countryside at night, until arriving in Putnam County fifteen miles below Cincinnati, Iowa, and a station on the underground rail­ road. Discovered accidentally on a Saturday morning, the fugitives were arrested and quickly reclaimed by Hurt, who soon sold them to John R. White of Howard County, one of the most active slave traders in Missouri. White was selling large numbers of slaves into the Deep South, a fate great­ ly feared by border state blacks but warmly endorsed by the Waverly and St. Thomas Saturday Morning Visitor, which noted approvingly that the five would be sold south. "That's the doctrine," the editor declared.20 After the lynchings an unusually strong anxiety existed in the county concerning how its reputation might be damaged when newspapers else­ where reported the incident. In tones later associated with community boosters, the Marshall Democrat worried openly about damage to commu­ nity image as a result of the lawless episode. In fact, much of the justifica­ tion printed by the Democrat- seems to have been aimed at newspapers in other locales, which would often, in the nineteenth-century fashion, reprint entire articles from other newspapers. The Saline County Herald also showed the same concern and, on the day after the lynchings, expressed its hope that "reproach may not rest upon our beautiful county, for the sins of a few misguided men who do not realize that one of the great duties of a good citizen, is to obey the law of the land."21 Reproach came solidly to rest on Saline County, however, and it came in part from the hated abolitionist press. Two weeks after the incident, the National Anti-Slavery Standard reprinted a lengthy article from the St. Louis Democrat that told the story as graphically as had the Marshall Democrat. Months later, the American Anti-Slavery Society reported the lynchings in its annual report for 1859-1860 within a section entitled "Barbarity to Slaves." And finally, when Union troops arrived in Marshall during the Civil War, they goaded local citizens with the remark, "Ah! here is the place where you burn men at the stake, is it?"22

19 Ibid. 20 Marshall Democrat, 29 July, 2, 16 September 1859; Waverly and St. Thomas Saturday Morning Visitor, 27 August 1859; John R. White Slave Record Book, WHMC-Columbia. White's book contains a record of sale of Nathan Hurt during the early autumn of 1859. 21 Marshall Democrat, 26 August 1859; Marshall Saline County Herald in Waverly and St. Thomas Saturday Morning Visitor, 23 July 1859. 22 National Anti-Slavery Standard, 6 August 1859; Annual Report of the American Anti- Slavery Society (New York: American Anti-Slavery Society, 1861), 205; History of Saline County, Missouri (St. Louis: Missouri Historical Company, 1881), 262. Judge Lynch in Saline County 375 $500 Reward! %fy m RAX A WAY from the subscriber,. fC Cx**v*"£ *n 'ilackwater townahip,S tlinc* -J^vJaRro'inly, Mo., on Sunday night, July Jl:h, 1S.V.», tin: following negroes, to wit : Is!. A negro man named CJESAR, some­ times calls himself LOGAN, is black in color, )-.M1 about 34 years, weighs about 100 pound*, iMher quick apok»«n, sprightly in conversation, No 11» t r k r* reeoli.vfed. 'Z-\. A negro mi!:, JOHN. aged about 2L y»Mrs, weigh:* about ISO pounds, beard* ju*t in 'king its appearance- on his face. :M. A negro man. DAN, about six feet highv ag»»d 21, weighs about 175 pounds, with very lar_;e feet and blind in one eye. 1 >>. CHAULKY. about, it years old, f Mi.^ouri; $50 for each if taken in the State and out of the county, or $25 each If taken in Silmecounty. OSSAMUS HURT, Ridge Prairie P. O., Saline co., M»» July \>l». 1850. State Historical Society of Missouri

Ossamus Hurt placed this notice in the July 29, 1859, issue of the Marshall Democrat It also appeared in several succeeding issues. 376 Missouri Historical Review

Several questions of interest to scholars arise from the incidents in Saline County. One concerns the frequency of slave lynchings in antebel­ lum America. Eugene Genovese, drawing upon the work of Clement Eaton and W. J. Cash, observed that such events were rare and estimated that of three hundred persons lynched in the South during the period from 1840 until 1860, probably less than 10 percent were black. Slaveowners had no interest in seeing their valuable property lynched, Genovese pointed out, preferring that the law execute convicted slaves since owners in some states could expect to be compensated for their value.23 On the other hand, Kenneth Stampp concluded: "Mobs all too frequently dealt with slaves accused of murder or rape. . . . Their more fortunate victims were hanged; the others were burned to death." In addition, Bertram Wyatt- Brown pointed to burnings and castrations as "common tortures" inflicted in cases where slaves "were denied even the most perfunctory of trials," although neither he nor Stampp supply much by way of documentation. In his study of slave law in Virginia from 1705 to 1865, Philip Schwarz saw an "ominous change" occurring in antebellum Virginia as threats of lynchings as well as actual lynchings of slaves accused of the rape of white women "began to occur regularly." Historians agree that just prior to the Civil War in 1860-1861 and during the war itself, the number and frequency of slave executions grew frightfully as whites, increasingly fearful of insurrections, sought to maintain rigid control over the slave community.24 If Genovese's estimate that no more than thirty slaves were lynched in the South from 1840 until 1860 is accurate, then slave lynchings occurred

23 Eugene D. Genovese, Roll, Jordan, Roll: The World the Slaves Made (New York: Pantheon Books, 1974), 32. The estimate appears to have come from Cash. See W. J. Cash, The Mind of the South (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1941), 45. In his article "Mob Violence in the Old South," Eaton commented that antebellum mobs focused more on whites than blacks, although he noted that reliable statistics were unavailable. According to him, lynch­ ings resulted primarily from fear of insurrection or from the "brutal murder of a master or overseer by a slave" (p. 367). Apparently, mobs killed large numbers of slaves during the presidential election years of 1856 and 1860 when fears of a general slave uprising swept through the region. See Clement Eaton, "Mob Violence in the Old South," Mississippi Valley Historical Review 29 (December 1942): 351-370. 24 Kenneth M. Stampp, The Peculiar Institution: Slavery in the Ante-bellum South (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1956), 190-191; Wyatt-Brown, Southern Honor, 388-389; Philip J. Schwarz, Twice Condemned: Slaves and the Criminal Laws of Virginia, 1705-1865 (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1988), 291-292. A sampling of state studies of slav­ ery indicates a somewhat higher frequency of slave lynchings prior to 1860 than previously thought. Orville W. Taylor in Negro Slavery in Arkansas (Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 1958) implies that lynchings occurred more frequently than they were reported. Taylor includes newspaper accounts of three burnings in two separate incidents in 1849 and a hang­ ing in 1836 (pp. 235-236). Randolph B. Campbell in An Empire for Slavery: The Peculiar Institution in Texas, 1821-1865 (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1989) states that Texas slaves who committed serious crimes against whites "often were dealt with by lynch law" (p. 105). He reports that "lynchings were common enough that Texas newspapers reported at least three in 1859 alone" (p. 105). James B. Sellers in Slavery in Alabama Judge Lynch in Saline County 317 with comparative frequency in Missouri. In the thirteen years from 1847 through 1859, at least eleven slaves were lynched in various parts of the state—most in or near Little Dixie. Harrison A. Trexler noted five, possibly six, lynchings of blacks, two of which were burnings, in Missouri during the seven years from 1847 through 1853. Douglas Hurt, in his recent Agriculture and Slavery in Missouri's Little Dixie, stated that residents of the seven counties he studied "frequently resorted to lynch law to cower the slave population, particularly as abolitionist activity increased." In support, he offered three examples of lynchings that occurred between 1850 and 1860: one in Clay County in 1850, another in Boone County in 1858, and the incidents in Saline County in 1859. In his pioneering 1905 study of the history of lynching in the United States, James E. Cutler documented yet another in Carroll County in 1856.25 Thus, if Genovese's estimate is correct, over one-third of all slave lynchings from 1840 through 1860 occurred in Missouri during the thirteen years from 1847 through 1859. A more plausi­ ble conclusion would be that slave lynchings throughout the South were much more numerous than previously thought. Because of the absence of slave lynching case studies, very little is known about mob composition, behavior, and leadership in the antebellum South. Scholars have studied related subjects, however, including Jacksonian and antiabolitionist mobs and the more general topics of vigilantism and vio­ lence in pre-Civil War America. In part, the Saline County mobs of 1859 drew upon the models of their Jacksonian predecessors, which operated twen­ ty to thirty years earlier. James Shackleford's explanations rested solidly upon his perception that the "anarchic hero," Andrew Jackson, had specifically engaged in and endorsed such violence. Shackleford's admiration for Jackson in this regard was shared by the members of urban mobs who roamed American cities during the Jacksonian era. The second Marshall mob resembled the Jacksonian mobs in the inclination toward Saturnalia, as implied in the Herald's description of its "ribald" character, in the "total self-

(University: University of Alabama Press, 1950) makes assertions similar to Campbell's and Taylor's, citing "a few [four] typical instances of lynchings," including a hanging in 1856 and burnings in 1854, 1855, and 1860 (pp. 262-264). Ralph Betts Flanders in Plantation Slavery in Georgia (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1933) reports four lynchings in Georgia—one in 1851 and three in a single incident in 1857 (pp. 268-269). 25 Harrison Anthony Trexler, Slavery in Missouri, 1804-1865, Johns Hopkins University Studies in Historical and Political Science, ser. 32, no. 2 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1914), 72n; R. Douglas Hurt, Agriculture and Slavery in Missouri's Little Dixie (Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1992), 248; James Elbert Cutler, Lynch-Law: An Investigation into the History of Lynching in the United States (New York: Longmans, Green, and Company, 1905), 119. Robert Duffner in "Slavery in Missouri River Counties, 1820-1865" (Ph.D. diss., University of Missouri-Columbia, 1974) observes that "it was not uncommon for the community to take the law into its own hands," citing one example of a severe beating of a black for attempted rape but pointing to no lynchings (p. 51). 378 Missouri Historical Review

People way call it mob Ltiv. Well, was »u»b law when Jack.soa dr.»v? tin* Lc» gb-inttireof L< i.i*ia:.-a fr m their ha!!« State Historical Society of Missouri ami cdxed the d »or*. :;i.»h law when he lombarded Pnuaub* ;::.•! h:an^ Arburthuot and Aiabn *:cr. Ii waj mob 'law when the la^jrluj imnof II* *->a ^is* Raised thetiifc'ves a : la liain and thr *w the tea overboard. It wii :n.»h law e.hrn lilt* people i»f Fraur* luri^cl tlv Boor! OIH rrom the throne, and crashed oat the d *• James Shackleford referred to Andrew Jackson when defend­ uiintoii of the priestn and established a ing the Saline County lynchings new order <•£ thinr*. Itrapahle ut* di*- in the Marshall Democrat of eliminating, ilioy waded thrmi^U oceans July 22, 1859. of blood of the innocent a^ well as the guilty, hut they sa^ed France, 1 know no reajon why we should not have a little mob law in the State of Missouri, and County of Saline, when the oe fas ion IM- jxriou&iy and of men*lit] demands it, J, M. S. State Historical Society of Missouri Judge Lynch in Saline County 379 righteousness" of the apologists, and in the conviction that social and individ­ ual wills blended perfectly in the mob actions.26 More broadly, the Saline County mobs drew upon the American tradi­ tion of vigilantism. Whites saw a crisis of law and order and a breakdown of the legal system, and this provided much of the impetus to extralegal action. Fundamentally, this meant that whites were concerned with disorder among the slaves, the inability of slaveowners to control their slaves, and the different punishments for slaves who committed serious crimes as opposed to the penalties for whites. Fear of an organized slave revolt in Saline County played a decidedly secondary role. Saline Countians displayed a strong affinity for the frontier vigilante practice of dealing directly with problems related to law and order. Significantly, proponents of mob action saw themselves as acting in the vig­ ilante tradition and argued for action on the bases of self-preservation (drawn from natural law) and popular sovereignty (as an extension of com­ mon law). As in many vigilante movements, the lynchings carried warnings to the lower orders of society and to the society at large. To the black popu­ lation, the lynchings said that blacks would be subject to increased repres­ sion and terror and that the values of the white community with respect to boundaries between black and white must be observed. The hangings also warned slaveowners that they must control their slaves and stop protecting them from the penalties of the law.27 The Saline County mobs also behaved similarly to the mass mobs who routinely attacked blacks in postbellum America. These groups had from fifty to a thousand or even thousands of members and "punished alleged criminals with extraordinary ferocity and, on occasion, great ceremony."28 Mass mobs tended to act quickly in reaction to what were seen as particular­ ly egregious crimes—attempted rape, rape, and murder—often drawing the largest number of people to take part in mobs who frequently lynched more than one victim. No clear conclusions can be drawn about the composition

26 David Grimsted, "Rioting in Its Jacksonian Setting," American Historical Review 11 (April 1972): 361-397. "Anarchic hero" is Grimsted's term. 27 Richard Maxwell Brown, Strain of Violence: Historical Studies of American Violence and Vigilantism (New York: Oxford University Press, 1975), 21, 100, 104-105, 115, 116-117, 120, 123-124, 145-146, 156. For a useful exploration of vigilantism in Missouri and states to the north see Patrick B. Nolan, Vigilantes on the Middle Border: A Study of Self-Appointed Law Enforcement in the States of the Upper Mississippi from 1840 to 1880 (New York: Garland Publishing, 1987). Nolan argues that a "wave" of vigilantism had occurred in the 1840s in the Mississippi Valley and that the establishment of the San Francisco vigilance com­ mittee had "set off a new wave of vigilantism" in the older states to the east (pp. 7-10). 28 W. Fitzhugh Brundage, Lynching in the New South: Georgia and Virginia, 1880-1930 (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1993), 19, 36-37. There is a vast literature on postbel­ lum lynching, summarized in Brundage's excellent notes. For a useful discussion of postbel­ lum lynching in Missouri see Michael J. Pfeifer, "The Ritual of Lynching: Extralegal Justice in Missouri, 1890-1942," Gateway Heritage 13 (winter 1993): 22-33. 380 Missouri Historical Review of these mobs along lines of class, although one scholar argues that they tended to reflect the "status of the victim of the alleged crime and local per­ ceptions of the alleged crime."29 Three mobs operated in Saline County in 1859, and all three bore at least some resemblance to the racially motivated postbellum mass mobs. The unsuccessful mob that first sought to lynch the slave John at Marshall likely was composed of several hundred persons, containing at a minimum several wagon loads of men, others on horseback, and probably some citi­ zens of Marshall as well. Obviously organized and not spontaneous, it was frustrated by John's removal and persuaded to channel its fury into a request for a special court term to try the accused slave. Probably the largest and the most spontaneous of the three, the mob at Arrow Rock that lynched the nameless slave accused of raping the young girl, contained as many as a thousand members, virtually the entire popula­ tion of the town and its environs, according to newspaper accounts. This group reflected a concern for ritual, securing an identification by the alleged victim, trying the accused slave by "committee," and then leaving the body to hang overnight as a macabre symbol of what could happen to any slave who incurred white wrath. Like postbellum mobs, this group acted swiftly to deal with rape, possibly spurred on in part by reports of the attempted rape of Mary Habecot. The second Marshall mob also acted swiftly (once the slave John had been returned to Marshall) but in a deliberate way that indicated careful organization. Its size was uncertain, but various accounts suggest that it was quite large, perhaps as big as the Arrow Rock throng. It also followed some rituals associated with postbellum lynchings, including the hearing of John's confession and the leaving of the bodies on display, both dutifully reported in the pages of various newspapers. As with lynchings in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, scant evidence exists as to the composition of this mob. James Shackleford claimed that it contained a number of promi­ nent citizens. He carefully noted that workingmen composed a large per­ centage of the participants and that the violence stemmed from their rage. Various other accounts indicate that relatives and friends of the three white victims were also present. Thus, it is likely that a cross section of the coun­ ty would have been included in this mob.30

29 Brundage, Lynching in the New South, 37. 30 Marshall Democrat, 2 September 1859. Benjamin Hinton came from a fairly promi­ nent family and had friends among the independent farmers of Lafayette and Saline Counties in addition to younger acquaintances. William Durrett, a prosperous farmer and slaveowner, belonged to the elite of Arrow Rock Township. Practically nothing is known about Mary Habecot's social or economic position, but it is clear that her husband was a member of the second Marshall mob and that other relatives and neighbors had come to Marshall that day. The first mob in Marshall may have had a narrower base composed mainly of farmers and younger friends of Benjamin Hinton. Judge Lynch in Saline County 381

The actions of the Saline County mobs had within them links to the past and portents of the future, but the lynchings also derived a particularity of their own from local circumstances. The first Marshall mob, thwarted in its effort to lynch John, provided a foundation from which the deadly resolve of the county's whites gradually increased, culminating in its reconstitution and expansion into the group of lynchers who gathered on July 19. The sec­ ond Marshall group responded not only to the murder of Benjamin Hinton but also to the cumulative effects of the fracas between Holman and William Durrett, the attempted rape of Mary Habecot, and possibly the assault against the little girl in Arrow Rock, which was likely known to members of the mob. The Arrow Rock attack and the Habecot incident introduced ele­ ments into the equation that had not been present before: sexual assaults upon a child and a woman. These considerations likely were of great importance in stimulating the second Marshall mob to such profound blood- lust. The broad base of the three mobs makes it unlikely that their actions indicated a division of the community along class lines, arraying slavehold­ ers against nonslaveholders. Moreover, nearly all of the principals involved in the affair on both sides, except James Shackleford, Benjamin Chase, and the three young lawyers who defended Jim and John, owned slaves. While some resentment simmered against slaveholders who were thought to exer­ cise insufficient control over slaves or who sought to evade prosecution of their charges by selling them, Saline Countians seemed united across class lines in asserting racial supremacy over blacks though vigilante justice. What proportion of the mobs were slaveholders will never be known. Nor do we know how much community pressure may have accrued against the owners of the offending slaves, although a resolution passed at a proslavery mass meeting in Marshall in December 1859 called for compensation to owners of legally executed slaves at three-fourths of the slave's value.31 The vigilantism that characterized the Saline County affair offers a con­ trast to the process by which slaves charged with criminal behavior were brought to justice in the Deep South about the same time. Michael Wayne has shown that in Adams County, Mississippi, in 1857 the planting class clearly dominated the legal process at every step in bringing slaves accused of murder to justice and that they "interpret[ed] the behavior of slaves for society as a whole, especially when slaves acted in ways that appeared to contradict the racial assumptions of planters." Wayne contends that "other communities" in the South would have dealt similarly with such matters "in substance if not necessarily in form," with the "plain folk" deferring to planters. This control of the process indicates, Wayne argues, that planters believed that it was their "right and responsibility" to take charge when slave behavior "became a mat-

Ibid., 21 December 1859. 382 Missouri Historical Review

ter of public concern." Nonslaveholders in Mississippi thought this arrange­ ment to be in their best interest. "Perhaps most striking," Wayne concludes "is how little was left to the elected officials."32 Although unsuccessful in preventing the lynchings, the principal offi­ cials in Saline County (the jailer, the sheriff, the circuit attorney, and the judge) clearly exercised their legal responsibilities and did not abdicate in favor of a planter class. The jailer, the sheriff, and the judge each ran consid­ erable personal risk in doing so, and the judge, in resigning his post, took the most significant step possible given the circumstances. Neither is there any indication that wealthy slaveowners dominated the jury selection process as they did in Mississippi. The sheriff, who was responsible for selecting the members of the jury, appears to have complied with Missouri law in sum­ moning jurors who were geographically representative of the county. Thirty- six men were summoned for service, twenty-nine of whom can be identified through the census. The panel basically reflected the county's slaveowning patterns and included only two members who owned more than twenty slaves. In addition, the panel included eleven men who owned no slaves at all. All of the jurors were farmers, except two who were overseers. By Deep South standards, this was a panel comprised largely of "plain folk" but including men of a range of financial means. No evidence indicates that they took their ideological cues from the wealthy slaveholders in the county.33 Equally significant in distinguishing the Missouri from the Mississippi case are the repeated suggestions from various quarters in Saline County that the institution of slavery was not sacrosanct and that slaveowners acted with gross impropriety in shielding their slaves from the law, primarily through attempts to "run them off." In addition, the editorial declarations of the Waverly newspaper concerning the desirability of selling slaves south point to the existence of a much freer dialogue on questions pertaining to slavery than would have been tolerated in the Deep South. If anyone "interpreted"

32 Michael Wayne, "An Old South Morality Play: Reconsidering the Social Underpinnings of the Proslavery Ideology," Journal of American History 11 (December 1990): 838-863. 33 Although 6.5 percent of Saline County slaveowners could be considered members of a planting class, based upon landholdings (five hundred acres) and numbers of slaves owned (twenty or more), only one person in the county owned more than one hundred slaves, and only sixteen owned twenty-five or more (see Hurt, Agriculture and Slavery). In fact, it is not clear that the wealthiest of Saline County's slaveholders even thought of themselves as planters. "Farmer" was the term of preference in the county, and none of the county's slave­ owners identified themselves as "planters" to census takers. How much political power the wealthiest of the slaveowners exercised at the local level is unclear, but some of the county's most affluent and prominent farmers, including future Governor Claiborne Fox Jackson, Missouri Supreme Court Justice William B. Napton, and former Governor Meredith Miles Marmaduke were men of considerable prominence in state politics. There is no evidence to suggest that these men or others of their class controlled the criminal justice system as it applied to slaves or that they interpreted the behavior of slaves for society as a whole. Judge Lynch in Saline County 383 the behavior of slaves for the Saline County public, it was not the silent slaveholding elite, but the nonslaveholding James Shackleford and other apologists for the lynchings who used the pages of local newspapers to argue for the imposition of vigilante justice. What unified the citizens, the editors, and the local officials who criticized the mobs was the fear that this was not a transitory incident of vigilantism and that Saline County might experience protracted vigilante law similar to that which had persisted for months, even years, elsewhere. The resignation of the judge, the resistance of the sheriff and the jailer, the fear expressed by the Herald, and the criticism put forward by Benjamin Chase all reflected desires to preserve the established legal institutions. Concern for the victims played a decidedly secondary, if not negligible, role. The picture emerges of a tense society enmeshed in slavery, wearied by years of border warfare, and appre­ hensive that the established legal system would yield to a powerful, perhaps protracted, vigilante impulse. Shackleford recognized the fear and, in his first letter to the Democrat published three days after the lynching, addressed the issue, declaring that he did not believe that the "action of the people on the 19th" would become "a precedent for the abuse of illegal power."34 In the end, the events in Saline County in the summer of 1859 give graphic illustration to the harshness and brutality of the slave system in the border regions and show how the white population could, at any time, let loose a fearful reign of terror against the subject blacks. From the standpoints of motivation, organization, composition, process, and propensity to murderous violence, the mobs drew upon the traditions and practices associated with vigilantism and, to a lesser extent, Jacksonian mobs, while anticipating practices of postbellum lynchers. Critics of the mobs reacted primarily from the fear that vigilantism would persist and threaten established legal institutions. Products of a culture beset with civil unrest, conditioned to frontier and racial violence, and consumed by a desire to assert control over blacks, the lynchings in Saline County in 1859 belonged both to the future and to the antebellum past.

Marshall Democrat, 22 July 1859.

Advice to Walk By

Huntsville Independent Missourian, November 30, 1854. In walking, always turn your toes out and your thoughts inward. The former will prevent your falling into cellars—the latter from falling into iniquity. "I Acted From Principle": William Marcellus McPheeters, Confederate Surgeon

BY CYNTHIA DEHAVEN PITCOCK AND BILL J. GURLEY*

State Historical Society of Missouri

In the winter of 1861-1862, St. Louis lived under martial law. The first year of the Civil War had deepened the hatreds within the city, showing Missouri to be profoundly divided and violent. This slave state positioned above the old Missouri Compromise line was an affront to the Union. The countryside, some said, was steadfastly Southern in sympathy. Even the governor of Missouri, Claiborne Fox Jackson, a clean-shaven Douglas Democrat, believed fervently that Missouri belonged with the Confederacy. Southern independence was a recognized battle cry in rural Missouri, except for a few counties where Unionist sympathies were held with equal ardor. The key to Missouri was St. Louis. If Missouri held for the Union, St. Louis would be the linchpin. St. Louis citizens had wearied of riots and chaos; they feared mobs in the streets, marching soldiers, and the horrors of war.

*Cynthia DeHaven Pitcock is an adjunct assistant professor in the Division of Medical Humanities at the University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock. She received the B.A. degree from Washington University in St. Louis, the M.A.T. degree from Vanderbilt University, Nashville, and the Ph.D. degree from the University of Memphis. Bill J. Gurley is an associate professor in the Department of Pharmaceutics at the University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences. He holds B.S. and Ph.D. degrees from the University of Tennessee, Memphis. 384 "/ Acted From Principle " 385

William Marcellus McPheeters, M.D., had everything to lose. This widely respected St. Louis physician conducted a lucrative practice. He served on the faculty of the St. Louis University Medical School, coedited the local medical journal, and had been elected president of the St. Louis Medical Society. In the winter of 1861-1862, McPheeters seemed to be at the summit of his career. By the end of 1862, he would have placed all of these attainments at hazard by entering active service in a rebel army. He carefully explained his motivation for this decision, dismaying to his friends and colleagues, in an essay that can be found among his private papers in the Missouri Historical Society in St. Louis. His career invites study because it shows a forty-six-year-old, prosperous professional man living well in a bor­ der state, an owner of no slaves, removed from the threat of military service, who joined the Confederate army. McPheeters changed the direction and destroyed the security of his and his family's lives by this decision. He spent three years in the field serving as a surgeon to men experiencing privation and ultimate defeat. When the war ended, McPheeters found himself embat­ tled, fatigued, impoverished, and physically weak. He returned to St. Louis and resumed his career. His wartime diary, 1863-1865, offers daily accounts of this experience and etches clearly the human cost of his decision. McPheeters, the son of a Presbyterian minister, was born in Raleigh, North Carolina, in 1815. He received his bachelor's degree at Chapel Hill and went on to Philadelphia, to the University of Pennsylvania, for his M.D., which he earned in 1840. The following year, at the age of twenty- six, McPheeters moved to St. Louis to establish a medical practice.1 Soon after his arrival he joined the St. Louis Medical Society and became active in its elite membership. Within a few months McPheeters was elected secretary of the organization. His professional credentials pre­ pared him for leadership in the medical community of St. Louis, then num­ bering approximately fifty-six practitioners to serve a city of twenty thou­ sand people.2 The young doctor attended lectures at McDowell's Medical College at Eighth and Gratiot Streets—a building later used as a Federal prison during the Civil War—and became prominent in the medical soci­ ety's attempts to establish its own medical college. Coeditor of the first medical journal published west of the Mississippi River, McPheeters pio­ neered public health issues in the rapidly growing city.3

1 "In Memoriam—Dr. William M. McPheeters," Proceedings of the St. Louis Medical Society (St. Louis: n.p., 1905), 619; "The Earlier Editors of the St. Louis Medical and Surgical Journal, II, Dr. Wm. M. McPheeters," St. Louis Medical and Surgical Journal 45 (February 1893): 112. 2 "The Evolution of the St. Louis Medical Society," Saint Louis Medical Society Centennial Volume (St. Louis: n.p., 1939), 15-17. 3 R. E. Schlueter, "Joseph Nash McDowell," ibid., 77; William M. McPheeters, "Matters and Things Medical in General - A Brief Retrospect of Half a Century" (paper presented before the St. Louis Medical Society, 15 December 1894), 84. 386 Missouri Historical Review

William M. McPheeters, a native of North Carolina, became a prominent physician in St. Louis prior to the Civil War.

State Historical Society of Missouri

The year 1849 brought another in a succession of cholera epidemics that gripped the Gateway City. McPheeters worked tirelessly throughout the sum­ mer and later used the pages of the St. Louis Medical and Surgical Journal to discuss what measures should be taken to prevent another outbreak. That same year, as the ravages of cholera subsided, McPheeters, a young widower, married a St. Louis socialite and well-known beauty, Sallie Buchanan. The 1850s were a decade of significant professional accomplishment for McPheeters. During this time he became professor of clinical medicine and pathological anatomy at St. Louis Medical College and subsequently held the chair in materia medica and therapeutics at the institution. Members of both the Medical Association of the State of Missouri and the St. Louis Medical Society selected him to serve as president of their respective organizations. While McPheeters was a respected teacher and scholar, he did not restrict his professional practice to academia. His skill as a clinical practitioner earned him the position of physician-in-charge at both the Hospital of Sisters of Charity and the United States Marine Hospital in St. Louis.4 As the political crisis leading to the Civil War deepened, McPheeters, a North Carolinian, believed deeply in the correctness of Southern indepen­ dence. He saw it as a constitutional issue. The South, he wrote later, had the

"In Memoriam—Dr. William M. McPheeters," 619. "/ Acted From Principle " 387 right to form a government, just as the colonies had asserted their right to self- government in the century past. Caught in the unique ordeal of a border state, McPheeters took care to keep his views to himself, hoping to continue his life quietly. For Southern sympathizers in Missouri as elsewhere, the election of Abraham Lincoln to the presidency was tantamount to a declaration of war. Lincoln's victory appalled McPheeters. He saw Lincoln as a sectionalist who was "opposed to the domestic institutions of the South," and he believed that "every consideration of honor . . . demanded of the south a withdrawal from the Union, and the formation of a separate and distinct Confederacy."5 Several aspects of the situation in Missouri, and in St. Louis in particular, worked against McPheeters's plan to remain peacefully uninvolved. Governor Jackson, an avowed secessionist, believed he could lead Missouri out of the Union into a new country composed of her sister states where slav­ ery was legal. Only by act of a statewide convention could Missouri attempt to alter its relationship with the federal union. This convention was held finally in the Mercantile Library Hall in St. Louis. Tensions ran high in the city. The secessionist flag flew from the old Berthold mansion, clearly in view of the convention at the corner of Fifth and Pine Streets. St. Louis was a divided city.6 The state convention held for the Union. Newspaper editors and preachers in rural counties, however, ardently supported the governor and his plan for secession. In April, Jackson defied President Lincoln's call for troops, denouncing it as "illegal, unconstitutional and revolutionary."7 This reflected McPheeters's private position. He calmly attempted to continue his work, to "remain at home and take care of my family in peace and security." Meanwhile, forces on both sides moved inexorably into place for violent conflict in the city. McPheeters called the climax "the St. Louis Massacre." It was so shocking that he repeatedly mentioned the anniversary in his diary. He found the day of the "Camp Jackson Affair," May 10, 1861, unforgettable because it then became clear to him that the social and political environment of the city would no longer tolerate him as a Southern sympathizer, even if he remained silent on political questions.8 Camp Jackson, located on the outskirts of St. Louis, served as a summer training camp for the Missouri State Guard, a pro-Southern militia unit. On

5 William McPheeters, "Private Reasons for Joining the Southern Army, St. Louis, Mo. July 24, 1865," William McPheeters Papers, Missouri Historical Society, St. Louis; Alexander C. Niven, "The Private Papers of William M. McPheeters," Missouri Historical Society Bulletin 19 (October 1962): 52. 6 James O. Broadhead, "St. Louis During the War," 23-24, manuscript in James 0. Broadhead Papers, Missouri Historical Society. 7 Ibid., 7. 8 William McPheeters diary, 10 May 1864, McPheeters Papers. 388 Missouri Historical Review

May 10, in a preemptive measure to prevent the Southerners from seizing the St. Louis Arsenal, a contingent of Unionist "Home Guards" and regular Federal troops surrounded and captured the State Guard. As the Federals marched their captives back through the city, crowds of citizens, many with Southern sympathies, gathered along the streets to hurl epithets, and in some cases, rocks at the Unionist captors. On Olive Street the procession stalled. Tensions heightened as the angry mob closed in on the anxious soldiers. Shots were fired; people panicked and ran in all directions. A few minutes later, many wounded citizens lay on the ground. When the firing ceased, at least twenty-eight people lay dead. At this point, the prisoners were marched to the arsenal. Attempting to assist the desperate morale of the captives, the militia's fifer smartly played "Yankee Doodle," and the men filed into their makeshift prison.9 The "Camp Jackson Affair" placed St. Louis in Unionist hands. Those in power sought to isolate and punish all Southern sympathizers in the city. McPheeters's carefully calculated policy of silence would no longer serve him; he was a known Southerner.

9 William H. Lyon, "Claiborne Fox Jackson and the Secession Crisis in Missouri," Missouri Historical Review 58 (July 1964): 434; James W. Covington, "The Camp Jackson Affair: 1861," ibid. 55 (April 1961): 197-212.

The Camp Jackson affair compelled McPheeters and many other St. Louisans to make a decision about where their allegiance lay—North or South. State Historical Society of Missouri '7 Acted From Principle " 389

In early January 1862, a new crisis erupted for the doctor. The office of the provost marshal general, headed by Bernard Farrar, levied a tax on known Confederate sympathizers. The revenues from the tax were to be used to subsidize rural Missouri families driven out of their homes by the Confederate army.10 Along with forty other St. Louisans with secessionist sympathies, McPheeters was assessed three hundred dollars. The order read: "You will pay the amount or its equivalent in clothing, provision or quarter to me within seven days after the service of this notice upon you: or in default thereof, execution will be issued against your property for suffi­ cient to satisfy the assessments, costs, and twenty-five percent penalty in addition."11 Many years later McPheeters wrote that on January 23, "my house was entered in broad day light by the United States police officers and robbed of over $2000 worth of furniture, and this too at a time when one of my chil­ dren was lying at the point of death in the house, and did die a few days there after." Items removed from McPheeters's home by the provost marshal general included:

One buggy and harness—cost $275 One rosewood piano—cost $350 6 rosewood and damask parlour chairs—cost $120 2 rosewood and damask sofas—cost $280 1 rosewood marble top table—cost $8512

The crisis of martial law deepened in St. Louis, and McPheeters noted that police followed him as he made his daily rounds. He was arrested and instructed to sign an oath of loyalty to the federal government. The federal forces ruling the city gave this order to all known Southern sympathizers, but McPheeters refused to sign the oath. Remembering his feelings later, he wrote, "I acted from principle," and did not sign. He could not compromise his personal integrity; the oath was the sticking point. Hounded by police, robbed of his personal possessions, unprotected by civil law, he knew that his only course was to sign the oath or go to prison. The fate of his family weighed heavily in his deliberations.13 Within a month, on February 19, the provost marshal general made a second levy upon McPheeters. Again the police entered his home and began

10 Office of the Provost Marshall [sic], Department of the Missouri, St. Louis, 21 January 1862, special order 95, McPheeters Papers. 11 William McPheeters, "The following articles of property . . . ," St. Louis, 23 January 1862, ibid. 12 Niven, "The Private Papers of William M. McPheeters," 52; McPheeters, "The follow­ ing articles," 23 January 1862; St. Louis Missouri Republican, 29 January 1862. 13 McPheeters, "Private Reasons"; Niven, "The Private Papers of William M. McPheeters," 52. 390 Missouri Historical Review to remove the family's possessions. They took the cook stove, mattresses and beds from the upstairs bedrooms, a framed engraving of the United States Senate, a marble bust from the entry hall, an armchair, a washstand, a hat rack, and sofas. There would be no end to it. The levies seemed designed to destroy them if McPheeters would not submit to the oath.14 Throughout the spring of 1862, federal authorities intensified their efforts against the harried physician; in June, McPheeters finally reached his breaking point. Having deliberated for months on whether to remain in St. Louis and risk imprisonment or to leave the city and pursue his patriotic con­ victions, he cast his lot with the Confederacy. In his own words, McPheeters saw that "the alternative was now forced upon me either to take this oath, which I could not & would not do, go to prison, or else quit my home, family & business and seak [sic] refuge in the South—the only land of civil & reli­ gious liberty accessible to me. I unhesitatingly chose the latter alternative."15 On June 20, McPheeters secretly took leave of his family, left a letter resigning his professorship at St. Louis University, and fled the city. He left behind twenty-one years of his life, his devoted wife and children, a distin­ guished career, and a considerable fortune and made his way toward Richmond, Virginia, crossing Union lines in Tennessee. The trip to Richmond took two weeks. He arrived in the Confederate capital on the Fourth of July, shortly after the defeat of General George McClellan's Army of the Potomac by Confederate forces during the Seven Days' Battle. A few days later Secretary of War George Wythe Randolph granted him a commis­ sion as a surgeon in the Confederate army. McPheeters requested to report to General Braxton Bragg and then to be assigned to duty with Major General Sterling Price and the Missouri forces. Price was then in command of the Army of the West at Tupelo, Mississippi.16 Thus began the military career of William McPheeters. In the spring of 1863 he returned with General Price to Arkansas and began his wartime diary soon after his arrival in Little Rock. From a historiographic perspective, McPheeters's diary is important because it represents the only firsthand daily account of the Civil War in the Trans-Mississippi theater (District of Arkansas) written by a Confederate med­ ical officer. The diary not only provides an insight into the Confederate med­ ical service in this oft-neglected arena of the war, but as a valued member of Price's headquarters staff, McPheeters reveals a microcosm of political, social, and military events that influenced the Confederate war effort in Arkansas.

14 McPheeters, "Private Reasons"; McPheeters, "The following articles," 23 January 1862. 15 McPheeters, "Private Reasons"; Niven, "The Private Papers of William M. McPheeters," 53. 16 Albert Castel, General Sterling Price and the Civil War in the West (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1968), 91-92. Price returned to Tupelo from Richmond on June 27, 1862. Jefferson Davis had reluctantly granted him command of the Army of the West. McPheeters reported to General Bragg, also at Tupelo. "/ Acted From Principle " 391

Stationed at Little Rock in June 1863, the doctor sat at his writing desk in the evening and began the incredible volume that ended in defeat for his hopes in 1865. Seated there with his steel pen in hand, McPheeters wrote:

June 1st 1863. General Price and staff left Little Rock today for Jacksonport on the White River, the Division which he commands having preceded him the day before. At the request of Major [Thomas L.] Snead, I remained behind in Little Rock to attend to his child who was quite sick with scarlet fever.17

McPheeters's first active campaign in the District of Arkansas began in late June 1863 as a participant in Lieutenant General Theophilus Holmes's feeble attempt to relieve the besieged Confederates at Vicksburg, Mississippi. This campaign culminated in the ill-fated attack upon the heav­ ily fortified Federal garrison at Helena, Arkansas:18

July 3rd. Started at 1/2 past 3 A.M. having first taken a cold breakfast pre­ pared by Mrs. Johnson. Marched 10 miles and reached Col. Allen Polk's who resides six miles from Helena. Here the command halted and went into camp nearby. Both generals and their staff went into Mr. Polk's. [I] found that I knew all his kinfolk and he mine so we struck up an agreeable acquain­ tance. After an hour or two [I] went to our camp. The evening was spent in making preparations for the fight which was to come off on tomorrow. Got my instruments, bandages, morphia, chloroform, and etc. all ready and placed them in my haversack to carry with me on the field. As we were to start on the march to Helena a little after midnight, I retired early, but before doing so I went to Mr. Marvin's tent to join him in evening prayer. He prayed most fervently for our preservation and commended us to Him in whom alone there is safety. I felt solemn in view of the conflict of the morrow.

July 4th. 1863. Battle of Helena. About 1 A.M. all hands were on the march for Helena. The night was dark, the soldiers marched in profound silence, and as I rode the lines the scene impressed me very seriously. I never wit­ nessed a more solemn procession and the thoughts would arise in my mind: before the sun sets many of these poor fellows will have bit the earth and their spirits have departed to Him who gave them, and perhaps I may be of the number. It was indeed a melancholy march, silent and dark. We reached the neighborhood of Helena about daybreak when line of battle was formed. The road that we had to approach the town was very bad; steep, rugged, and full of felled timber. The attack commenced a little after daylight. Gen. Price commanding the center, Gen. [James F.] Fagan the

17 McPheeters diary, 1 June 1863. 18 Edwin C. Bearss, "The Battle of Helena, July 4, 1863," Arkansas Historical Quarterly 20 (autumn 1961): 256-297. 392 Missouri Historical Review

State Historical Society of Missouri Helena, Arkansas

right, and Gen. [John S.] Marmaduke the left wing. I had determined to accompany Gen. Price on the field remembering that Gen. Albert Sidney Johnston probably lost his life by not having a surgeon with him. But when I had been on the field for some time and seen the shower of grape and cannister pass thick around me, hearing the whiz of the minie ball, and crash of the cannonball as it passed, one of which took off a limb just over my head, Maj. [Thomas L.] Snead rode up to me and stated that a number of wounded had been carried to the rear without a surgeon and requested me to attend to them. I at once went back 50 yards where they were, dis­ mounted and gave my horse to an orderly and commenced dressing the wounds of those brought off the field. After this I saw little of the fight. True, I heard the shout of our brave Division as they charged the enemy's battery and heard and saw the cannonball as they passed and felled down the timber, still my business was with the wounded and to them I stuck. I soon found the position I occupied too much exposed to the fire of the enemy for the safety of the wounded or myself, as we were in momentary danger, so I had them removed across the brow of a hill just back and there went to work. Here there was no water and I again moved to a position still farther back which had been selected for the General Hospital. Here I found Dr. [F. D.] Cunningham, [Thomas D.] Wooten, Baer, Slaughter, and in fact most of the surgeons of the Division. There was enough for us all to do as the wounded were being rapidly brought back. The first limb that I amputated was the left arm of a young man from Little Rock to whom Mr. Marvin called my attention. Mr. Marvin was very busy and efficient in attending to administering to the wounded. And thus I was engaged while the battle lasted. This is not an account of the battle, but only a note. The result of the battle is soon told. Gen. Price's Division stormed and took the battery on Graveyard Hill and our soldiers occupied it, but the fighting on our right and left wing was not good nor successful and we were soon informed that our army was "falling back." The Infirmary Corps first "/ Acted From Principle " 393

brought these tidings. Our object now was to suspend operations and remove all the wounded off the field to Col. Polk's house which had been selected as a hospital. The fight ceased about 10 [A.M.] and by 2 P.M. we had all the ambulance trains at work and most of the sick off the ground. When they had all gone I mounted my horse and rode back to Col. Polk's coming up in the meantime with Gen. Holmes and Price and our gallant but defeated army. The rest of the day and until 12 o'clock at night was spent in the hospital attending to the wounded and endeavoring to make them as comfortable as possible. [I] retired at this late hour tired and sick at heart.19

Soon after the fall of Vicksburg, Federal forces in eastern Arkansas under Major General Frederick Steele began an overland push to capture the state capital at Little Rock. Within a month Steele marched his army halfway across the state and forced a crossing of the Arkansas River below the town. This maneuver effectively bypassed the city's heavy defensive works and placed Little Rock in eminent danger of being captured. Having been outma- neuvered and not wishing to suffer "another Vicksburg," district commander Holmes and his second-in-command, Price, evacuated Little Rock on September 10, 1863.20 Following the evacuation of Little Rock, the Confederate army retreated into southern Arkansas. There, in camps near the towns of Camden and Spring Hill, the infantry remained idle until the spring of 1864. During this period of martial inactivity, McPheeters, like all other soldiers in the war, indulged in a variety of activities to relieve the boredom of camp life:

March 13th. Sunday. Arose early and as my custom is underwent a thor­ ough ablution. Breakfasted alone, all the other members of the mess being absent except Dr. Wooten who is unwell. After breakfast read several chapters in the Bible. A dispatch from Shreveport by courier this morning brings the gratifying intelligence that Gen. Holmes has been relieved from the command of the District of Arkansas and ordered to Richmond [Virginia]. I am glad of this as every one else is as it will remove an incubus on our army and cause in this quarter. For Gen. Holmes personal­ ly, I have none but the kindest feelings, but his incompetency for the posi­ tion he has occupied is patent to the whole army and country. At 11 o'clock went to church where I heard a good sermon, a Presbyterian minis­ ter from a distance, and again in the afternoon when the Rev. Mr. Boyd preached. After church rode out home with Mr. Boyd where I took tea and spent a pleasant evening. Reached home about 11 P.M., found Capt. Jo Thomas just arrived from Marshall, Texas.

19 McPheeters diary, 3-4 July 1863. 20 Leo E. Huff, "The Union Expedition Against Little Rock, August-September, 1863," Arkansas Historical Quarterly 22 (autumn 1963): 224-237. 394 Missouri Historical Review

March 14th. Monday. The removal of Gen. Holmes places General Price in command of the District of Arkansas. Last night he got orders to that effect and this morning started for Camden to assume command. Whether this is to be a permanent or only a temporary arrangement does not yet appear; I hope, however, that it is the latter. Gen. Price is an instance of "the right man in the right place", and I would be sorry to see him perma­ nently removed from this Division. Gen. [Thomas F.] Drayton will com­ mand the Division in the meantime. Wrote a note to Mr. Jordan and one to Dr. Bond both of Lewisville by the courier. Commenced reading the Dutch Republic. Spent the day quietly indoors. Weather windy and a little cold. All quiet in and about camp. The time is approaching, however, for us to begin the move.21

In the field Dr. McPheeters helped organize the Army Medical Association, a group of regimental, brigade, and division surgeons who met monthly to discuss pertinent medical issues. An integral part of their meet­ ings focused on the presentation of interesting cases and discussion of scien­ tific papers—the equivalent of what is known in academic medicine today as "grand rounds" and "journal club":

December 30th [1863]. The surgeons of this Division (Price's) have recently formed themselves into an Army Medical Association for purpos­ es of mutual improvement while we are in permanent encampment, to which they have done me the honor of electing me President. Today the Association held its second meeting at Dr. [Eugene W.] Herndon's head­ quarters. So rainy and disagreeable as it was I rode 3 miles to Gen. [Mosby M.] Parsons' Brigade in order to attend. Some 12 or 15 surgeons were present. On taking the chair I made a short speech returning thanks, etc. We had quite an interesting meeting. Three papers on the peculiarities of intermittent fever in the army were read and discussed. These meetings will I doubt not be profitable. The subject for the next meeting is pneumo­ nia in the army.22

March 16th [1864]. Wednesday. Rode to Gen. Parsons' brigade this morning with Dr. Wooten to attend a meeting of the Army Medical Association. It met in Dr. Herndon's quarters and was upon the whole interesting. As President it was my place to preside. Gunshot wounds of the joints was the subject for consideration. One or two papers were read, and a number of cases related.23

On March 31, 1864, McPheeters became chief surgeon of Brigadier General

McPheeters diary, 13-14 March 1864. Ibid., 30 December 1863. Ibid., 16 March 1864. "/ Acted From Principle " 395 jm ^^^R^": " '-"^^^s:' ' ••SPB

,^^^H %M: •••'-<~ Sterling Price rS^SfMf^^^S '^^SS^ WSt. ^^te^^ ^KM^iBtiM wk j^^^^k BBBSBF w$^ '^^^^Ty^^^^^^^^^M 4^ f:^^^^^^^m

State Historical Society of Missouri

Thomas J. Churchill's infantry division, and five months later he received his appointment as medical director of General Price's corps.24 In the spring of 1864 McPheeters participated in perhaps his most ardu­ ous military operation, the Red River campaign.25 He marched with Price's two infantry divisions in late March into northwest Louisiana to aid Lieutenant General E. Kirby Smith's effort to thwart Union Major General Nathaniel Banks's incursion toward Shreveport. After narrowly escaping capture at the Battle of Pleasant Hill, McPheeters immediately marched back to Arkansas with the victorious Confederate army, now bent on destroying Steele's army ensconced at Camden, Arkansas.26 Upon the Confederate army's arrival at Camden, Steele evacuated the town and crossed the Ouachita River under the cover of darkness. Having stolen a day's march on the Confederates, Steele's army beat a hasty retreat to Little Rock. Twenty- four hours later the rebels were in hot pursuit. Torrential rains slowed Steele's retreat and flooded the last natural obstacle between his army and Little Rock, the Saline River. Upon reaching the flooded bottoms of the

24 Ibid., 31 Marchand 11 August 1864. 25 Ludwell H. Johnson, Red River Campaign: Politics and Cotton in the Civil War (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1958), 141-169. 26 McPheeters diary, 9 April 1864. 396 Missouri Historical Review

Saline, Steele, in an effort to save his wagon train, fought a delaying action at Jenkins' Ferry.27 McPheeters gives a vivid account of this sanguinary bat­ tle in his diary. Two days before the battle, preparation began:

April 28th. Thursday. An order was received late last night to have two days rations cooked, to leave the wagons, artillery, and all sick and sore- footed who are not able to stand hard marching, and to start at 6 o'clock A.M. Artillery and train to come on as soon as the pontoon bridge is brought up. Arose by daylight and after taking a refreshing cup of coffee started off to look after the sick of the division. Left a surgeon to see that all those left are properly housed and cared for, and then went to the river where the army was crossing. The Yankees took their pontoon and of course left the Ouachita River between them and us, without the means of crossing. During the night a footway was constructed by means of which the soldiers went over in single file. Of course it was a slow process and there was a great jam—Majors, Brigadier Generals, Colonels, and other officers in large numbers. It was 9 o'clock before the troops crossed. Our horses were crossed in a flat boat. About 10 A.M. we fairly got underway in pursuit of the fleeing Yankees. The whole road over which we travelled afforded unequivocal signs of perturbation on the part of the Yankees. The whole road was strewn with old boots, shoes, overcoats, blankets, pan­ taloons, and every other article of dress, and various other things, besides tents, wagons, and other camp equipage were left half-burned showing that they were anxious to get rid of all unnecessary baggage in their flight. It was a gratifying sight for an enemy who advanced with so much confi­ dence and boasting that they would march unopposed through the country and take possession of the Trans-Miss Department. Truly God has been gracious to us. Gen. Kirby Smith passed us on the way, Gen. Price being in advance. We came 14 miles on the Princeton Road and went into camp at 4 P.M. Took a cup of coffee and a cold lunch. [I] will sleep under a tree tonight and go on in pursuit of Yankees at daylight.

April 29th. Friday. We were ordered to march this morning at 3 A.M.; con­ sequently, had to get up at 2 o'clock after a nap under a tree. But in conse­ quence of having to go in the rear of Gen. [John G.] Walker's Division who were slow in moving, we did not get off until after three o'clock and were all day detained by the troops in advance. Passed through Princeton about 3 P.M. in a hard rain and came out 8 miles beyond in the neighborhood of Tulip but on a different road. It was near night when we went into camp without tents, in the rain, and with scant rations, having come 26 miles. Orders to march again at 12 o'clock M. I slept the short time alloted to that occupation on the seat of an ambulance covered by an oil cloth to keep the rain off. This business of forced marches in pursuit of an enemy and with­ out a train is rather rough business, but all bear it cheerfully.

27 Castel, Sterling Price, 179-187; Edwin Bearss, Steele's Retreat from Camden and the Battle of Jenkins' Ferry (Little Rock: Pioneer Press, 1967), 87-180. "I Acted From Principle " 397

April 30th. Saturday. Battle of the Saline River. Took up the line of march promptly at midnight—dark, rainy, and very muddy, altogether a horrible march and truly do I pity and admire the poor private who foots it through the mud and mire and water uncomplainingly. Gen. Kirby Smith passed us on the road and we came up with Gen. Price and all pushed on to Jenkins' Ferry over the Saline where the enemy was supposed to be engaged in cross­ ing the river. Arrived within 3 miles of the ferry about 7 A.M. Supposing that only a small part of the enemy's force was on this side of the river, Gen. Churchill's Division was at once sent forward to attack them. The cavalry having been skirmishing all morning and at 8 o'clock the battle began [with] only Churchill's Division and the cavalry being engaged. It was soon dis­ covered, however, that instead of a small portion of his army, Gen. Steele had his whole force on this side for the fight opened hotly and increased in fury. Gallantly did Churchill and his men charge and drive the enemy, and for 2 hours and a half they bore the brunt of the battle at which time Parsons' Division was ordered in double quick, and finally Walker's Division was also sent in and the engagement became general. The fighting was very, very heavy and such volleys of musketry and so continuous for hours I never heard. Reports came back that we were not only holding our own but slowly driving the enemy, still I felt extreme anxiety until the battle was decided. This, however, did not prevent me from exerting myself to the utmost to make provisions for our wounded. Selected a house in the rear for a hospital then rode to the front to send ambulances and infirmary corps on the field and to see that they went forward. Our wounded now came in large numbers and with the other surgeons I went to work at the hospital taking off legs and

State Historical Society of Missouri 398 Missouri Historical Review

arms and directing things generally. About 12 M. the enemy drew off and crossed the river, having been fairly whipped after an obstinate fight on their part, leaving their dead and wounded in our hands, their pontoon bridge, and destroying large numbers of wagons. The Yankees had no artillery in the fight and the ground was such that ours could not act with efficiency, so that the battle was fought and won with small arms. Our victory cost us the lives of many valuable and patriotic officers—Gen. [William R.] Scurry of Texas mortally wounded, Col. [Hiram L.] Grinstead and [John B.] Cocke of our division killed on the field and many, many others. As soon as I could be spared from the hospital, I rode over the battlefield with Dr. [James H.] Swindell and visited the Federal hospital. The battlefield was the valley of the Saline [River] and it had been raining and it was a perfect quagmire for miles. It is almost incredible how men could wade through such mud and water and fight as they did. The battlefield presented a sad picture, dead officers and men lying in all directions, horses scattered here and there, and further on dead and wounded Yankees. It was a dreadful sight, officers and men that a few hours before I had seen and talked with now lying cold and ghastly on the ground—War is a dreadful thing. At the Federal hospital I saw over 100 wounded, the rest they took off. After going over the field and seeing that our wounded were removed, I returned to the hospital and there worked hard until night when exhausted and with the worst headache I ever had having ate nothing all day. I went to camp hard by and then after some mutton broiled on the coals without bread I went to bed on the ground and tried to sleep, but could not for a long time so violently did my head ache; however, I got through the night, though very uncomfortably, after an event­ ful and never to be forgotten day.28

Barely escaping destruction at Jenkins' Ferry, Steele's army retreated unen­ cumbered to Little Rock. Not wishing to risk another similar battle, the Union general kept his army in the vicinity of the capital for the remainder of the war. The following September, General Price, sensing an opportunity to go on the offensive, led a force of eight thousand cavalry north from the vicini­ ty of Camden, Arkansas, to Missouri.29 He planned to invade and over­ whelm Federal forces there and to seize Missouri for the Confederacy. At the outset enthusiasm ran high in the gray ranks, particularly among the Missourians, at this opportunity to liberate their home state. The length and difficulty of the march, however, quickly tempered their zeal:

Sept. 12th. Monday. Started at daylight and marched 30 miles over unpar­ alleled bad roads crossing a range of mountains some 12 or 15 miles in extent. Rocky, steep, rough, and exceedingly rough, and the whole way

28 McPheeters diary, 28-30 April 1864. 29 Castel, Sterling Price, 188-207. "/ Acted From Principle " 399

without water for stock or man. The day too was hot. This was all togeth­ er the roughest and worst day's march that I have ever made. I have seen and read of bad mountain roads but this far exceeded anything that I had imagined and is all together impracticable for loaded wagons—huge rocks, steep cliffs, and deep cuts for miles down the mountain and yet our trains had to come over it and did come. Some 3 or 4 wagons were smashed up, others were upset. My medical wagon was capsized, broke many of my bottles, and turned out everything on the mountain but fortunately the dam­ age was not very serious. Our mess wagon was broken down and did not get into camp until after one o'clock at night. Other wagons fared the same. We on horseback travelled from early dawn to near dark and went into camp on a stream in the valley two miles from White River. Owing to the accident to our wagon, we got no supper so I parched an ear of hard corn and supped on it. Though I had ate nothing since before day and had come 30 miles over such roads, I suffered but little from hunger, thirst, or fatigue. Slept under my wagon on an empty stomach.30

Ostensibly, Price's objective was the capture of St. Louis. But a pyrrhic victory at Pilot Knob, Missouri, and an influx of Federal reinforcements into St. Louis forced him to alter his objective. Realizing the futility of an assault on the city, Price veered his force northwest toward Jefferson City and Lexington. Federal cavalry pursuit quickly transformed the raid into a running battle. At Little Blue River near Kansas City, and then at Westport, the Confederates engaged superior Federal forces and narrowly escaped defeat. Two days later on October 25, 1864, they again met the enemy at Mine Creek, Kansas. In the largest cavalry battle west of the Mississippi River, Price suffered a humiliating defeat. Before dawn the next day, what remained of his invasion force fled Kansas and Missouri for the safe con­ fines of Arkansas and the Indian Territory.31

October 25th. Tuesday. This has been a disastrous day! Slept under the wagon—the night dark and rainy—[and] was arroused at 2 A.M. [I] took a hurried breakfast in the rain and prepared for a start before day, but did not get off until about daylight. Travelled on quietly for some 15 or 16 miles to the Little Osage [River] which we crossed. Here we halted for a while. Gen. Marmaduke in the rear sent word that he was pressed hard by the enemy and immediately Gen. Price ordered Gen. Fagan to his aid. Gov. [Trusten] Polk and myself rode on a mile in advance on the prairie and there awaited the arrival of the General. Soon, however, the wagon train commenced passing rapidly and we were informed of a fight in the rear.

30 McPheeters diary, 12 September 1864. 31 Castel, Sterling Price, 208-255; George S. Grover, "The Price Campaign of 1864," Missouri Historical Review 6 (July 1912): 167-181; Edgar Langsdorf, "Price's Raid and the Battle of Mine Creek," Kansas Historical Quarterly 30 (autumn i964): 281. 400 Missouri Historical Review

One part of [Brigadier General Joseph O.] Shelby's Division in front was left to guard the train and the other was ordered to the aid of Marmaduke and Fagan. In a short time before I thought that the fight was begun, news came that we were routed and retreating in confusion. This was surprising. The scene that followed beggars description and I shall not attempt it. Marmaduke's command was charged by the Yankees with sabres and revolvers. This charge he undertook to receive on horseback when his men gave way and a rout followed. Gens. Marmaduke and [William L.] Cabell were either captured or killed. Other officers and probably a good many privates fell into the hands of the enemy. Shelby, however, checked and kept back the enemy but the whole army was in retreat. We travelled some 10 or 12 miles on the prairie, having come into Missouri again, until about 3 o'clock P.M. When the enemy appeared in our rear a line of battle was formed on the prairie, both armies being in full view of each other. It was a beautiful sight. Fighting commenced about 4 P.M. and for a while we held our own and even drove the enemy, but our troops were demoralized by the transactions of the morning and gradually our whole army commenced falling back. I saw the whole fight and cannon balls and shells frequently burst around and near me. About sundown we left the field and marched some 8 or 10 miles to our train [and] took supper. We were now in full retreat with our army demoralized and some 500 or 600 unarmed troops. It was ordered to destroy part of our train. [I] rearranged and consolidated my baggage and medicines and gave up one wagon. We were to start at 2 A.M. and it was 1 A.M. before I completed my arrangements. [I] destroyed a great many valuables and personal effects. We had a bon fire of wagons and other things. The command moved at 2 [A.M.] but we did not get off until 1/2 past 3 [A.M.] SO I got no sleep.32

The expedition retreated by way of the Indian Territory, crossing the Arkansas River at Fort Gibson. Pushing into east Texas, successive bivouacs took place at Clarksville, Bonham, Honey Grove, and Paris. On December 3, 1864, McPheeters commemorated his forty-ninth birthday:

December 3rd. Saturday. This is my birthday. I am bordering hard on 50 years old and yet I can scarcely realize it and certainly do not feel that old. My mother used always to write me a letter on this day, but she has gone to heaven. My wife no doubt recurs to the fact. Would God I could spend the day with her and my children rather than here in the frontiers of Ark., Texas, and the Indian Territory. We rested today and I spent the most of the day in mending my old clothes—beautiful employment for ones birthday. Last night we had another Norther. The wind blew furiously and came near wrecking our tent. I weighed a few days ago at Paris [Texas], 135 lbs.33

McPheeters diary, 25 October 1864. Ibid., 7 November-3 December 1864. "/ Acted From Principle' 401

State Historical Society of Missouri

John S. Marmaduke

State Historical Society of Missouri

Although the tone of the diary remained steadfastly straightforward and optimistic, by the end of 1864, McPheeters's account clearly reflected traces of pessimism. Encamped near Washington, Arkansas, he wrote:

December 31st. Saturday. This is the last of 1864. The close of the year brings sad reflections. I am separated from my beloved wife and children and at this season my thoughts and affections naturally recur to them. The war still goes on and no one can tell when it will end and then the rapid flight of time reminds me that I am growing old, but I will not indulge in these reflections. The year that has past has been an eventful one, but thanks to a kind Providence our cause has generally prospered and today our prospects are much brighter than they were this time last year. So far as I am individually concerned, I have great cause to be thankful and I trust I am thankful for all the unnumbered mercies and blessings of the year. Oh, for grace to live and act more than heretofore as I ought. During the past year I have been on very active duty; have been on three long cam­ paigns, two into Louisiana and one to Missouri in which I have marched near 2500 miles, but I cannot now review the deeds of the past. . . . Farewell to 1864.34

34 Ibid., 31 December 1864. 402 Missouri Historical Review

Back in Missouri, Sallie McPheeters's life in St. Louis with her children was one of struggle and hardship. Martial law gave the city's political fig­ ures power over the lives of Southern sympathizers. The implementation of a banishment policy for suspected sympathizers devastated the McPheeters family. Execution of this policy in January 1865 placed Sallie, her two little girls, and four other women with strong Southern sympathies in exile four hundred miles down the Mississippi River at Gaines' Landing, Arkansas. The doctor discovered his wife's harrowing plight quite by chance:

February 1st. [1865] Wednesday. Rained all night and misted all day. [I] did not return to Col. [Calvin] Hervey's, but after [a] late breakfast [I] rode into Washington (4 miles) with Maj. Hill. Here I met numerous acquain­ tances and received the painful intelligence from the St. Louis Republican of the 18th instant that my beloved wife had been arrested and confined in the female department of Gratiot Street prison, St. Louis, on the charge of general disloyalty. This news filled me with sorrow and regret, the more painful because [I could] do nothing to aid her in this hour of severe trial. Oh my dear darling wife, how my heart bleeds to think of your trials and persecutions! Would God I were able to serve you or even to be with you now. I pray to God that he will give you strength and fortitude and grace to bear up under these trials and that they may result in nothing worse than your being banished from among the detested Yankees. After remaining in town several hours [I] returned to Maj. Hill's by late dinner time. The evening and night passed off cheerfully to others but my thoughts were with my poor persecuted wife and I could think of nothing else and was poor company for anyone.

State Historical Society of Missouri "/ Acted From Principle " 403

February 2nd. Thursday. It rained hard all night. My earliest thoughts this morning as well as my latest were of my beloved incarcerated wife. What can I ever do to repay her for all that she has so heroically endured for me and in our noble cause? I should be unworthy of her if it is not the study of my life to make her happy. May the arms of omnipotence be around her and my dear children in this dark hour. After breakfast, though the day was unpromising, I started back to Col. Hervey's, 12 miles, on horseback with a servant to bring the horse back. The recent rains had so swelled all the streams that I met with great difficulty. [I] took the wrong road and had to swim my horse over four creeks, a thing which I very much dislike, and of course got thoroughly wet in all the lower part of my body. The bottom of the Bois d'Arc [Creek] was all a lake up to my horse's flank, but by dint of perseverance and determination arrived at Col. Hervey's hos­ pitable residence about 2 P.M. I exchanged my wet clothes for dry ones and was kindly welcomed by Mrs. Hervey and Miss Derrick, a very intelligent and agreeable young lady. During the afternoon [I] wrote to Maj. [Edward C] Cabell and Dr. J. N. McDowell, both in Washington [Arkansas].

February 3rd. Friday. Felt unusually depressed all day. The thoughts of my dear wife being imprisoned oppresses me. After breakfast [I] rode over to see Dr. Wooten but was ill at ease. [I] returned and tried to divert my mind by reading Macaulay. Old Mrs. Johnson on her way to Lewisville [Arkansas] called by Col. Hervey's and stayed all night. [I] was glad to see her. After dark Col. Hervey came from Washington bringing me a note from Col. [Robert] Shaler stating that he had received a note from Capt. [T. J.] McKay at Monticello [Arkansas on] Jan. 29th in which he said he had that day met my wife and two children travelling in a wagon between Gaines' Landing and Monticello and [she] would be in Monticello the next day. This intelligence took me by surprise. She has undoubtably been ban­ ished and is now exposed to all the trials and hardships of a severe journey. I shall start for Camden in the morning hoping to meet her. God bless and protect her.35

Traveling on horseback "through rain, mud, and high water," McPheeters covered the seventy miles to Camden in just two days. At Camden he found the direct route to Monticello completely flooded and impassable. Unwilling to wait for the floodwaters to recede, he embarked upon a more circuitous route down the flooded Ouachita River. Initially, he descended the river aboard the steamboat General Fletcher, but owing to a fear of Yankee gunboats he traversed the last forty miles in a small rowboat. Disembarking sixty miles below Camden, McPheeters sought to procure horses from local residents in hopes of continuing the search for his family:

St. Louis Missouri Republican, 18,19 January 1865; McPheeters diary, 1-3 February 1865. 404 Missouri Historical Review

February 10th. Friday. Having procured a mule to ride [I] started off from Hamburg [Arkansas], after breakfast with Col. [John] Polk, for Monticello, distant 33 miles. Passed through Lacey [Arkansas] and when 7 miles from Monticello met a courier with a dispatch saying that my wife, when last heard from, was at Warren [Arkansas]. Thus doomed again to disappoint­ ment I determined to go on to Monticello and thence to Warren. Late in the evening when two miles from Monticello we were met by a man just from town who warned us not to go into Monticello, as the Yankees were momentarily expected there on a raid from Pine Bluff, and who told us that most of the men had left the town. On receiving this news we deemed it safest not to venture in, so we turned back and spent the night at a house 4 miles from town in some apprehension all night of the Yankees.

February 11th. Saturday. Fearing to go through Monticello the nearest way, I parted with Col. Polk at daylight and went back to Lacey, thence to Long View where I crossed the Saline River in a ferry boat and went to Warren where I arrived late in the evening having travelled 40 miles. Here I was fortunate enough to meet my wife and two children at the hotel and who were anxiously looking for me. It was a joyous meeting after so long a separation. My dear wife was well and looking well though she has had a dreadfully rough trip. The children, Maggy and Sally, were very much grown in 3 years and would not have known me, nor I them. The reunion was a happy one.36

The family remained together until the end of the war, finding a safe haven at the home of Colonel Calvin Hervey near Spring Hill, Arkansas. After news of Robert E. Lee's surrender of the Army of Northern Virginia reached McPheeters, he and his fellow officers speculated whether the Trans- Mississippi would surrender as well. Some wondered if, perhaps, they might go to Texas and make a stand there. When the Southern defeat was definitely reported, McPheeters accepted the loss as he had fought the war—with stead­ fast forthrightness. He was brutally realistic in his appraisal of their situation:

May 16th. Tuesday. Rode over to Spring Hill as usual this morning hop­ ing to hear news. It is rumored that this department has been surrendered. If so, it is submitting to inevitable and dire necessity. We are a conquered, subjugated people. God help us. I will not dwell on the horrors of such a fate, but I desire to submit with resignation to the desires of an all wise Providence, as hard as it may be, knowing that "the judge of all the earth will do right" though it may involve our destruction as a people. Still I have always believed and I still firmly believe that the South was right in this contest. We were fighting for the right of self government and with the downfall of the Southern Confederacy perishes the last hope of free

McPheeters diary, 4-11 February 1865. '7 Acted From Principle " 405

governments. The Yankees themselves will one day find to their cost that they have been fighting against their own interest and the fundamental principles on which their government was founded. Their liberties are gone as well as ours and they will find out when it is too late.37

As McPheeters found passage for himself and his family back to St. Louis by river steamboats, Federal authorities forced him to sign the oath of allegiance that had been thrust upon him three years earlier. Then, he had acted on principle and refused to sign. After his wartime experience, his years of combat and hardship, he signed the oath on his way home, not once, but twice. Adding insult to his many injuries, Sallie had to sign as well. The McPheeters family reached St. Louis on July 16, 1865. Reflecting on his plight, McPheeters's final diary entry concludes: "I will not attempt to record my feelings on this occasion. I did not anticipate returning under such sad circumstances, but God's will be done. I have the proud con­ sciousness that I have done my duty, and the failure of the South to achieve her independence is owing to no fault of mine."38 Accepting his fate, McPheeters returned to his medical practice, dili­ gently serving patients in St. Louis until his death forty years later. He never looked back with regret. Instead, he resumed his life and career with faith and resolution, and at his death in 1905, the citizenry of St. Louis, especially his colleagues, revered him as an accomplished physician and a gentleman of substance.

37 Ibid., 16 May 1865. 38 Ibid., 16 July 1865.

Folks Versus One Lone Sheep

Columbia Mizzou Weekly, September 1, 1994. CORRECTION: Mizzou Weekly misplaced a life-sized sculpture of a Suffolk ram in the Aug. 25 issue. . . . [W]e identified the ram as one of a number of outdoor sculptures being inventoried through an MU program called Save Outdoor Sculpture! A reader called to point out that the ram is not located in front of Sheepbreeder Magazine offices.... In fact, the sculp­ ture is in front of the National Suffolk Sheep Association, a registry for Suffolk sheep.... The reader also reports that the sculpture is not life-sized, but rather one-and-a-half to two times the size of a typical Suffolk ram. David Van Heuvelen, business manager for the national registry, says the sculpture is about the size of a real-life ram. ... In fact, though, the sculpture occasionally is not a ram at all. Forward-thinking associa­ tion members asked that the animal be designed with removable reproductive organs to thwart vandalism. State Historical Society of Missouri

Joseph W. Folk and the "Missouri Idea": The 1904 Governor's Race in Missouri

BY STEVEN L. PIOTT*

Most students of Missouri history have heard of the famous St. Louis boodle trials of 1902-1903 when little-known circuit attorney Joseph W Folk brought indictments against twenty-four individuals accused of having given or taken bribes in connection with the granting of certain public utility fran­ chises. The investigations and ensuing trials exposed a ten-year period of graft in city government that involved not only St. Louis "Boss" Ed Butler

*Steven L. Piott is a professor of history at Clarion University of Pennsylvania. He received the B.A. and M.A. degrees from the University of Utah, Salt Lake City, and the Ph.D. degree from the University of Missouri-Columbia. 406 Joseph W. Folk 407 and delegates in the municipal assembly but members of St. Louis's business elite as well. The revelations shocked the public and caused a local sensa­ tion. When journalist Lincoln Steffens published his famous muckraking articles—"Tweed Days in St. Louis" and "The Shamelessness of St. Louis"—for McClure's Magazine, the whole country took note. By early 1903 Folk had become Missouri's most publicized political figure, and his future political prospects appeared limitless. He added to his stature as an enemy of boodlers when he cooperated with Missouri Attorney General Edward C. Crow in a 1903 investigation of the so-called Baking Powder Trust in which Lieutenant Governor John A. Lee and several state legislators were charged with bribery. Despite grumbling from business­ men, who believed that the scandals tarnished the state's reputation and hurt business, and politicians, who felt that Folk's zealous indictment of corrupt officeholders sullied the Democratic Party, reformers were convinced that they had found their hero. Many hoped Folk would continue his war against corruption by running for governor. His decision to do so triggered one of the most spirited political battles in the history of the state. The focal point of the campaign was Folk's moral crusade against the evil forces of corrup­ tion and the advocacy of a program he called the "Missouri Idea." Gubernatorial campaigns in Missouri began early, often more than a year before the state nominating conventions and nearly eighteen months before the election itself. The 1904 campaign was no different. Newspaper editors seriously began to weigh the merits of a possible Folk candidacy for governor on the Democratic ticket during the spring of 1903. For his part Folk remained noncommittal but said nothing to dampen enthusiasm. Perhaps hoping to pressure Folk into making a decision, a delegation of businessmen from St. Louis's wholesale district came to his office in the Four Courts Building on March 28, 1903, and presented him with a resolu­ tion commending his work as circuit attorney. Conspicuously, the group included a number of friends and former Tennesseans whom Folk had come to know in the St. Louis Tennessee Society, of which he had served as presi­ dent in 1902. The document represented the sentiments of only one section of the St. Louis business community, but the thirteen hundred signatures affixed to the resolution suggested that support among the shoe manufactur­ ers and merchants of Washington Avenue ran deep. The gesture, coming from friends, political supporters, and successful businessmen with the potential to contribute heavily to a political campaign, must have influenced Folk's thinking.1

1 St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 29 March 1903. See also Lincoln Steffens, "The Shamelessness of St. Louis," McClure's Magazine 20 (March 1903): 545-560; Lincoln Steffens and Claude H. Wetmore, "Tweed Days in St. Louis," McClure's Magazine 19 (October 1902): 577-586. 408 Missouri Historical Review

State Historical Society of Missouri

Not long afterward, and certainly with Folk's acquiescence, this same group of businessmen took the first steps toward perfecting a "Folk for Governor" Bureau. Spearheaded by fellow Tennessean John C. Roberts, a close friend and the president of the Roberts, Johnson and Rand Shoe Company; Nelson W. McLeod, also from Tennessee and a partner in the Grayson-McLeod Lumber Company; and Murray Carleton, a dry goods manufacturer, a campaign organization was established with McLeod as secretary in charge. The Folk Bureau immediately began to collect a cam­ paign fund, generate Folk literature, and promote "Folk Clubs" throughout Missouri (there would be 125 by the end of July). By mid-summer Folk was being "groomed" for governor in a number of Missouri newspapers (the Kansas City Times listed seventy-nine state newspa­ pers that supported him). Folk took no part in these early maneuverings, wait­ ing until his campaign could be cast in terms of responding to a call from the people of Missouri. Soon, Folk's supporters began sloganeering to the press, insisting that "Folk is not running for Governor; the people are running him."2 Even if he had not formally declared his candidacy, Folk was positioning him-

2 Floyd C. Shoemaker, ed., Missouri and Missourians: Land of Contrasts and People of Achievements (Chicago: Lewis Publishing Company, 1943), 2: 225. Joseph W. Folk 409 self for the race. On July 15, 1903, his office released a schedule of "Good Government" speeches that he would make over the next three months, a tour that would allow him to test his popularity in all parts of the state.3 Folk presented his first speech on good government at the twenty-sec­ ond reunion of the Old Settlers Association of Montgomery County in New Florence on August 1, 1903. The occasion, an annual picnic in which farm families brought their own dinner baskets to the festivities, featured a baby show, a public wedding, a spinning wheel contest, and, as always, a keynote speaker. But the arrival of Joe Folk was something extraordinary. Special trains brought spectators from distant points, and some farmers drove thirty miles to hear the famous enemy of the boodlers. It provided the first oppor­ tunity for many to see the celebrated prosecutor about whom they had read so much, and not a few were surprised at Folk's calm manner, boyish appearance, and pleasant demeanor. Said one observer, "I thought he was a terror to boodlers. I don't see anything very terrible about him. He looks kind."4 Gatekeepers estimated that between ten and fifteen thousand people gathered to hear Folk. Thousands of buttons with his picture and the slogan "Folk for Good Government" could be found amongst the crowd as well as many white badges proclaiming "Joseph W. Folk for Governor, 1904."5 In his New Florence address, entitled "Civic Righteousness," Folk evaded the question of his candidacy, shunned partisan attacks, and avoided any mention of party politics. He did, however, use the opportunity to hit themes he had been emphasizing as prosecuting attorney—the need to eradi­ cate bribery and to fight commercialism in politics. Folk told the crowd that although many problems confronted the American people, none was more serious than bribery. He reminded his listeners, as he had jurors on numer­ ous occasions during the boodle trials, that while other questions concerned the functions of government, bribery undermined the foundation of govern­ ment itself. "Bribery if allowed to go on would be fatal to the civic life of any people," said Folk. "No government can long exist where it is tolerat­ ed." Folk referred to bribe-givers and bribe-takers as "the enemies of the Republic, ... for when legislation becomes a commodity the liberties of the people will be lost." The corrupt state of affairs that had allowed civic honor to be pushed aside was, said Folk, the "outgrowth of the commercialism of our times." "The . . . mania for speculation has caused a departure from the divine injunction 'in the sweat of thy face shalt thou eat bread.' Too many

3 St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 12, 15, 30 July 1903; Louis G. Geiger, Joseph W. Folk of Missouri, University of Missouri Studies, vol. 25, no. 2 (Columbia: Curators of the University of Missouri, 1953), 61; J. J. McAuliffe, "Fighting the Good Fight in Missouri," Frank Leslie's Popular Monthly 58 (June 1904): 204; The Nation 11 (30 July 1903): 85; James Neal Primm, Lion of the Valley: St. Louis, Missouri (Boulder, Colo.: Pruett Publishing Company, 1981), 392. 4 St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 1 August 1903. 5 Ibid., 1,2 August 1903. 410 Missouri Historical Review men seek wealth without the corresponding inclination to labor for its achievement. Political commercialism has taken the place in many men's minds of patriotism."6 But these problems could be remedied, suggested Folk, through the establishment of a new patriotism and the vigorous enforcement of the law. "We need more of the patriotism of peace in private and public life. There must be a revival of civic righteousness in state and municipal affairs." It was humiliating, he said, to know that so much corruption had been allowed to continue for so long without restraint, but it was "more patriotic to apply the knife of the law to the cancerous growth than by tolerance to allow it to . . . destroy civic life." In concluding his hour-long address, Folk provided a reaffirmation of his own deep-rooted evangelical morality. He reminded Missourians that they had been given a noble opportunity to fight against public evils. "It is a battle of right against wrong; of the true against the false. Evil has been arrogant, but the day of reckoning has come."7 At the dedication of the Confederate monument in Palmyra two weeks later, Folk gave his second major political address. Using the occasion to reiterate his earlier political themes, Folk again suggested that the thrust of his campaign would be emotional—a moral crusade against the evil forces of corruption and special privilege. Again, he offered the listeners his pre­ scription for good government: fight bribery and commercialism in politics, awaken a new civic consciousness (patriotism) in the people, and enforce the law. He referred to this program as the "Missouri Idea" and suggested that it could serve as an example for other states to follow. As defined by Folk, the Missouri Idea necessitated the unrelenting exposure and punishment of official grafters and the transformation of pub­ lic office into a public trust where elected officials would work for civic good and not for private gain. "Unless laws are strictly enforced," said Folk, "one toleration leads to another, and general wrong is the result. . . . The object of the law against bribery is to preserve official acts from the taint of corruption in order that officials may be influenced alone by the public good." Corruptionists, said Folk, were shrewd, but they feared an aroused public conscience more than anything. "They tremble now as they hear with ever-increasing distinctness the distant rumbling of public indig­ nation, but their hope is that the people will soon forget." Then, once again exchanging the pat phrases of a politician for the language of a revivalist preacher, Folk exhorted his political congregation to act. "May those who place civic honor above sordid greed, who despise wrong and hate corrup­ tion, march in solid phalanx against the forces of error, and, keeping step to the music of righteousness, make this their battle cry: 'Lord God of hosts,

Ibid., 2 August 1903. Ibid. Joseph W. Folk 411 be with us yet, / Lest we forget—lest we forget!'"8 In each of his early appearances—at New Florence and Palmyra in August and again at Moberly and Shelbyville in September—voters respond­ ed enthusiastically to the man and to what he had to say. The circuit attorney, frequently referred to as the "Honest Man of Missouri," and his speeches, largely emotional expositions on good citizenship, represented the moral ideal in politics. In fact, his presentations were sermons on public morality. To one reporter, the message was simply, "Thou shalt not steal." Lincoln Steffens, who helped Folk write many of his campaign speeches, explained the intent: "Our purpose was ... to arrange the overwhelming mass of evi­ dence, confessions, and underworld gossip so as to paint a picture of the gov­ ernment as it actually was on the canvas of the old picture of Missouri as the Missourians thought it was." And to Steffens, Folk was an expert painter: "His speeches . . . were masterly statements; they were good pictures. He was a cool, appealing, rather gentle orator, very moving, but his imagination was the force that carried his audiences, his ability to . . . draw his outline of the corrupted government."9

8 Ibid., 16 August 1903. 9 McAuliffe, "Fighting the Good Fight," 207; Joseph Lincoln Steffens, The Autobiography of Lincoln Steffens (New York: Harcourt, Brace and Company, 1931), 444-445.

State Historical Society of Missouri

Known for his impassioned ora­ torical style, Joseph W. Folk's speech and presence favorably impressed a large number of voters at New Florence. 412 Missouri Historical Review

Never a great orator in the sense of possessing grandiloquence or charis­ matic presence, Folk's primary speaking assets included sincerity and intensi­ ty—his devotion to principle and his moral passion. One Missouri editor described Folk as being "reserved, . . . hard to get acquainted with, and yet there is something in his make-up—that inexplainable something—which leads you to believe that he is the sincere and honest man he professes to be."10 St. Louis newspaperman Claude Wetmore said that Folk's "great earnestness" was what held his audiences. When he spoke as a politician he spoke as an attorney, and he pleaded his case before his audience. He also spoke as a democrat who had confidence in the common man: "The power is with the people to preserve our institutions. All true reforms come from the masses."11 He was witnessing the religion of democracy, and it seemed to be taking hold. Another theme Folk struck in his early speeches, and one with which other Democratic gubernatorial candidates uniformly took issue, was that honesty was more important than party. The St. Louis prosecutor's repeated warnings that there could be no "truckling to boodle influences" and "no compromise with public plunderers" might have been acceptable to organi­ zation Democrats if he had left it at that. But when he suggested that "if a party cannot get along without rascals, the people should get along without that party," he sounded like a traitor to many party regulars. And to those schooled on partisanship as the basis of turn-of-the-century American poli­ tics, such a statement was tantamount to blasphemy. Folk intended his com­ ment to mean that excessive partisanship or blind allegiance to party had facilitated the current state of American politics by sustaining the corrupt elements in it. In essence, Folk criticized a political culture that exalted loy­ alty over integrity. His questioning of party loyalties only confirmed what many machine Democrats had always suspected—Folk was not a party man. It was a problem with no solution, and one that would plague Folk throughout his political career. The harder he campaigned against corrup­ tion, the more he alienated party regulars who charged that such actions served only to hurt the organization.12 By the time Folk formally announced his candidacy with a speech in St. Joseph on October 24, 1903, it seemed as if he had decided to seek the nomi­ nation without the aid of the party "organization." Corruption would be the issue of his campaign: "Bribery is more fatal to civic life than any other crime. It aims at the assassination of the commonwealth itself. It makes the passage of laws mere matters of bargain and sale, thwarts justice, enthrones iniquity and makes lawful government impossible." He would tell voters

10 Quoted in A. L. Thurman, Jr., "Joseph Wingate Folk: The Politician as Speaker and Public Servant," Missouri Historical Review 59 (January 1965): 174. 11 Geiger, Joseph W. Folk, 64; St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 16 August 1903. 12 St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 13 September 1903. Joseph W. Folk 413 that he would continue to prosecute corruptionists: "The laws are made to be enforced, not to be disregarded. . . . When some laws are not enforced, lack of respect for all law is engendered. ... I would like to see the law adminis­ tered in Missouri so . . . that no man will be above or below the law." And he would redefine partisanship in reformist terms and run on principle: "Partisanship does not mean the condoning of offenses by those calling themselves Democrats, for they are Democrats in name only. Some parti­ sans insist that the test of loyalty is to stand by the party right or wrong; to defend the corrupt members regardless of decency. . . . The man who sees no more in democracy than this does not know what democracy means. He mistakes policy for principle." In his own mind he was true to his party, but he would run for the Democratic nomination as a "democrat." "Organizations," said Folk, "deteriorate into machines when they are con­ trolled by men who desire to use the party for personal ends, regardless of the party's welfare. . . . The best machine any individual can have is the heart and conscience of the people."13 The outlines of what promised to be a hard-fought political campaign became apparent as other challengers entered the race. The first to do so was Judge James B. Gantt in July 1903. Gantt, a Confederate Civil War vet­ eran who had never held a political office, had spent the last thirteen years as a justice of the Missouri Supreme Court and had been openly critical of Folk's handling of the boodle trials. The judge's prominent role in overturn­ ing several of the boodle convictions on technical points and his outspoken defense of the court's rulings in those cases had earned him a reputation for strongly catering to the Democratic machine in St. Louis. He was also said to be on confidential terms with the current Democratic state administration and very much in sympathy with their administrative policies. Not surpris­ ingly, Gantt was a defender of the status quo and very anti-Folk. In one of his earliest speeches, the judge exclaimed: "My God, haven't we had honest government for the past thirty years? If there is anything I abhor it is the man who comes to Missouri to get rich out of the state and who slanders our fair name by talking about robbery and boodling."14 Gantt added little sub­ stance to the political debate and never mounted an aggressive campaign, but he stood ready as a possible compromise candidate should the party's nominating convention end in a deadlock.15 James A. Reed, a former prosecuting attorney of Jackson County and then the mayor of Kansas City, announced his candidacy in September 1903 and quickly proved equally disappointing as a contender for the nomination.

13 Ibid., 25 October 1903. 14 Geiger, Joseph W. Folk, 66. 15 St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 12 July 1903; Shoemaker, Missouri and Missourians, 2: 225; Geiger, Joseph W. Folk, 66; William R. Jackson, Missouri Democracy: A History of the Party and Its Representative Members (Chicago: S. J. Clarke Company, 1935), 1: 288. 414 Missouri Historical Review

James A. Reed

State Historical Society of Missouri

Despite a reputation as a capable prosecutor, an aggressive politician, an outstanding speaker, and a power in western Missouri, Reed stumbled badly from the start. Deprecating Folk's achievements as circuit attorney and ridi­ culing his effort to make "boodleism" the central issue in the campaign, Reed seemed to be either under inept political guidance or hopelessly out of touch with public opinion.16 Folk's third rival for the Democratic nomination was Harry B. Hawes, the shrewd political leader of the St. Louis Democrats. Hawes had first gained prominence as leader of the Jefferson Club and then as president of the Board of Police Commissioners in St. Louis. Although Hawes had engi­ neered Folk's nomination as circuit attorney in 1900, they had quarreled over Folk's vigorous prosecution of Democrats accused of election frauds in 1901 and then openly split when the boodle investigations heaped further embarrassment upon the party. Hawes saw Folk as a political opportunist and a self-promoter who cared little for the party. But was challenging Folk a politically astute move for Hawes to make? William Marion Reedy, the

16 McAuliffe, "Fighting the Good Fight," 204; Geiger, Joseph W. Folk, 66; Jackson, Missouri Democracy, 2: 907-908. Joseph W Folk 415 editor of the St. Louis Mirror and a close friend of Hawes, advised against it. Reedy worried that if Hawes ran against Folk, he risked becoming asso­ ciated with the very men that Folk attacked—convicted boodlers and their implicated associates, members of the state machine whose political supremacy was threatened, and representatives of liquor and gambling inter­ ests who feared that Folk would put the lid on their operations if elected. "To put Mr. Hawes to the front in such an attitude now," said Reedy, "is simply to ruin his career." Hawes delayed the formal announcement of his candidacy until January 1904, but in the end he decided to make it a contest. For party esteem and possible long-term reward, perhaps slugging it out with Folk was the right move to make.17 Once the Folk forces saw who their intraparty opposition would be and heard the first collective blast of anti-Folk rhetoric, they accused Gantt, Reed, and Hawes of collusion in an effort to defeat their candidate at any cost. When Folk's three opponents refrained from attacking each other or from even campaigning in each other's territory, Folk's supporters suspected a conspiracy. They charged that the old political guard, having given up any hope of defeating Folk in the statewide contest for delegates, had decided to use the cumulative strengths of his opponents to deny him the nomination in a deadlocked state convention. Mayor Reed would carry Kansas City, St. Joseph, and several other western counties, Hawes would control the large St. Louis delegation, while Judge Gantt, with a few rural delegates, or some­ one else, could be brought forward as a compromise candidate. It began to look as if Folk's march to the nomination would be treacherous.18 The closing weeks of 1903 witnessed the real opening of the campaign. On November 18 Hawes made his first major address in Hannibal and quickly put Folk on the defensive. Hawes charged that Folk was not a good party man, deliberately bartering away party loyalty to gain Republican sup­ port. In later speeches Hawes sharply assailed Folk as a "party traitor," a "renegade," a "masked Republican," a "bogus Democrat," and an "ambi­ tious demagogue" and a "self-appointed Moses" who promised deliverance for others but sought only advancement for himself. He brought his assault on Folk to a head in a speech formally launching his candidacy in St. Louis on January 16, 1904. Said Hawes: "If the price of Missouri's Governorship depends upon making the people believe that Democracy means dishonesty, then I, for one, find the price too high. Between the man who corrupts a legislature to secure a franchise and a man who corrupts public opinion to secure an office, I find but little difference."19 The bitterness of Hawes's

17 Claude Wetmore, The Battle Against Bribery: Being the Only Complete Narrative of Joseph W. Folk's Warfare on Boodlers (St. Louis: Pan-American Press, 1904), 182-183. 18 See ibid., 181, 183; Geiger, Joseph W. Folk, 67; McAuliffe, "Fighting the Good Fight," 208. 19 St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 17 January 1904. 416 Missouri Historical Review attack on Folk, as well as Folk's angry responses, gave credence to the fore­ bodings of those in the party who had warned that a Folk candidacy would split the party and give the advantage to the Republicans.20 Folk received criticisms from other fronts as well. The St. Louis Post- Dispatch, normally very supportive, suggested that Folk, in his effort to make the eradication of corruption the sole issue in the campaign, was miss­ ing an opportunity to promote a broader agenda of needed reforms. Three days after his St. Joseph address, the Post-Dispatch editorially charged that "Folk plays a harp with a single string; he sings a song with but one refrain— boodle." Pressing the point further, the editors listed five basic issues and suggested that Folk add them to his platform. These included commitments to reorganize the Democratic Party to exclude trust influences; separate the St. Louis police from politics; revise existing election laws; drive the lobby from the state capitol; and compel corporations to pay their fair share of taxa­ tion. Folk responded in writing that he would support each of the points raised; however, the incident was more than a minor embarrassment. Folk's reform vision in the fall of 1903 still fell far short of a full-fledged progres­ sive program; the Missouri Idea was still in its infancy21 Folk quickly responded to his opponent and most vociferous critic. During a series of speeches at Carrollton, Plattsburg, Macon, Warrensburg, and Independence in November and December of 1903, Folk responded to Hawes's charges that he was not a good Democrat by admitting that he was not Hawes's kind of Democrat—one who had previously joined hands with Boss Ed Butler when it suited his political purposes and who would allow corruptionists to remain in the party for the same reason. At various times he referred to Hawes as "Ed Butler's man," as "the would-be Dick Croker of St. Louis," as "the gangster's chief," and as "the machine-made product of ward- heeler politics" and charged him with being the self-constituted "dictator" and self-proclaimed "censor" for the Democratic Party in Missouri. Folk labeled Hawes's brand of Democracy as the "product of machinery" and accused Hawes of regarding no man as a good Democrat who did not wear his brand of collar. "I do not believe," said Folk, "that party loyalty demands the sup­ port of corrupt men, nor the condoning of offenses committed by members of the party. If that be party treason then I say make the most of it."22 Folk's supporters also began to boom his campaign. At a meeting in St. Louis in late November, they formally inaugurated a state organization and

20 St. Louis Republic, 19 November 1903; Frances Patton Landen, "The Joseph W. Folk Campaign for Governor in 1904 as Reflected in the Rural Press of Missouri" (master's thesis, University of Missouri, 1938), 85-87; Geiger, Joseph W. Folk, 66-68; St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 17 January 1904. 21 St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 27 October, 5 November 1903; Geiger, Joseph W. Folk, 65. 22 St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 20 December 1903. See also ibid., 22 November, 6, 13, 20 December 1903; 17 January 1904. Joseph W. Folk 417

DEMOCRATIC CANDIDATE FOB THE NO|tIMATION:FOR OOVEnNORV^OFMIsSoiIMV:;- State Historical Society of Missouri 418 Missouri Historical Review advanced plans for the creation of Folk clubs in each of Missouri's counties. At the invitation of former congressman W. D. Vandiver, chairman of the Folk executive committee, delegations representing each congressional dis­ trict met again in the city on January 2 to complete a statewide organization for the campaign. A keynote address by Folk climaxed the second meeting. During his speech, which was interrupted twice by a heckler who shouted "Hawes" and then "Are you a Democrat?" Folk again lashed out at his adversaries in the party by questioning their motives. "Dishonest men," said the circuit attorney, "always try to hide behind the shield of the party and try to make it appear that attacks on them are slanders on the party."23 On a more constructive level, Folk stressed that the paramount issue of the campaign was the elimination of governmental corruption, and he embraced an expanded version of the five-point reform program suggested by the Post-Dispatch in October: destroy the lobby in Jefferson City; grant munici­ pal home rule to St. Louis, Kansas City, and St. Joseph (take the control of police and election boards from the governor and give it to the cities); take the police out of municipal politics; adopt laws that will guarantee fair elec­ tions; and revise tax laws to equalize tax assessments and require that all corporations, including public service ones, pay their fair tax share. In more sharply defining these reform issues, Folk, under the pressure of a cam­ paign, took a major step forward in the creation of a broad program and announced his desire to lead a genuine reform movement.24 The campaign for the Democratic nomination entered its final phase during the spring of 1904 when party members in county conventions elect­ ed delegates to the state nominating convention to be held in Jefferson City in mid-July. At the St. Louis County convention in Clayton on March 1, Folk supporters received their first lesson in rough-and-tumble ward poli­ tics. On the night of the convention, a band of Hawes men, referred to by the press as "ruffians wearing Hawes badges," were allegedly brought to Clayton in trolley cars, stormed the hall, and caused a riot. After evicting all Folk sympathizers, they took control of the meeting and elected dele­ gates favorable to Hawes. While contesting the actions of the Hawes bullies at Clayton, Folk's supporters reconvened four days later at Kirkwood and selected their own slate of pro-Folk delegates. It was left to the state con­ vention to decide which delegation would be seated.25 The Folk forces fared no better in the Democratic primary held in St. Louis on March 12. Folk's inner circle had conceded that Hawes—who controlled the party machinery in the city—would win easily, but they were

23 Ibid., 3 January 1904. 24 Ibid., 29 November 1903; 1-3, 10 January 1904; Geiger, Joseph W. Folk, 65; "A Slogan for Civic Righteousness," Valley Weekly 3(13 January 1904): 8-9. 25 St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 1, 6 March 1904; Geiger, Joseph W. Folk, 69; Wetmore, Battle Against Bribery, 184-187; McAuliffe, "Fighting the Good Fight," 207. Joseph W Folk 419 shocked by the margin. Hawes won by a vote of 13,205 to 2,801 and car­ ried every contested ward. He collected 111 of the 121 St. Louis delegates, almost one-third of the number needed for nomination. Folk's meager tally of ten delegates came solely from South St. Louis, where he had the support of ward leader A. C. "Tony" Steuver and ran uncontested.26 More than dismayed by the results, the Folk supporters cried fraud. They charged that "saloon gangs" voted repeatedly and under false names and that "thugs" roughed up suspected Folk voters waiting in line to vote. Numerous voters reported that the police stood idly by and watched the manhandling. The charges took on added validity when several prominent St. Louisans claimed to have been assaulted in the fashionable West End section of the city. Outraged, Folk supporters charged that republican institutions had been trampled by criminal contempt of the law. Angry citizens held a highly pub­ licized indignation meeting; over one hundred ministers signed a public peti­ tion denouncing the "outrages"; and Reverend Frank G. Tyrrell, pastor of the Mount Cabanne Christian Church, published a 228-page diatribe entitled Political Thuggery; or, Missouri's Battle with the Boodlers to draw broader attention to the incident and to rally Missourians behind Folk's campaign.27 Folk used the incidents in St. Louis to accuse Democratic Governor Alexander Dockery of complicity with the Democratic political machine in that city. Despite statements from Dockery proclaiming his neutrality in the campaign, Folk charged that the governor had allowed his political appointees to work behind the scenes against his candidacy. He also claimed that Dockery was either too incompetent to control the St. Louis police or had secretly cooperated with the Democratic machine to prevent a fair vote in the city. Provoked by the charges, Dockery revealed his true position:

For the first time in 30 years we are confronted . . . with the spectacle of an ambitious politician endeavoring to elevate himself to the position of chief executive by unfairly and unjustly assailing the administration of his party.... Mr. Folk has been badly beaten in his own home city because of his effort to gain personal advantage at the expense of the party which honored him with preferment.28

Several days later, although he denied issuing any direct orders, Dockery admitted that his political appointees in St. Louis and Kansas City had been

26 St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 16 July 1903; 13 March 1904; Geiger, Joseph W Folk, 69. 27 St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 12-13 March 1904; Geiger, Joseph W Folk, 69-70; Wetmore, Battle Against Bribery, 188-194; McAuliffe, "Fighting the Good Fight," 208; Frank G. Tyrrell, Political Thuggery; or, Missouri's Battle with the Boodlers (St. Louis: Puritan Publishing Company, 1904). 28 St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 17 March 1904. 420 Missouri Historical Review

Governor Alexander Dockery

State Historical Society of Missouri working for Hawes and Reed. Dockery was caught in a final embarrassment when the grand jury investigating charges of election frauds indicted seven­ teen policemen and one Democratic central committeeman and criticized the governor for "allowing the St. Louis police department to be used as a politi­ cal machine." In the end, the Folk forces had managed to turn the defeat into a triumph. They had linked Hawes with bossism, tied the standpat state administration to the machine in St. Louis, further enhanced Folk's political image as an outsider, and emphasized important elements of Folk's reform platform: get the police out of politics; remove the governor's control of police and election boards; adopt laws that would guarantee fair elections; and enforce the law.29 The Clayton riot and the St. Louis primary marked the turning point in the campaign. Folk used the positive publicity he received to put pressure on his opponents. While his headquarters continued to generate large quantities of campaign literature, he continued to stump the state. By mid-April he had traveled some 4,000 miles by train and over 300 miles by stage or other con­ veyance and delivered approximately 125 speeches (200 by the end of May), which reached approximately 250,000 people. Folk's popularity in the agri­ cultural districts proved to be unmatched as county after county expressed

Ibid., 15, 17-18, 31 March 1904; Geiger, Joseph W. Folk, 70. Joseph W. Folk All their preference for him. Rural voters liked his repeated references to the common man, his attacks on corruption and special privilege, and his evan­ gelical fervor. Hawes, too closely identified with machine politics, failed to collect a single delegate after the St. Louis primary, while Reed, unable to strike a popular chord with the voters, suffered setbacks in counties where he supposedly had strength.30 As it became increasingly apparent that Folk's "whirlwind" campaign could not be stopped, many tried to account for his apparent triumph. William Marion Reedy, a Hawes supporter who had predicted in mid- February that the odds were five to one against Folk's nomination, suggested that the candidate had misrepresented himself. He angrily compared the Folk campaign to the Bryan campaign of 1896 in its "irresponsible, hysteri­ cal, malevolent mendacity, and in its demagogic assumption of monopoly of all the virtues."31 To Reedy, the voters had been duped. But by the third week in April, Reedy had resigned himself to the inevitable—predicting that Folk would win the election by one hundred thousand votes—and advised the circuit attorney's rivals to admit defeat. Judge Gantt exited the race first, followed by Hawes on April 28 and Reed on May 11. Reed immediately released his delegates to Folk, but Hawes refused. In bowing out Hawes

St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 18 April, 22 May 1904; Geiger, Joseph W. Folk, 70. William Marion Reedy, "Mr. Folk's Apparent Cinch," The Mirror 14 (7 April 1904): 1.

Folk stumped the state garnering support and votes from both the rural and urban sectors.

State Historical Society of Missouri 422 Missouri Historical Review lamented, "I thought I understood the people."32 Embittered by a vitupera­ tive campaign, Hawes warned Missourians that they were following an "ideal and imaginary" Folk. Hawes never understood, and journalist William Allen White thought he knew why: "It was plain to everyone but the machine leaders that there was something in the air of Missouri other than politics. A great moral issue was moving among the people. That issue concerned the enforcement or the annulment of law, and Folk dramatized it. His career, and the fight made upon him for that issue, cast him as the hero, and Americans never fail to applaud the hero and hiss the villain."33 On July 19 the Democratic state convention opened in Jefferson City. Folk and his followers seemed confident and in control, yet aware that they governed in an uneasy truce with party regulars and the old guard state com­ mittee. And now that the moral crusader headed the party ticket, regular Democrats seemed resigned to stand by any convention pledges for "moral advancement" that the candidate wanted to make. As a result, the preamble to the party platform reiterated the oft-repeated Folk dictum that the "para­ mount issue before the people of Missouri is the eradication of bribery from public life in this State." The party platform was also very much a Folk doc­ ument and, in large part, a discourse on the Missouri Idea. The Democrats promised the passage of laws that would make it a felony for an official to solicit a bribe; compel witnesses to bribery to testify and grant them immu­ nity from prosecution based on their testimony; void all franchises obtained by bribery; extend the statute of limitations in bribery cases to five years; require the prompt investigation of all allegations of bribery and the prosecu­ tion of all offenders; authorize the governor, through the attorney general, to take charge of any grand jury for the purpose of investigating corruption; make professional lobbying in the state legislature a felony; and protect all interests from "sandbag" measures or special interest legislation.34 The euphoria felt by the reform forces over the nomination of their can­ didate and the adoption of a party platform that essentially enunciated their concerns quickly vanished as delegates got down to the business of deciding the remainder of the party's ticket. Many Folk supporters wanted a reform ticket nominated from top to bottom, but the party's old guard had different ideas. Reaching a workable "compromise" on this question pointed out the weaknesses of a campaign centered on personal popularity and moral fervor. Folk's amazing personal appeal had obscured his lack of backing by any

32 Wetmore, Battle Against Bribery, 184. 33 Quoted in William Allen White, "Folk: The Story of a Little Leaven in a Great Commonwealth," McClure's Magazine 26 (December 1905): 126. William Marion Reedy, "Folk Boom's Progressive Demoralization," The Mirror 14 (11 February 1904): 5; William Marion Reedy, "The Fake Cry of Home Rule," ibid. (21 April 1904): 1; Geiger, Joseph W. Folk, 70-71. 34 Official Manual of the State of Missouri, 1905-1906 (Jefferson City: Hugh Stephens Printing Company, 1906), 254-256; Geiger, Joseph W. Folk, 75-77. Joseph W. Folk 423

At the Democratic state con­ vention, held in the Madison Hotel in Jefferson City, Folk accepted the party s nomina­ tion to run for governor of Missouri.

State Historical Society of Missouri tightly knit state organization with the power to impose a complete slate of candidates. Though perhaps foreseen by some, the consequences came as a surprise to many. While the Folk forces celebrated, party regulars continued to work, lining up delegate support for candidates who were closely identi­ fied with the state machine and had worked against Folk's nomination dur­ ing the campaign.35 Folk was essentially powerless to prevent the process. The party ticket, as finally approved by the convention-at-large, featured a curious mix of reform Democrats and machine Democrats—an embarrass­ ment both to Folk and reformers in general. According to historian Louis Geiger: "Folk carefully avoided any specific endorsement of the ticket, to convey, no doubt, that it had been forced upon him."36 Meeting in St. Joseph shortly after the Democratic conclave in Jefferson City, the Republicans nominated Cyrus P. Walbridge, president of the Bell

35 The two individuals most prominently identified with the state machine were Sam B. Cook, the candidate for secretary of state, and Albert O. Allen, the candidate for state auditor. See Independent 57 (28 July 1904): 173. 36 Geiger, Joseph W. Folk, 72, 73, 79. 424 Missouri Historical Review

Telephone Company of St. Louis, to be their standard-bearer. Walbridge had been a member of both the St. Louis House of Delegates (1881-1883) and the St. Louis Council (1889-1893) and had served as mayor of St. Louis from 1893 to 1897. Evidently, collective party wisdom thought that he could win the support of conservative voters and, perhaps, staunch anti-Folk Democrats, while the party's national hero, Theodore Roosevelt, would attract Progressive voters. Walbridge, however, had held public office at a time when corruption ran unchecked in the municipal assembly. Although never personally implicated in any wrongdoing, he had done nothing to expose it. With his background in St. Louis machine politics, the choice of Walbridge appeared to be a shortsighted one.37 By pitting Walbridge against Folk the Republicans painted themselves into a corner. The Republican platform, in attempting to address some reform issues—favoring home rule for major cities in the areas of police governance and control over elections, condemning the continued use of free railroad pass­ es by politicians, and taking a strong stance against corruption—probably served to embarrass Walbridge more than to help him. The same held true for the party's campaign strategy, which attempted to label the Democrats as the party of corruption and sought to discredit Folk by accusing him of caving in to the machine element within his party. The charges were patently untrue. The Republicans had been as guilty of political corruption as the Democrats, while Folk had obviously won the nomination against the will of the party machine and had withheld any endorsement of the full ticket. Besides, the impetus for reform had started within the Democratic Party not the Republican. The endorsements for Folk by some prominent Republicans proved even more damaging to the party's cause. In St. Louis Chauncey Filley, head of the Good Government Republican Club, openly campaigned against Walbridge; in Kansas City the influential Kansas City Star supported both Roosevelt and Folk and encouraged Missouri voters to split their tickets. Outside the state, reform governor Robert M. La Follette of Wisconsin placed the question above party and endorsed Folk, while William Allen White, editor of the Emporia (Kans.) Gazette commented that it was "better to be a bolter than a traitor to a state." The rumor circulated, and on good authority, that even President Roosevelt wanted to see Folk elected.38 Folk and the Democrats opened their campaign against the Republicans at Springfield's Baldwin Opera House on September 1. There, sharing the platform with national party hero William Jennings Bryan, and with most other leading state Democrats in attendance, Folk outlined the issues upon which the final campaign would be fought. The key element in that fight,

37 Ibid., 79. 38 Ibid., 82. Samuel Hopkins Adams apparently started the rumor in Collier's Weekly. See ibid., 79, 81-83. Joseph W. Folk 425

State Historical Society of Missouri said Folk, whose inflexible sense of moral purpose had held him to a single- minded goal throughout the canvass, was the Missouri Idea. And he remind­ ed his audience that the Missouri Idea had come to be known everywhere as the unrelenting exposure and punishment of bribe-givers and bribe-takers. He also vowed for the first time to support his party's ticket but qualified his endorsement by stating that he did so with the understanding that every can­ didate on the ticket had pledged to support a platform that declared unceasing warfare against corruptionists. As one historian aptly said: "Outwardly there was party harmony, but inwardly there were misgivings and suspicions."39 Over the next two months Folk tirelessly stumped the state, hitting at Walbridge and the Republicans in their most vulnerable points. Folk's com­ ments before a crowd of twelve thousand at the St. Louis Exposition Coliseum on October 29 were typical. There, at the close of the campaign, he rhetorical­ ly asked his audience how it could be expected that his opponent would be any more efficient as governor than he had been as mayor of St. Louis "when corruption was at its height and Walbridge failed to see it, or seeing it, failed to expose it."40 Supportive newspapers like the Post-Dispatch reinforced this theme through editorial comments and political cartoons that contrasted the two candidates. Walbridge, inattentive as mayor, slept while franchise grab­ bers looted the city treasury; Folk, vigilant as circuit attorney, used his big reform stick to rout grafters, boodlers, and bribe-givers. To Reedy, there was no contest: "They [the Republicans] can't beat Folk. . . . Why? Simply because they can't beat the Ten Commandments. Mr. Folk is identified with, almost incarnates ... the moral law."41 Although voters continued to come out in great numbers to hear the defender of the moral law, they appeared less

39 Homer Clevenger, "Missouri Becomes a Doubtful State," Mississippi Valley Historical Review 29 (March 1943): 554; St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 1 September 1904. 40 St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 30 October 1904. 41 William Marion Reedy, "Why Walbridge Won't Win," The Mirror 14(11 August 1904): 2. 426 Missouri Historical Review enthusiastic about the rest of the state ticket. It was also evident that Judge Alton B. Parker, at the head of the national Democratic ticket, was no match for Teddy Roosevelt in the minds of most Missouri voters.42 On November 9—election day—Folk won an emphatic victory while the rest of the state and national tickets suffered a resounding defeat.43 Folk best­ ed Walbridge by over thirty thousand votes, but the Republicans carried every other state office, nine of fifteen contested congressional seats, and a majority of the state legislature. Roosevelt beat Parker by over twenty-five thousand votes. Surprisingly, a great deal of Folk's margin of victory came from the major urban centers—St. Louis, Kansas City, and St. Joseph. In fact, Folk ran only seven thousand votes ahead of Walbridge in rural Missouri and car­ ried two fewer counties. Just as surprising was the fact that the overall Democratic vote in 1904 totaled fifty-five thousand less than in 1900. This suggested at least two possible conclusions: urban Republicans seemed will­ ing to scratch their ballots and vote for Folk while rural Democrats, perhaps overconfident, tended not to vote. As one Missouri editor observed: "The Democrats won Missouri for Roosevelt, and the Republicans elected Folk."44 Though a disaster for the Democratic Party, the election was a tremendous personal triumph for Folk and a victory for reform.

42 For a typical pro-Folk, anti-Walbridge political cartoon see St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 22 September 1904. 43 This was the election in which John McCutcheon's famous cartoon in the Chicago Tribune announced that Missouri ("The Mysterious Stranger") had joined the Republican ranks. 44 Quoted in Shoemaker, Missouri and Missourians, 2: 226.

State Historical Society of Missouri

This famous cartoon by John McCutcheon titled uThe Mysterious Stranger" appeared the day after the election in the Chicago Tribune. HMt Wl GOl Ql R SI Mt fiOVrPNMIM Ol 1 Pt Hit Mt D State Historical Society of Missouri

William Francis English: Educator and Civic Activist

BY WILLIAM I. MITCHELL*

The year 1995 marks the fiftieth anniversary of the present Missouri Constitution. Because it has been so long a part of the fabric of Missouri life, few remember the controversy surrounding its birth. Thus, it is appro­ priate at this time to commemorate the constitution by recalling some of the issues and people connected with its conception. William Francis English was one of the dedicated individuals responsi­ ble for the constitution's adoption. Although usually remembered for his work as a dean at the University of Missouri-Columbia as well as for his

*William I. Mitchell is an assistant professor of history and social studies education at the State University of New York College at Buffalo. He received the B.A. degree from Southwest Missouri State University, Springfield, the M.A. degree from Central Missouri State University, Warrensburg, and the Ph.D. degree from the University of Missouri-Columbia.

427 428 Missouri Historical Review accomplishments as the first director of the university's Western Historical Manuscript Collection, less attention has been accorded to English's role in Missouri civic affairs. Like many educators, he was a leading advocate for progressive state government reform and frequently combined this mission with citizenship education in his work with Missouri's public school stu­ dents. Recognized nationally as an expert in civic education and the cre­ ation of curricular materials for secondary schools, English, as an author of such materials, played a key role with other educators in the passage of Missouri's 1945 constitution. The eldest of six children, Francis English, as he was called, was born in 1903 to Richard T. and Etta Murphy English. The elder English, a farmer and a carpenter, presided over an extended family that included his sisters. A staunch Democrat, he held passionate interests in public affairs, and fami­ ly members frequently discussed the latest social and political issues at the supper table. Thus, it is not surprising that politics became the younger English's foremost interest. Francis lived his early years in central Missouri on the family farm near Bachelor and attended the Auxvasse public schools in Callaway County. He developed a love for reading and, although poor, determined to get a high school education, a rare accomplishment in rural Missouri at that time for a person of his socioeconomic background. Young Francis rode eight miles

Courtesy of Elizabeth M. English

Francis English William Francis English 429

State Historical Society of Missouri

A student leader at Northeast Missouri State Teachers College in Kirksville, English developed a strong interest in Missouri history while pursuing a degree in education. on horseback before school to work as a breakfast cook at a restaurant in Auxvasse. During these early mornings at the restaurant, Francis's avid love for politics was fed through lively discussions with the customers, and the young man dreamed of a political career.1 As a high school junior English began teaching at a nearby country school, attending to his own education during the summers. In 1923 he chose to attend Northeast Missouri State Teachers College at Kirksville because it offered high school courses along with the opportunity of earning college credit. While he never officially graduated from high school, in college English majored in political science and history with a minor in English. He served as editor of the student newspaper, The Index', joined Blue Key, an honorary service fraternity; and was elected vice president of the student government. During college English came under the influence of Professor Stephen Fair, an authority on Missouri history. He later described his stud­ ies as being dominated by a "tremendous interest in Missouri, particularly in its politics and in the development of its laws."2 As an undergraduate, English also taught history in the elementary schools in Newark and Greentop, Missouri. He graduated from Northeast Missouri State Teachers College in 1927 with a bachelor of science degree in education.3 English returned to central Missouri and took an administrative/teach­ ing position at Fayette High School following graduation. Here, in addition

Elizabeth English, interview by author, Columbia, Mo., 30 January 1991. W. Francis English, untitled 1953 newspaper clipping in the possession of E. English. "Some Personalities: W. Francis English," newspaper clipping in the possession of E. English. 430 Missouri Historical Review

to his duties as principal, he taught social science and public speaking and coached the debate team. In 1928 he married Elizabeth Minter of Knox City, whom he had met while a student at Kirksville. The reform of Missouri government was a controversial issue in the 1920s. The state constitution, adopted in 1875, seemed inadequate to deal with twentieth-century problems. By 1900 Missouri contained large urban areas with problems such as political machines and election fraud. Because of the threat to party insiders, the major political parties were unresponsive to progressive reform measures. The existing constitution incorporated a number of features that violated progressive governing principles: it provid­ ed for a weak executive branch, as well as contained provisions allowing for the operation of the spoils system, the domination of the legislature by tradi­ tional rural interests, and numerous agencies with overlapping functions. The 1875 constitution provided Missourians with the option to convene a new constitutional convention every twenty years. As an indicator of the consti­ tution's recognized inadequacy, a convention held in 1922-1923 recommended some twenty-one changes. In the conservative environment following World War I, however, only six of the reform propositions were ratified.4 As the 1920s passed, Missouri's problems mushroomed. The state, like the nation, was plagued by economic and social difficulties, including infla­ tion, a banking crisis, low agricultural prices, business instability, conflict between capital and organized labor, the inability of government to control the concentration of power in business resulting from corporate mergers, the power of specialized interest groups, the rise of organized crime and racke­ teering associated with prohibition, and political corruption. After the stock market collapse of 1929, the ensuing depression wors­ ened the state's woes. Both Democratic and Republican political leaders embraced reform. Republican governor Henry S. Caulfield developed a ten- year plan to spend $192,000,000 for reform measures that included a gradu­ ated income tax, the establishment of a state highway patrol, direct welfare to indigent citizens, agricultural relief, improved conditions in Missouri's hospitals and penitentiaries, highway construction, and reorganization of the elementary and secondary educational system.5 Unfortunately, the fiscal cri­ sis and partisan politics hampered the enactment of reform legislation. With the New Deal, private groups, including farm organizations, labor unions, civic organizations, and professional associations, increasingly relied on state government for security and leadership. Thus, a diverse array of Missourians—including Francis English—embraced the Progressive reform

4 Duane Meyer, The Heritage of Missouri—A History (Hazelwood, Mo.: State Publishing Company, 1970), 684. 5 Ibid., 593-594. William Francis English 431 agenda, propelling the government into areas of American life that had for­ merly been reserved for the private sphere. The youthful English disagreed with those conservatives who clung to traditional beliefs. As a talented public speaker much in demand, he fre­ quently inserted his personal political views into his speeches. English noted in a commencement address that the founding fathers had not been afraid to experiment with new theories. He believed that Americans had begun, unfortunately, to revere the experiment while forgetting the founders' pioneering spirit. This, he maintained, was not only foolish but also dangerous.6 English observed: "This civilization of ours is not fully developed. It is still being built, and it is clear that it needs critical analysis, refinement, and in some cases a vigorous overhauling."7 Because English sensed a great social revolution coming upon America, he felt that the time for "aggressive agitation for sensible, constructive, for­ ward-looking reform" was at hand but that the "two old parties' promises of reform" were "insincere." He called for a change to Progressivism. English admired national Progressive leaders such as Robert La Follette of Wisconsin and George W. Norris of Nebraska. Welcoming their con­ structive statesmanship, he noted that a leader "with the crusading spirit of a La Follette would be a great blessing to Missouri."8 Unlike many contemporary scholars who contend that nineteenth-centu­ ry progressivism ended with World War I, English did not recognize any dis­ tinction between the earlier reform movement and that of his own time. In his opinion American voters tended to regard Progressive leaders as danger­ ous. He noted that Americans—who lacked a faith in fundamental political principles—were not highly skilled in the processes of democratic living and possessed an astounding paucity of information concerning the organization of modern life. They also lacked an understanding and appreciation of the functions of modern social organizations.9 English had confidence in the American political system's ability to solve economic and social problems, but he emphasized that the people had to rise above party politics, especially in regard to local issues. In a commencement address, he stated: "We have to realize that citizenship and partizanship are not synonymous terms. Today we seem to be silly and juvenile in our parti-

6 W. F. English, "Commencement Address," undated manuscript in possession of E. English, 6. 7 W. F. English, "A Commencement Address," undated manuscript in possession of E. English, 1. 8 "Missouri is Ripe for Progressivism," St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 14 November 1930. 9 W. F. English, "Administering a Social Studies Program in Wartime" (address to the National Association of Secondary School Principals and National Council for the Social Studies, Denver, Colo., 1942, manuscript in possession of E. English), 1. 432 Missouri Historical Review zan loyalties, carrying our national party organization, organized supposedly on national issues, into our county and local elections. So often we are so partizan that we will not vote for our nearest neighbor because he bears a dif­ ferent national partizan label although he is our neighbor and agrees with us essentially in every local measure."10 Though Francis English advocated Progressive politics, he preferred to identify with the liberal label: "Liberalism to a 'believer' is . . . the hope of mankind and has within it the fundamental seed that can lead to a partial solution of man's pains and problems. I speak as a believer." To English, liberalism was not a reactionary yearning for past traditions or a conserva­ tive assumption that the present was the best of all societies. Liberalism did not possess the radical's faith in revealed truth. Rather, it included toler­ ance, a respect for the cultural traditions of the past, the Christian heritage, pragmatism, rationalism, the redress of social problems by evolutionary constitutional processes, democracy, and the directing of change in the most desirable direction.11 If English had a hero in American history, it was Thomas Jefferson. In his speeches he frequently used Jefferson as an example of the ideal American, both as a liberal holder of democratic ideals and as the inspira­ tional source of American education. Following Jefferson's assertion in Notes on the State of Virginia that education was a necessity for democracy in a free society, English sincerely believed that the fundamental purpose of public schooling was to produce the citizen "who is knowledgeable, dedicat­ ed, and skilled in public affairs." He noted: "The direct relationship between public education and democratic government has been admitted from the beginning of our form of government, but only in the limited sense that vot­ ers should be able to read and understand."12 Furthermore, "the methods of improving the ways of democracy need to be stressed but the ability to carry the improvements into action is the all important power to develop." In democracy the ideal is that "each and every person must be a ruler, a gover­ nor, and a statesman."13 Therefore, the quality of a democratic government depended on a knowledgeable, administratively skilled citizenry. While at Fayette, English enrolled in graduate school at the University of Missouri, majoring in political science. After completing his thesis, "The

10 English, "Commencement Address," 5. 11 W. F. English, "The Liberal Tradition: The Political Tradition" (speech presented as part of the Great American Liberal Traditions Chapel Series, Park College, Parkville, Mo., April 1948, manuscript in possession of E. English). 12 W. F. English, "The Educator and Freedom" (commencement address, undated manu­ script in possession of E. English); W. F. English, "Higher Education and Democratic Leadership," undated manuscript in possession of E. English. 13 English, "Administering a Social Studies Program," 7; W F. English, "Dreams Coming True" (address delivered at Mexico, Mo., 27 May 1958, manuscript in possession of E. English). William Francis English 433

Commission Form of City Government in Missouri," in 1931, English received a master of arts degree. That same year he accepted an administra­ tive/teaching position at the Carrollton high school. English taught public speaking and social studies and sponsored the debate team in Carrollton. A skilled speaker and a successful teacher, he coached two state forensic championship teams as well as individual state champions in extemporaneous speaking, oratory, and oratorical declama­ tion. In 1935 and 1936 English served as the Missouri director of the National Forensic League. At this time English became involved with the campaign to reform Missouri government through citizenship education. While a graduate stu­ dent, he met Elmer Ellis, a man who would have a profound influence on his career and life. Ellis, a history department faculty member, held a dual appointment, teaching history in the College of Arts and Science and instruc­ tional methods in social studies education in the College of Education. As a progressive historian, Ellis held an intense interest in public education and the production of curricular materials for public school teachers. He had earned a national reputation through the publication of numerous articles on

Thomas Jefferson Monument on the University of Missouri Campus

State Historical Society of Missouri 434 Missouri Historical Review citizenship education and later served as president of the National Council for the Social Studies in 1938. As a result of Ellis's influence and his own growing dislike for the quantitative research that dominated the political science field, English enrolled in the doctoral program for American history at the university in 1936. Chaired by Ellis, English's doctoral committee included Missouri historians Jonas Viles, Thomas A. Brady, and Lewis Atherton. Atherton subsequently served as president of the State Historical Society of Missouri from 1980 to 1983 and was in charge of the Western Historical Manuscript Collection from 1951 through 1953 and from 1957 to 1963. Specializing in the history of nineteenth-century America and the West, English's other areas of emphasis included political science and secondary social studies education. Ellis guided English's dissertation research on "The Pioneer Lawyer and Jurist in Missouri."14 Drawn into the bosom of professional curricular work by his mentor, English wrote numerous articles on social studies curriculum between 1934 and 1936. In 1934 Ellis and English proved instrumental in transforming the social science section of the Missouri State Teachers Association (MSTA) into the Missouri Council for the Social Studies, an independent, professional social studies teachers' organization. English served as the council's first president.15 The economic crisis of the early 1930s focused educators' attention on state government corruption. English attended a conference on civic educa­ tion sponsored by the American Political Science Association in Kansas City, where his attention was drawn to the image of American society that a young Missourian would form through reading newspaper headlines. This picture featured corruption, mass organization, and the manipulation of vot­ ers and included the image of political leaders and powerful machine bosses holding gangland connections—such as Tom Pendergast of Kansas City. Teachers were reminded that the progress of democracy in America depend­ ed upon public knowledge of all the details of government and that indiffer­ ence to politics was the greatest obstacle to good government.16 Progressive educators generally agreed with Franklin Roosevelt's eco­ nomic reform measures. They became convinced that the success of the New Deal required an educational system that proposed to create citizens with suf­ ficient knowledge to accurately evaluate government programs for economic reconstruction. National enthusiasm for curriculum reform became evident. In response to these demands and in light of the social and economic transformations engendered by the Great Depression, English, as president

14 Program of Final Examination, 9 July 1945, W. Francis English Papers, Western Historical Manuscript Collection, University of Missouri-Columbia. Hereinafter cited as WHMC-Columbia. 15 J. Aldrich, editor, Missouri Social Studies Bulletin 2, no. 1 (November 1934): 10. 16 J. Robertson Clagett, "Realities and Civics," ibid.: 3-5. William Francis English 435

Tom Pendergast's political machine in Kansas City epito­ mized corruption in government to many Missourians.

State Historical Society of Missouri

of the Missouri Council for the Social Studies, authorized a committee to review the state's 1928 social studies curriculum and to recommend appro­ priate changes.17 Gradually, the project resulted in a new course of study in the social studies for the Missouri Department of Education. The Missouri Council for the Social Studies and the Missouri High School Principals' Association received a joint grant to develop resource units for the proposed state social studies program from the state agency coordinating the endeavor, the General Planning Commission, in 1940. Ellis, the project consultant, recommended English as one of the writers for the project. His recommendation noted that English's strong points includ­ ed producing units with a political slant and a historical background. He also praised English's ability to produce units that mediocre teachers could use.18 Subsequently employed as a curriculum writer for the Missouri State Department of Education, English was selected to chair the Missouri Social Studies Curriculum Reorganization Committee. English now had established a statewide reputation for curriculum inno­ vation. The National Council for the Social Studies, as part of an effort to define the best citizenship program, solicited the opinions of twenty national

17 S. P. McCutchen, "The Work of the Committee on Curriculum of the Missouri Council for the Social Studies," ibid., no. 5 (1935): 4-5. 18 E. Ellis to J. Hull, 9 December 1940, Elmer Ellis Papers, WHMC-Columbia. 436 Missouri Historical Review

leaders about what constituted the ideal curriculum. Ellis and English coau- thored a proposed citizenship scope and sequence program, one of fifteen responses presented in The Future of the Social Studies, edited by James Michener and issued in 1939. Following its publication, English became a recognized national authority on citizenship education. English gained further experience in the political uses of education during World War II. After hostilities erupted in Europe in 1939, educational leaders, like their counterparts in government, prepared for the coming conflict. In July 1941, at the request of the U.S. Federal Security Agency and the U.S. Commissioner of Education, the National Education Association created the National Commission for the Defense of Democracy. The commission was to facilitate the adjustment of educational organizations to war needs and to determine the possible effects of proposed policies and governmental pro­ grams on schools and colleges. Its membership comprised representatives from affiliated organizations such as the Missouri State Teachers Association. In April 1942 the MSTA appointed a state committee to conduct the missions of the National Commission for the Defense of Democracy. Under the leadership of Dean Theo Irion of the University of Missouri College of Education, the state committee consisted of thirteen members, each repre­ senting one of the state's congressional districts. The representative of the Ninth Congressional District, Francis English, now served as the superinten­ dent of Fulton's school system.19 To promote educational projects, the national commission and its con­ stituent state committees were charged to engage in "dynamic action." Rather than taking part in the massive centralized propaganda campaigns typ­ ical of World War I, the state committee chose to use the local press to keep positive educational issues and school news before the public. The develop­ ment and dissemination of plans for the teaching of democracy in the schools were included among the projects.20 English, diligently working on this pro­ ject, constructed a complete citizenship curriculum program for wartime that he implemented in the Fulton schools and subsequently presented at the National Education Association convention in Denver, Colorado, in 1942. This wartime curriculum, a loosely organized set of guidelines, reiterat­ ed the duty of the schools to keep morale high and attacked traditional approaches to citizenship education. English compared democracy to a reli­ gion and advocated that the faith be buttressed by focusing on its positive features. To English democracy was closely bound to the idea of progress:

19 "Committees for Defense Through Education Named," School and Community 28 (April 1942): 173-174. 20 "Francis English Resigns as Head of Schools Here," Fulton Daily Sun-Gazette, 31 December 1942. William Francis English 437

"Democracy is not a process of downgrading, it is a method of climbing and pushing to higher plateaus."21 At this time Missouri took up the issue of progressive government reform. In the spring of 1942, as the date drew near to again submit the question of a constitutional convention to the people, Fulton's citizens held a meeting at Westminster College to consider the issue. State educators played a conspicuous role. Westminster's president, Franc L. McCluer, called the meeting, and educators made up approximately half of those attending. The participants reached a consensus to launch a campaign for progressive reform. To generate public interest, the National Municipal League of St. Louis sponsored a second meeting. Again, prominent educational figures attended, including Dean Isidor Loeb of Washington University. The Missouri State Teachers Association also participated in what became a suc­ cessful campaign to persuade Missouri voters to authorize a constitutional convention.22 After passage of the proposal, sixty-four delegates, representing the state's senatorial districts, and fifteen delegates-at-large attended the conven­ tion in the fall of 1943. The delegates included such prominent educators and social scientists as McCluer of Westminster College; A. F. Lindsay, pres­ ident of the St. Joseph Board of Education; political scientist W L. Bradshaw of the University of Missouri; economist L. E. Meador of Dairy College; and historian R. F. Wood of Central Missouri State Teachers College. The MSTA organized a ten-member committee to examine educational problems in the state and to recommend a system of public education to the convention. After researching the educational provisions of every state consti­ tution as well as those of major democracies in the world, the committee for­ mulated a general plan. The association then contacted organizations interested in education, including the Parent Teacher Association, the Conference of School Board Members, the League of Women Voters, chambers of commerce, farm organizations, and labor groups. Through this network, the MSTA hoped to develop broad, long-term educational reform proposals that would garner widespread support. The association also planned to disseminate its proposals widely through discussion groups at district teachers' meetings and rural county planning meetings, as well as through articles in periodicals such as School and Community and Missouri Schools.23 In the fall of 1943 MSTA's Committee on Constitutional Revision issued a preliminary report. It recommended that a new constitution contain (a)

21 W. F. English, "Another Crisis in American Education" (address presented to alumni organization, Hutchinson, Kans., undated manuscript in possession of E. English). 22 W. Francis English, "Missouri Schools and Missouri's New Constitution," Social Education 9 (December 1945): 361-363. 23 Willard E. Goslin, "Your School and Your Constitution," School and Community 29 (May 1943): 200-201. 438 Missouri Historical Review

support for kindergarten and adult education classes in the public schools; (b) the prohibition of state aid to religious schools; (c) the liberalization of con­ stitutional limits on school levies; (d) the creation of a lay, non-exofficio state board of education of seven to nine members to oversee public education, including the appointment of a commissioner of education, the formulation of educational policies and programs of study, and the preparation of budgets sufficient to execute policies and programs.24 It would subsequently add the

24 "Constitutional Revision Committee Makes Preliminary Report," ibid. 29 (September 1943): 233-237.

State Historical Society of Missouri

,,CDHST^&^VENT|oN I

V William Francis English 439 establishment of regional vocational schools, tax support for public libraries, and the creation of a promotional pamphlet to be entitled The State Constitution and Education.25 English, concerned with other matters, had not played a major role in con­ stitutional reform efforts to this point. He actively participated in local civil defense activities throughout 1942, serving as coordinator of Callaway County's air raid system, constructing contingency plans, and conducting countywide practice drills. In addition to his preoccupation with defense issues and the superintendency of the public schools in Fulton, he was still a graduate student of Elmer Ellis at the university. Ellis's major concern in 1942 was the establishment of a depository for historical documents at the University of Missouri. He arranged for the university library and the State Historical Society of Missouri to cooperate and then persuaded the Humanities Division of the Rockefeller Foundation to grant $15,000 to complete the pro­ ject. By the terms of the joint agreement, the University of Missouri history faculty member who taught the departmental course in Missouri history would supervise the depository, direct graduate work, and promote the preservation of historical materials and make them available to scholars.26 In January 1943, upon completion of his doctoral work, English was appointed assistant professor of history at the University of Missouri and assigned to teach courses in Missouri history, the history of the West, and the American Constitution. In September 1943 he became an associate pro­ fessor and the first director of the Western Historical Manuscript Collection, dedicated to preserving the early history of Missouri and the Middle West. English spent the first year of his job publicizing the depository and acquir­ ing manuscripts. While English pursued these endeavors, the delegates of the constitu­ tional convention assembled in Jefferson City on September 21, 1943, in response to a call from Governor Forrest C. Donnell. In line with progres­ sive principles the convention held open, public meetings with no limita­ tions on debate. Proposals were solicited from the public. The convention lasted 215 days, during which time the delegates reviewed every section of the 1875 constitution. They retained the basic structure of the state government. Of the proposed changes the most strik­ ing included the "nonpartisan plan" for selection of judges and the substitu­ tion of licensed lawyers for untrained justices of the peace in magistrate courts. The decisions of the convention held particularly important ramifi­ cations for the organization of Missouri education. The delegates voted to abolish the office of state superintendent of schools and replace it with an

25 English, "Missouri Schools," 361. 26 Lewis E. Atherton, "The Western Historical Manuscripts Collection of the University of Missouri, 1943-1983," Missouri Historical Review 78 (October 1983): 1-13. 440 Missouri Historical Review

Delegates of the 1943-1944 constitutional convention had to overcome a number of schisms in drafting the new Missouri constitution.

State Historical Society of Missouri appointed commissioner chosen by a bipartisan, nonprofessional state board of education. This body would preside over a centralized department of education created as one of five executive departments. The schism between rural and urban interests was the most serious issue facing the convention. Debate on the floor often proved long and heated. The progressive measures that most stirred passions involved small business loans, a merit system for selecting public employees, adequate representa­ tion of cities in the state senate, and the statutory elimination of segregated schools for African-American children. With racial prejudice a serious national problem during the 1940s, the latter measure ignited acrimonious debate. Newspaper headlines document­ ed the effects of racism during the convention. Riots occurred in Detroit, Michigan, and in 1943 white workers went on strike at the Packard Motor Car Company against the company's practice of promoting skilled black workers to equal status with skilled white workers. English closely followed the debates. He noted that the constitutional reform proposals in general provoked "the most bitter struggle over a state issue since the days of Reconstruction."27 Though he took no part in the for­ mal debates, he seldom failed to mention the importance of democratic activism in speeches and publications, and he frequently wove it into his appeals for support of the Western Historical Manuscript Collection.

English, "Missouri Schools," 362. William Francis English 441 When the work of drafting the new constitution was completed on September 29, 1944, the campaign for ratification by the voters began. The opposition made several attempts to discredit the proposed constitution. In December 1944 it asked for a court injunction to prevent the use of state money to distribute copies to the public. When that failed, the Association Against the Proposed Constitution was formed to coordinate strategy. This association published two pamphlets, Mystery Fund and For These Reasons, which circulated what were in the estimates of some, "misstatements and half-truths" about the proposed constitution. The latter document attempted to use racial animosities to squelch ratification. It argued that the proposed constitution "sanctions and provides for compelling the white and negro children to attend the same kindergarten schools, grade schools, junior high schools, high schools, and colleges." This charge was based on a proposed provision that permitted the legislature to allow a school district with a low African-American enrollment to integrate their classrooms.28

28 David D. March, The History of Missouri (New York: Lewis Historical Publishing Company, 1967), 2: 1473.

State Historical Society of Missouri

While serving as an assistant pro­ fessor of history and the director of the Western Historical Manuscript Collection at the University of Missouri, Francis English also contributed to the constitutional reform efforts. 442 Missouri Historical Review

Throughout the convention public interest had been slight. Instead, attention focused on national and international issues such as the reelection of Franklin D. Roosevelt and the events of World War II.29 Proponents of the new charter recognized that a massive educational campaign had to be organized if it was to be adopted. Francis English played a pivotal role in the campaign to educate the public about constitutional issues. With a reputation as an ardent patriot and a supporter of democratic citi­ zenship as well as an expert in Missouri history and politics, English was a natural leader for such an enterprise. He had gained national attention as an author of curriculum materials, and he was widely recognized for his public speaking skills. Through his public school experience, he had developed many contacts, and as an active Kiwanian he had opportunities to address numerous civic organizations. In 1944 he had been nominated to Who's Who in the Western Hemisphere as a recognized leader in the arts and sci­ ences and as a proponent of the public welfare.30 The public schools would be the vehicle for focusing public attention on constitutional issues. English recognized that the campaign for ratification "presented a splendid opportunity for the pupils in Missouri schools to study the problem of constitution making, as well as the pressing problems of Missouri."31 It also provided an opportunity to inject those issues into every home that had children attending school. English noted: "Education, in my opinion, is the most important industry in this nation. It is the most important because it deals most intimately with the greatest natural resource that we have. The public school[s] have within their power to change a nation from the grass roots up if given a positive program and freedom to execute it."32 As part of the university's Department of History Forum series of pub­ lic presentations for the summer of 1945, English developed a program devoted to the problems of teaching citizenship issues in the public schools entitled "Local and State History for Missouri Schools."33 Through English's leadership the Missouri Council for the Social Studies (MCSS) entered into an agreement with the MSTA to create and issue curriculum materials on constitutional reform to school districts and teachers. The association agreed to fund the enterprise while MCSS under­ took preparation and distribution of the instructional materials. The MCSS appointed a committee of six, chaired by English, to prepare the curriculum resources. A preliminary survey conducted by the commit­ tee found that resource material on Missouri government for the secondary

Ibid., 2: 1472. R. Rocker to F. English, 2 May 1944, English Papers. English, "Missouri Schools," 362. English, "Commencement Address," 10. Forum Program, 12 July 1945, English Papers. William Francis English 443

Elmer Ellis served as a mentor to English, first as a professor and later as a colleague at the university.

State Historical Society of Missouri level was practically nonexistent. Consequently, the committee constructed not only an instructional unit, but English penned an accompanying forty- eight-page historical treatise entitled Constitution Making in Missouri. As a progressive historian, he believed: "History can be more meaningful than ever before if the history that is studied can be used by the student in arriv­ ing at an understanding of the present world and how it came to be."34 The booklet outlined Missouri's constitutional problems from the state's 1820 legal framework through the vicissitudes associated with the 1845 and 1865 documents to the 1875 constitution. It told the story of the problems caused by industrialization and urbanization as well as the ongoing struggle to revise the constitution to deal with changing conditions. The booklet focused on the necessity of the Bill of Rights in safeguarding individual liberties in the face of growing governmental intervention into the private sphere.35 The accompanying instructional materials included a unit outline, a list of additional reference materials, a collection of activities adapted to varying ability levels, and guidelines for evaluation. English designed the unit to

English, "Administering a Social Studies Program," 2. English, "Missouri Schools," 362. 444 Missouri Historical Review

adhere to his philosophy that "the method of learning must be built on care­ ful and critical study as well as by social activity in democratic organizations. The study and doing go hand in hand."36 More than sixty thousand copies of the unit and his pamphlet, Constitution Making in Missouri, had been printed and distributed throughout the state by the time of the ratification election.37 Students studied most of the curriculum units in social studies classes as part of the twelfth grade problems or ninth grade civics classes. Some English and public speaking courses also provided coverage. Additionally, some districts held assemblies and mock student elections on the issue. The unit proved popular with students and teachers. Some high schools established student speaker bureaus, and secondary students gave presenta­ tions to civic organizations or displayed handmade posters in public places. English observed: "The more liberal provisions for education and those that gave the people a chance to solve community problems through local gov­ ernmental action particularly appealed to the students. . . . Students became advocates in their homes and solicited the votes of their parents."38 Despite the efforts by the opponents of the proposed charter, the people of Missouri ratified the new constitution by a vote of 312,032 to 185,658, an approval rating of 60 percent. Rural areas rejected the constitution by 2,700 votes, largely because of fears of racial integration in the schools. A survey conducted by English and directed to the recipients of the MSTA instruction­ al unit after the election revealed that nearly all the schools in the state devot­ ed time in the first two months of 1945 to the issue of constitution making. Opponents attributed the passage of the constitution to propaganda work by educators. English reported that "the floor leader of the minority party castigated the schools for the use of the booklet [Constitution Making in Missouri] and for the enthusiasm with which they engaged in the study and advocacy of the new charter." In defending himself English noted: "It was the sincere attempt of the Council and its committees on materials to get good text materials and usable units for teachers and students. It could not direct what went on in the various schools but it did attempt to see that materials that were properly graded, well balanced, and fair were put into the hands of teachers and pupils."39 Francis English sincerely believed that democratic citizenship required a special kind of educational instruction, which included critical thinking skills. English observed: "He [the citizen] cannot be a product of a propaganda tech­ nique that conditions him like an animal. . . . [He should be] nurtured in an environment where he is given every chance to see all the evidence, to act as a

36 English, "Administering a Social Studies Program.' 37 English, "Missouri Schools," 362. 38 Ibid., 363. 39 Ibid. William Francis English 445 responsible member of society, and to make intelligent choices in a democrat­ ic atmosphere. He cannot be coerced, cajoled, and conditioned for a static life. Above all, he must have untrammeled freedom of opportunity to learn."40 To the charge that schools acted as propaganda agencies for progressive interests, one high school principal unabashedly responded: "The statement needs no refutation. My feeling is that the schools were propaganda agen­ cies and that was no evil." Another administrator proudly indicated that "Missouri passed her examination on election with credit and we feel the children went along with other Missourians."41 As the result of his educational work on Missouri constitutional issues, English was commissioned to write the article on "Missouri" for the 1946 edition of the Yearbook for Collier's Encyclopedia.42 The unit on constitu­ tion making in Missouri proved to be his last major effort in public school curriculum work, although he remained involved in public education in other capacities. He served as the editor of the Missouri Social Studies Bulletin until 1950. He was elected to the board of directors of the National Council for the Social Studies, serving as president in 1951.

W. Francis English, "The Basis of Freedom," Social Education 14 (February 1950): 53. English, "Missouri Schools," 363. F. Price to F. English, 19 September 1945, English Papers.

State Historical Society of Missouri 446 Missouri Historical Review

English went on to achieve a distinguished career in higher education. In 1948 he became a professor of history and assistant dean of arts and sci­ ence at the University of Missouri, while continuing to direct the Western Historical Manuscript Collection. In the forties, he was also active in the Mississippi Valley Historical Association, which later became the Organization of American Historians. In 1951 he relinquished his duties as director of the manuscript collection to concentrate on administrative duties. In May 1955 Francis English was named dean of arts and science at the University of Missouri. Elmer Ellis enumerated English's accomplishments in this area for the State Historical Society:

[Francis] English was the leader in developing the Missouri Association of Deans covering all four-year colleges, served as President of the Stillwater Conference of Academic Deans, President of the Liberal Arts Deans of the North Central Association, and of the Deans of Arts and Science of the National Association of State Universities and Land-Grant Colleges. He . . . [was] a member of the [Coordinating] Board of [Westminster-] William Woods College and of the Missouri School of Religion and ... [a] President of the Association of Mid-Missouri Colleges. . . . Among his many honors were honorary degrees from Westminster College and from William Woods College, his choice as an honored son of the Kingdom of Callaway in 1959 and [Missouri] Governor Dalton's selection of him as an honorary Colonel on his staff.43

Elmer Ellis, "William Francis English," 25 September 1976, Ellis Papers.

Practicing High Water Law

St. Joseph Morning Daily Herald, October 2, 1869. One Capt. Herbert won a remarkable law suit in Adair county, Iowa, the other day—a suit conducted on both sides of the North river. The plaintiff and his lawyer lived on one side. . . . and the defendant, his lawyer, and the magistrate on the other. The parties met on either bank of the stream, which was [too] high to be crossed. The "court" took his seat on a damp log, and ordered the trial to proceed. For one hour and a half the attorneys slung law and logic across a hundred feet of September freshet, at the expiration of which period the court mounted a stump, and, lifting up his voice to a frightful pitch, hurled his decision across the river. 447 HISTORICAL NOTES AND COMMENTS

Maryann Shephard and some of her State History Day students pose following the announcement of her nomination as Missouri's History Day Teacher of Merit.

Missouri's Nominee for National History Day Teacher of Merit

Maryann Shephard of University City was selected as Missouri's nomi­ nee for National History Day Teacher of Merit at State History Day in Columbia on April 8. Shephard, a social studies teacher at Brentwood High School since 1991, has been involved with History Day from its early years as a local program in the Cleveland, Ohio, area. After moving to the St. Louis area in 1990, she served as a judge at the district contest; in 1991 her students began competing successfully at the district, state, and national lev­ els. Since the beginning of her tenure at Brentwood, Shephard has sent 121 entries to the district competition, 43 entries to state, and 10 entries to nation­ al. In addition to the innumerable hours spent working with students, she has also contributed to the History Day program through workshops, publica­ tions, and fund-raising. As Missouri's nominee for Teacher of Merit, Shephard also received a cash award from the State Historical Society. The award, given for the first time this year, reflects the interest of the late Joseph 448 Missouri Historical Review

Webber, a former president and trustee of the Society, in the History Day pro­ gram. At the request of Webber and his family, funds given to the Society in his memory have been set aside for this award.

Gift Given in Memory of Virginia Botts

On February 27, members of the Virginia Botts Genealogy Group, of the University of Missouri-Columbia Fortnightly Club, presented the State Historical Society with a contribution to purchase genealogy materials for use by Society patrons. Botts, who died on December 2, 1994, was a long­ time friend of the Society who had obtained a number of pertinent volumes and manuscripts for the Society's libraries. For her continual support, she received the Society's Distinguished Service Award and Medallion in 1980.

Society Receives Collections

The State Historical Society recently received two significant additions to its manuscript holdings. Bonnie Teel, of Rich Hill, gave the business records pertaining to the farms operated by the Falor, Crabb, and McGennis families near Hopedale, Illinois, and Sprague and Rich Hill, Missouri. The papers, dated from the 1850s to 1985, comprise invoices and receipts, com­ mission records, business correspondence, and financial and tax records documenting the farming operations. Some personal correspondence and diary materials are also included. The collection is housed in the Western Historical Manuscript Collection-Kansas City. Francis Scheidegger, a well-known, award-winning Kirkwood photog­ rapher, donated over sixty thousand images to the Society; they are located in the Western Historical Manuscript Collection-St. Louis. The Scheidegger photographs span the period from the late 1930s to the 1980s and depict scenes of everyday life in a midwestern community. Included in the collec­ tion are views of weddings, parades, business openings, civic activities, churches, and schools.

Fact for the Day

St. Louis Valley Farmer, May 1850. Mrs. Gilman's "Housewife's Almanac," for 1850, states as a curious fact in natural histo­ ry, that it is female mosquitoes only which are torments to mankind! Doubtless, Mrs. Gilman was not aware of the fact that mosquitoes are all females. 449

State Historical Society of Missouri

MISSOURI HISTORIC MARKER PROGRAM

Since the fall of 1994 the Society has been coordinating an effort, through the help of local historical societies and county governments, to col­ lect the text and locations of historic markers throughout Missouri. The information will likely be presented in a future book publication by the State Historical Society. During the 1950s and the 1960s Missouri joined thirty-six other states in establishing a highway marker program. After conducting a nationwide survey of similar programs, the Society and the Missouri State Highway Commission, in a joint effort, created and erected 121 two-sided markers featuring historical information pertinent to a specific county or area. These standardized markers are constructed of a cast aluminum alloy material with a baked enamel finish—a sound structural material that should last indefi­ nitely. Missouri's two-sided markers feature an inscription surface of 72" x 54" on each side, and the baked enamel finish is a national blue color, with the 1 1/2" lettering applied in a 23-carat gold tone. In Missouri's program, 450 Missouri Historical Review

"historical" was considered in its broadest meaning, and the markers include subjects ranging from geology, geography, and archaeology to cultural, social, and political history. In addition to obtaining the exact wording on these important state markers, the Society also is interested in the current location of the markers, as many have been moved from their original positions. As of May 1995, the Society has not received information on such markers and locations in the following counties: Adair, Atchison, Audrain, Barry, Bates, Benton, Buchanan, Camden, Cape Girardeau, Carroll, Clark, Clay, Cole, Cooper, Dent, Franklin, Harrison, Howell, Iron, Knox, Laclede, Lawrence, Linn, Livingston, Maries, McDonald, Morgan, New Madrid, Ozark, Polk, Pulaski, Randolph, Reynolds, St. Charles, St. Francois, Scott, Shelby, Stoddard, Sullivan, Taney, Warren, Wayne, and Webster. The Society is aware that other marker programs have been sponsored by city/county governments, historical societies, and patriotic and service organizations. These markers are also of great interest to this project, and the Society desires to collect pertinent information on as many of them as possible. Some general guidelines for inclusion in the publication are that the marker features narration of historical significance and that it is easily accessible to the public. Plaques denoting a property as a National Historical Register site or county war memorials that name deceased veter­ ans, although important, will not be included. The Society asks for assistance in compiling marker information. Society staff member Ann Rogers is serving as the coordinator for the Missouri Historic Marker Program. She is available to answer questions or to verify needs and gaps in this project (to avoid duplication of effort) and can be reached at 314-882-9368 between 8:00 and 4:30, Monday through Friday, or by mail at the State Historical Society of Missouri, 1020 Lowry Street, Columbia, MO 65201. Interested persons should call or write Rogers to request questionnaire forms that will further explain both the criteria and the information desired. The state's historic markers serve as a vehicle to point out sites of interest and allow both the visitor and the local citizen to identify with Missouri's rich, varied, and historically significant past.

Philosophical Lawn Mower

Centerville Reynolds Outlook, August 1907. A minister, during his discourse on Sabbath morning, said: "In each blade of grass there is a sermon." The following day one of his flock discovered the good man pushing a lawn- mower about his garden and paused to say: "Well, parson, I'm glad to see you engaged in cut­ ting your sermons short."—London Tit-Bits. 451 NEWS IN BRIEF

In March the National Park Service department faculty member at Washington awarded State Historical Society trustee H. University, spoke on "Discovering the Legal Riley Bock, New Madrid, with the Trail of Mind of Thomas Jefferson." Tears National Historic Trail Gold Award. State Historical Society staff members The award acknowledges Bock's efforts in James Goodrich, Lynn Gentzler, and Ann organizing and nurturing the Trail of Tears Rogers attended the conference. Goodrich Association. The Association assists the park chaired a session on "Early Missouri service in promoting public awareness of and Gentry," and Gentzler moderated the session education about the trail's history as well as entitled "Women's Club and Baseball Club: the preservation of its natural resources. Social Reform in St. Louis."

The seventeenth Mid-America Conference The Agricultural History Society is con­ on History will be held at the Sheraton- ducting a membership campaign to support Hawthorne Park Hotel in Springfield, its mission of promoting the study of the his­ September 14-16. Sponsored by Southwest tory of agriculture. Membership fees are $18 Missouri State University, the conference for students, $30 for individuals, and $55 for speakers will include Lloyd Gardner institutions. The society funds the publica­ (Rutgers), Jiirgen Forster (MFGA Potsdam), tion of the quarterly journal, agricultural his­ Susan M. Hartmann (Ohio State), Charles P. tory, and sponsors an annual conference. The Roland (Kentucky), and Theodore A. Wilson topic of this year's conference is International (Kansas). For further information contact Agribusiness. For conference information Worth Robert Miller, Department of History, write to Lowell Dyson, Executive Secretary Southwest Missouri State University, Treasurer, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Springfield, Missouri 65804. Room 928, 1301 New York Avenue, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20005-4788. Membership The thirty-seventh annual Missouri checks should be made payable to Conference on History was held at the Agricultural History and mailed to the Capitol Plaza Hotel in Jefferson City on Periodicals Department, University of April 13-15. The meeting opened with a California Press, Berkeley, California 94720. plenary session on "A Commemoration of Women and the Vote," followed by a recep­ The twenty-fourth annual conference of tion at the Governor's Mansion. Keynote the North American Society for Sport speaker Gordon Wood, a professor of history History will be held at Auburn University, at Brown University, discussed "The Auburn, Alabama, May 24-27, 1996. Those Americanization of Benjamin Franklin" at interested in presenting a paper must submit the annual luncheon on April 14. The recipi­ an abstract by October 15. All participants ents of the 1995 book and article awards must be registered for the conference and be were announced at the conclusion of the lun­ members of NASSH. For further informa­ cheon. Lawrence H. Larsen received the tion contact Nancy Struna, Department of book prize for his Federal Justice in Western Kinesiology, University of Maryland, Missouri: The Judges, the Cases, the Times', College Park, Maryland 20742-2611; email: Ernest Allen, Jr.'s "Waiting for Tojo: The [email protected]. Pro-Japan Vigil of Black Missourians, 1932- 1943," which appeared in the fall 1994 The James H. Hill Reference Library is Gateway Heritage, received the article prize. awarding a number of grants to support The annual luncheon of the Friends of the research that utilizes the James H. Hill and Missouri State Archives concluded the meet­ Louis W. Hill papers. Possible topics range ing. David Thomas Koenig, a history from the railroad industry, tourism and 452 Missouri Historical Review

Glacier National Park, national or regional September 26, 1918, in France. Anyone with political developments, and agronomy to information on images of either of these men many other subjects covering the upper can contact the Public Affairs Office, Midwest, Pacific Northwest, and western Missouri National Guard, 2302 Militia Canada. The deadline for applications is Drive, Jefferson City, Missouri 65101, or call November 1, 1995. For more information Major Ken MacNevin at (314) 526-9846. contact Curator, James H. Hill Reference Library, 80 West Fourth Street, St. Paul, Members of the State Historical Society, Minnesota 55102; fax (612) 222-4139; local historical societies, and other interested email: [email protected]. parties are invited to share their comments on and possible interest in the development of a Two murals depicting the first seventy Missouri military history society. A core years of county history, from its inception in group of current and retired Missouri 1821 to the burning of Academic Hall in National Guard soldiers, college history pro­ 1892, were unveiled at the Boone County fessors, and a member of the Missouri State Courthouse on March 3. The artist, Sid Museum staff is considering the formation of Larson, is a Columbia College art professor a group focusing on all aspects of Missouri and curator of the State Historical Society's military history or on the militia and the art collection. The Boone County Trust, the National Guard. To share your views contact Fred V. Heinkel Trust, and the J. W. Stafford Lieutenant Colonel (retired) Orval Trust each received framed miniature fac­ Henderson, Public Affairs Office, Missouri similes of the murals for their participation National Guard, 2302 Militia Drive, Jefferson as project donors. City, Missouri 65101, or fax (314) 526-9848.

On April 20 James W. Goodrich, execu­ The National Archives Regional tive director of the Society, was the featured Archives in Atlanta, Chicago, Kansas City, speaker at the dinner meeting of the Saint and Fort Worth, in collaboration with the Louis Woman's Club, located at 4600 University of Memphis, are sponsoring a Lindell Boulevard. Goodrich spoke about symposium on "The Mississippi River and famous Missouri duels before an audience of Her People" in Memphis, Tennessee, March some fifty members and their guests. 14-16, 1996. The program will be broadly interdisciplinary, including topics in histori­ Staff member Marie Concannon present­ cal perspective as well as those of contem­ ed a talk on genealogical research resources porary interest. Proposals for panels, at the Society to the members of the papers, or other presentations on aspects of HiCoMO Seniors Club in Hermitage on the Mississippi River are encouraged, par­ March 24. The presentation included a slide ticularly those that focus on the impact of show, handouts, and complimentary copies federal government involvement in the area of the Missouri Historical Review. or those that make use of federal records. September 1, 1995, is the deadline for pro­ The Camp Robinson National Guard edu­ posals and paper abstracts. Submissions cation center is seeking photographs or draw­ should include a curriculum vita for each ings of Medal of Honor recipients First participant and be sent to the appropriate Lieutenant Archie Miller and Captain program chair. For further information con­ Alexander Skinker. Miller was mustered tact Dr. Beverly Watkins, National into service from Jefferson Barracks in July Archives-Great Lakes Region, 7358 South of 1899 and served during the Phillipines Pulaski Road, Chicago, IL 60629, or call Insurrection. Skinker, an officer in the 138th (312) 581-7816, fax (312) 353-1294, email: Infantry of St. Louis, was killed in action on [email protected]. 453 LOCAL HISTORICAL SOCIETIES

Adair County Historical Society Boone County Historical Society A special stage event, "Jessie Benton On February 19 members and guests met Fremont Comes Home to Missouri," spon­ at the Walters-Boone County Historical sored by the Missouri Humanities Council Museum to hear Dr. Haskell Monroe speak on and hosted by the Society, was presented to "It Was Better Here Than Anyplace I Knew members on April 11 at the Kirksville Junior About—Interviews About Columbia in the High School auditorium. An exhibit, "Burk 1930s." Glenn Chambers and "Paddlefoot," a and Britz: Women and Radio Broadcasting live otter, provided a demonstration on the in Adair County," opened at the museum on "Restoration of the North American River April 29. The museum is open on Tuesdays, Otter in Missouri" at the April 23 meeting, Wednesdays, and Thursdays from 10:00 A.M. also held at the museum. Until September to 4:00 P.M. "Through the Eyes of a Child: Literary Illustrations by Tracy Montminy," which fea­ tures sixty of the artist's drawings and water- Affton Historical Society colors created between the ages of ten and Stephen Walker, author of Lemp—The thirty, will be on display in the Montminy Haunting History, brought the fascinating Gallery of the museum. Lemp tale to Oakland, the Society's historic property, on April 30. Boone-Duden Historical Society At the February 27 meeting, held at St. Barton County Historical Society Paul's United Church of Christ, Defiance, "Saturday Night Live in the 30s and 40s" Chris Stone, of Wilcoxen Office Supply, dis­ provided the theme for the Society's April cussed the latest technology in the reproduc­ 23 quarterly meeting. Assembling in the tion and restoration of old photographs. Law Chapel of the United Methodist Member Lucille Wiechens brought several Church, Lamar, members danced and shared examples of recently restored images. tall tales of the past. Boonslick Historical Society On April 21 members enjoyed Mark Bates County Historical Society Geiger's discussion and slide show on "The On May 11 the Society met at the Butler Origins of Viticulture in Central Missouri: City Hall and heard board member Richard William Haas and the Boonville Wine Harrison present a book review on The Outlaw Company." In the basement of the First Youngers, A Confederate Brotherhood, by Christian Church, Boonville, Geiger, an Marley Brant. Additionally, he tied some assistant professor at William Woods information from the book to Bates County University, Fulton, detailed his extensive history. research on Haas, who operated one of the earliest wine- and beer-making enterprises in Belton Historical Society central Missouri. Members gathered on April 23 at the Old City Hall building, 512 Main Street, Belton, Brown County Historical Association to hear Leslie Rainey from North Kansas The Jessie Benton Fremont Tour per­ City present a program and an accompany­ formed for about forty Association members ing display titled "Bygone Era Purses." She on April 7 at the Sweet Springs R-7 High shared more than one hundred antique purses School gymnasium. Dr. Sally Roesch from all over the world and graciously Wagner performed a stage presentation of loaned some for the current museum exhibit. stories reflecting the life of this famous 454 Missouri Historical Review

Missouri daughter. On May 9 Roger idents; Bernadette Weber, secretary; and Maserang of the Show-Me Regional Gordon C. Sauer, treasurer. Through the Planning Commission, Warrensburg, dis­ generosity of the Mildred Kemper Fund, the cussed and shared photographs relating to Society is in the process of commemorating his historical survey of Sweet Springs. the grave of John Bartleson, captain of Father De Smet's 1841 expedition to the Carondelet Historical Society Northwest, with a small plaque. The annual spring luncheon, held on April 30 at the Society's center, 6303 Michigan Civil War Round Table of Kansas City Avenue, St. Louis, featured a slide show on The February 28 meeting, held at the the history of the Mississippi River and steam­ Round Table's designated meeting place, boats presented by Claude N. Strauser of the Homestead Country Club, Prairie Village, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. Kansas, featured park ranger David D. Cass County Historical Society Schafer of the Harry S. Truman National Charlene Hubach, president of the Historic Site speaking on "Son of the Middle Raymore Historical Society, presented a pro­ Border: Harry S. Truman and the War gram on her discoveries while conducting Between the States." Pulitzer Prize-winning extensive research in the Society's Wade author Dr. Mark E. Neely, Jr., spoke on Archives at the February 26 meeting held at "Heroism and the Machine in the Civil War: Pearson Hall. On April 23, also at Pearson The Case of Mobile Bay" at the March 28 Hall, members heard Lara Ogg speak about gathering. Members heard Jerry Russell talk the Creighton area in Sherman Township. on Robert E. Lee after Chancellorsville on April 25. Cedar County Historical Society A presentation on the history of Civil War Round Table of St. Louis Stockton, delivered by Stockton High School Round Table members met on February teacher Sue Webb, highlighted the Society's 22 at Garavelli's Restaurant, Manchester, and monthly meeting on January 30 at the muse­ heard A. Wilson Greene, executive director um in Stockton. James and Polly Shipley of the Pamplin Park Civil War site near hosted the February 28 get-together at their Petersburg, Virginia, provide, in his own home in Jerico Springs. On March 27 mem­ words, a "somewhat revisionist view" of the bers gathered at the Community Building in conflict at Beaver Dam Creek to Malvern El Dorado Springs to hear presentations by Hill, which became known as the Seven Terri Heitz and Sandra Hoover, Cedar Days' Campaign. Brian Pohanka presented a County Memorial Hospital employees. program, "Little Big Horn—An Ongoing Story," on March 22, also at Garavelli's. Chariton County Historical Society The Society met on April 23 at the muse­ um in Salisbury after a carry-in lunch. The Civil War Round Table of Western Missouri president announced that the museum's new Members of the Round Table meet visiting hours will be on Saturdays and monthly at Truman High School, 3301 South Sundays, 2:00-4:00 P.M., and 1:00-3:00 P.M. Noland Road, Independence, at 7:00 P.M. At on Tuesdays and Thursdays. the January 11 gathering Sonny Wells, along with several contributors, led a discussion on Chouteau Society Civil War troop formations and battle tactics. At the tenth annual Founder's Day lun­ Chris Edwards, a member of the Mid- cheon the following officers were elected: Missouri Civil War Round Table, served as a Charles E. Hoffhaus, president; Ward H. guest speaker and discussed the Battle of Haylett, Jr., and Octave Merveille, vice pres­ Centralia for the February 8 program. Historical Notes and Comments 455

Clay County Museum is currently engaged in an effort to save and and Historical Society restore a still-existing Dice swinging bridge Members gathered at Ivy's Restaurant in in their county. Anyone interested in con­ Liberty for the first general membership tributing to this fund can send donations to event of 1995 on March 24; the evening Cooper County Historical Society Swinging included a presentation about the Inter- Bridge Fund, Boonslick Bank, 400 East Urban Railroad. Spring Street, Boonville, MO 65233.

Cole County Historical Society Dade County Historical Society The Society's spring lecture series, "Past, New officers elected to serve the Society Present & Future," featured a number of inter­ include Dana Murray, president; Janet esting talks, including Robert Herman, "What McClanahan, vice president; Ferneata Cook, Did You Bring Home From the Fair?" on secretary; and Mae Hughes, treasurer. In February 26; Dr. Charles Mink, "Ozark preparation for summer visitors the Society Superstitions: Courtship, Marriage and held several work days this spring to prepare Granny Women," on March 23; and Reverend the grounds of the Washington Hotel and Harvel Sanders, "The Name of the Parish was Museum and to clean up the nature trail. Filled with the Word Grace," on April 27. Members had the opportunity to tour the his­ Dallas County Historical Society toric Osage and Moreau River valleys during The first meeting of 1995, held on March a Society-sponsored bus tour on April 22. 16 in the restored Crescent School in the Buffalo Head Prairie Historical Park south of Concordia Area Heritage Society Buffalo, featured Lawrence Hold speaking The Society meets the third Sunday of on "Methodist Churches of Dallas County." each month in the Concordia Public Library. Members met at the Crescent School on Summer projects include caring for the April 20 to view the installation of the flower beds at the entrance to Concordia recently acquired old Bank of Buffalo fix­ Park and preparing displays for the tures donated by the city council. The pro­ Concordia Fall Festival in September. gram also included Allen Hawley and Doris Hanna discussing old-time country and Concordia Historical Institute gospel music. The Reverend Daniel Preus has been selected as the new director of the Institute Daughters of Old Westport and was formally installed in his position on The Daughters meet the third Tuesday of March 26. each month, except in July and August, at noon in the Rose Room of the Loose Park Cooper County Historical Society Gardens, 5200 Pennsylvania, Kansas City. The March meeting, held at Turner Hall, Serving as officers for the organization are Boonville, featured the owner of the build­ Georgia Horsford Yates, president; Mary Alice ing, David Oswald, discussing his restora­ Shotwell Burry and Patricia Morrison Shuler, tion plans. Members also viewed a video vice presidents; Beverly Ann Bailey Owens, shown by Wayne Lammers on the old St. secretary; and Lydia Jane Miller, treasurer. Joseph Hospital in Boonville. At the April meeting several members and guests con­ Dent County Historical Society tributed to the program on Joe Dice and his The Society sponsored the observance of "swinging bridges." Merlin and Roberta the county courthouse's 125th birthday on Schnell, who have traveled many miles to March 30 at the courthouse with ceremonies, photograph the remaining bridges as well as food, and music. On April 22 the Society the simple equipment Dice used for con­ dedicated a Civil War monument to Second struction, shared their images. The Society Lieutenant A. J. Stuart at Springer's Mill, the 456 Missouri Historical Review site of the battle, located on Highway 19 at Furniture"; Bettina Havig, "Missouri the Meramec Bridge north of Salem. Heritage Quilts"; and Margaret Conrads, "George Caleb Bingham's Portraits." Fayette Area Heritage Association Additionally, the day offered a luncheon in The Association held their spring meet­ the Old Tavern, a tour of the "new-old" log ing on March 2 at the community room of home of Karen Murray and Shelby Gregory, the Commercial Trust Company in Fayette. and an afternoon reception at Prairie Park, The program, presented by local artist Dale home of Day and Whitney Kerr. Graham, was entitled "Early Images of Fayette—The Photography of Thomas Friends of Historic Boonville Bedford." Returning to Thespian Hall for the fourth straight year, the Friends-sponsored Big Ferguson Historical Society Muddy Folk Festival attracted large crowds A guest from the Bridgeton Historical and offered a variety of activities. Events, Society, Carl Boenker, presented a slide held on April 7-8, included a German show featuring historical homes in Bridgeton bratwurst and beer stand, a variety of live at the April 20 meeting held in the First music including the popular folk duo of Presbyterian Church of Ferguson. Cathy Barton and Dave Para, and educational workshops. On April 10 the Friends and the Florissant Valley Historical Society South Howard County Historical Society On April 9 members gathered at the cosponsored a historical recreation of the life Gittimeier House for an Easter celebration, of Jessie Benton Fremont presented by Dr. followed by a tea and fashion show at Taille Sally Roesch Wagner in Thespian Hall. de Noyer, a house museum that serves as the Society's headquarters. The annual house Friends of Keytesville tour was held on May 6. The seventh annual fashion show and luncheon, a Society fund-raiser, was held on Friends of Arrow Rock May 4 in the community center. The An auction, sponsored by the Friends and General Sterling Price Museum opened for featuring an array of antiques from the Bill tours on May 15; hours of operation are and Cora Lee Miller estate, was held on 2:00-5:00 P.M., Monday through Friday. April 8 and April 13 at the Lyceum Theatre in Arrow Rock. Proceeds benefited the Friends of Missouri Town-1855 preservation of the 1839 Bradford House, In observation of National Women's which housed the Millers' antique shop. History Month, the Society mounted special Karen Murray operates Arrow Rock exhibits in March that honored notable Antiques from this property, now owned by women during the colonial and revolutionary the Friends. In conjunction with the Arrow periods of American history. Traditional Rock State Historic Site, the Friends con­ Irish food, Celtic music, skits, and dancing ducted their twelfth children's spring educa­ were featured at the fifth annual St. Patrick's tion program from April 18 to June 2. Day celebration held at the Woods Chapel, Approximately two thousand students from Lee's Summit, on March 17. An informative twenty-five mid-Missouri schools participat­ program on antique restoration presented by ed in walking tours, pioneer life at the Pat Patterson highlighted the May 7 meeting Bingham house, a political process program held in Woods Chapel; a potluck dinner fol­ in the courthouse, and an activity highlight­ lowed the gathering. ing a day in an early one-room log school. The second antique forum, held on May 6, Friends of Rocheport featured the following speakers and topics: The Friends hosted an appreciation tea on Phil and Elva Needles, "American Antique April 9 at the Community Hall, honoring Historical Notes and Comments 457 members who volunteer as museum docents, Grandview Historical Society country store clerks, or guides for the narrat­ The May 1 meeting included a video on ed walking tours. Beginning on April 22 the Watkins Woolen Mill State Park near interested persons can embark on a narrated Kansas City. tour of the historic town, originating from the country store. Tours, offered every Saturday Greene County Historical Society from 10:00 to noon and 2:00 to 3:00 P.M., and Members held their Patriots Dinner, hon­ on Sunday, from 2:00 to 3:30 P.M., cost $3.00 oring George Washington, on February 23 at for adults and $1.00 for children. The muse­ their standing meeting location, Glenstone um also opened on April 22; hours are from Heritage Cafeteria in Springfield. The 1:00 to 4:00 on Saturdays and Sundays. evening featured a program on the United States Constitution presented by Dr. Alice Gasconade County Historical Society Bartee, a professor of political science at The Society participated in Owensville's Southwest Missouri State University. At the Tulip Festival on April 21-22 by hosting a March 23 meeting the Society recognized quilt show in the museum. The quarterly several local young historians whose projects membership meeting was held at the Masonic won first place in the senior division of the Hall, Owensville, on April 30 with Sylvia Self seventh district Missouri History Day compe­ of the Rural Missouri Spinners presenting tition. The April 27 program provided an "From Sheep and Goat to Sweater and Coat." update on the progress being made in estab­ lishing a Founders Park in Springfield. The Glendale Historical Society Society is now on-line and can be reached via Held in the Presbyterian Church, the the Internet: [email protected]. March 9 meeting featured "How the Italians Came to the Hill," presented by Roland Grundy County Historical Society DeGregorio, a tour guide in "The Hill" sec­ The Society convenes on the second tion of St. Louis. Monday of each month at the museum, 1001 Tinsman Avenue, Trenton, at 3:00 P.M. Golden Eagle River Museum Opening day festivities held at the Harrison County Historical Society Museum on May 7 provided an opportunity Phil Conger discussed old newspapers at for the organization to honor longtime mem­ the March 26 meeting, and a video depicting bers Wilbur and Marga Finger for their fifty the history of the county was presented at the years of service to the club and the museum. April 23 gathering. Both meetings were held The Museum elected new officers, and for in the senior citizen building, Bethany. the first time since 1963 it has a new presi­ dent, Jim Swift. Other officers include Bob Phoebe Apperson Hearst Neubert, Bob Mullen, and Bill Paule, vice Historical Society presidents; Alyce Ficken and Eleanor Hagen, The annual Arbor Day meeting, held on secretaries; and Ed Miller, treasurer. April 2, featured Robert Gilmore, a speaker from the Missouri Humanities Council, pre­ Grand River Historical Society senting "Mastodons, Mines, Mansions and The Society met at the Coburn Building, Mills." In the spirit of the occasion, a num­ Chillicothe, on April 11 for a potluck supper. ber of members brought trees and shrubs to The program, presented by Greg Pitchford plant on Society grounds. from the Missouri State Conservation Department, featured information on "The Henry County Historical Society History and Importance of Rivers and The final presentation in the Society's Streams in the Grand River Basin." concert series featured pianist David 458 Missouri Historical Review

Hollander on March 19 in the Adair Annex Jasper County Historical Society of the museum. Sponsored in cooperation The Society met on March 12 at the with the Kansas City Symphony, this project Powers Museum in Carthage to celebrate the provided the opportunity for members and birthday of the county. Officers for 1995 area residents to enjoy four top-notch perfor­ include Dan Crutcher, president; Jim Loomis mances without lengthy travel. and Steve Cottrell, vice presidents; Jane Crawford, secretary; and Loretta Loomis, Hickory County Historical Society treasurer. At the museum in Hermitage on February 14, members brought family heirlooms or col­ Jennings Historical Society lectibles to the meeting, where they had the On May 21 the Society offered interested opportunity to seek information from Frieda persons a free walking tour of the Hammond, of Frieda's Antiques in Weaubleau, Bellefontaine Cemetery, featuring informa­ and Shirley Kagel, of Old Church Antiques in tion on early residents of Jennings. Wheatland. Donna Cristman spoke about the Johnson County Historical Society customs and craftsmanship of the Mennonites Vivian Richardson, the Society's new at the March 14 meeting. curator, discussed methods of preserving and storing documents and photographs at the Harvey J. Higgins Historical Society May 10 gathering in the Old Courthouse, The Society meets monthly on every sec­ Warrensburg. ond Tuesday in the historic depot, which is open each afternoon or by appointment until Kansas City Westerners September 16. On May 9 members viewed a On February 14, at their regular meeting historical slide show presented by Armin place, the Hereford House Restaurant, 20th Shannuth of the Friends of the Chicago and and Main Streets in Kansas City, members Alton. heard Ron Mirian speak on "Mountain Men and Their Legacy." Posse member Dr. John Historical Association of Ingram discussed medical practices and Greater Cape Girardeau health in the West at the March 14 meeting. At the March 21 general meeting of the On April 11 Roger Werner presented the Association, Dr. John Coleman presented program on "The Trail of the Shawnee "Reviving River City," which chronicled the Indians." religious influences of Billy Sunday on Cape Girardeau. The weekend of April 22, the Kimmswick Historical Society opening day of the 1995 tour season, featured a Delia Lang, president of the Jefferson scenic drive in the area and a "going out of Heritage and Landmark Society, entertained business sale" for the Carriage House gift shop. Society members on March 6 with selected readings from her latest book, Witchcraft, Iron County Historical Society Wickedness and Other Wacky Happenings in The annual meeting, held on April 16 in Jefferson County. Members gathered on the fellowship hall of the First Baptist April 3 for a Missouri Humanities Council- Church, Ironton, featured Loren DePew dis­ sponsored program presented by John Neal cussing early childhood memories from the Hoover, assistant director of the St. Louis valley; his reminiscences prompted other Mercantile Library. In addition to an educa­ members to share their recollections. New tional lecture on panoramic art of the officers for the 1995-1997 term were also Mississippi River, Hoover presented slides elected at this meeting: Randall Cox, presi­ and sketches depicting scenes just north and dent; Bettie Deniston, secretary; and Carolyn south of Kimmswick. Society member Sheehy, treasurer. Kenneth Peck discussed North American Historical Notes and Comments 459 deserts at the May 1 meeting; historical Lincoln County Historical slides accompanied the program. The and Archeological Society Society regularly meets at 7:00 P.M. on the Members heard Laurel Wilson, a profes­ first Monday of each month at Kimmswick sor in the Department of Textile and Apparel Hall, 6000 Third Street, Kimmswick. Management at the University of Missouri- Columbia, speak on appropriate methods for Kingdom of Callaway Historical Society the careful storage and handling of old cloth­ The Society met for the first time this ing, quilts, and other vintage items at the year on May 2 with the Friends of the March 16 meeting in the Troy City Hall. To Callaway County Public Library, Fulton, at illustrate her message, she displayed several the library. Dr. Howard Marshall of the items in various stages of deterioration due University of Missouri spoke on the history to improper care. and art of fiddling.

Meramec Valley Genealogical Kirkwood Historical Society and Historical Society The feature attraction at an English tea, Members maintained a booth on May 6 sponsored by the Society on March 2, was in conjunction with Pacific Pride Day festiv­ Annabelle Renick, who presented a book ities; proceeds will fund future Society review on The Tarnished Crown, by activities. Anthony Holden. On April 20 the Society hosted a luncheon and card and game party, a fund-raising event for Mudd's Grove, at Mid-Missouri Civil War Round Table the Grace Episcopal Church in Kirkwood. The February 21 meeting featured a dis­ cussion on Union soldier Joshua Lawrence Lafayette County Historical Society Chamberlain by George Lyons at Hickman A presentation by Connie Reichart of the High School in Columbia. Members met at Missouri State Archives highlighted the Veit's Restaurant in Jefferson City on April 30 meeting. Held in the meeting room March 21 to hear Jim Skain discuss his of the West-Central Electric building south research on the Battle of Pea Ridge. "A of Higginsville, the program focused on Rising Star in the Midst of Despair," pre­ material at the archives concerning Lafayette sented by David Hinze, highlighted the County. April 18 meeting, also held at Hickman High School.

Lawrence County Historical Society Mary Strickrodt, president of the Aurora Miller County Historical Society Historical Society, presented the program About sixty-five members gathered for "Aurora, A Time To Remember" at the the quarterly meeting at the museum in March 19 meeting held at the Jones Tuscumbia on April 9 to enjoy a potluck din­ Memorial Chapel in Mount Vernon. ner and to elect new officers. Serving in 1995 are Dolores Brondel, president; Glenn Lee's Summit Historical Society Casey, vice president; Peggy Hake, secre­ On February 3 the Society hosted a tary; and Helen Gibson, treasurer. The pro­ potluck dinner, followed by Bob Belser's gram, given by Denise Taylor Mace of talk on the Belser family and its involvement Iberia, featured Mace's homemade one-of-a- in the community. Whit Kirk, a representa­ kind dolls. They are porcelain reproductions tive from Imagik Photo Lab, showed a slide of the old German and French styles that presentation about the computer restoration were popular in the eighteenth and nine­ of old photographs. teenth centuries in Europe. 460 Missouri Historical Review

Mine Au Breton Historical Society Overland Historical Society The museum, the James Long Home, the On March 6 members heard Dr. J. Austin-Milam-Lucas Store, the Perry Frederick Fausz, dean of the Pierre Laclede Cemetery, and the Mine Au Breton Heritage Honors College and associate professor of Park reopened Memorial Day weekend and history at the University of Missouri-St. will remain open on Saturdays and Sundays Louis, speak on "Partners In Pelts," which through Labor Day weekend; hours are 1:00 focused on the fur trade between Native to 4:00 P.M. American animal trappers and European fur traders. Artifacts added greatly to his pre­ sentation, which was sponsored by the Missouri Historical Society Missouri Humanities Council. Members Current exhibits at the Society include participated in the local craft fair, held at the "What Made a Man: Volunteer Fire Fighting community center on April 8, by holding a in St. Louis, 1830-1860" and "Rounding the bake sale. Corner: Glimpses of St. Louis in the 1930s."

Pemiscot County Historical Society Montgomery County Historical Society A special display of all photographs Held in the St. John's Church of Christ in donated to the Society over the past twenty High Hill, the Society's annual dinner fea­ years provided the highlight of the January tured Dorris Keevan of Warrenton presenting 27 meeting; members were encouraged to "Pinkney, the First County Seat of help identify unknown persons, places, and Montgomery County." Newly elected dates. At the February 24 meeting Mike Society officers include William J. Auchly, Abbot, of the First State Bank of president; Mrs. Walden Cope, vice president; Caruthersville, spoke on his efforts to estab­ Mrs. Rick Cullom, secretary; and Mrs. lish the first commercial fish pond in the Richard Clark, treasurer. county. The upcoming centennial of Hayti was the focus of the March 24 meeting. C. Old Trails Historical Society W. Reed III, a member of one of Hayti's pio­ "Streetcars of St. Louis," a lecture by neer families, presented an informative pro­ Monte Avery, entertained members and gram on the early settlement of the town, guests at the March 15 meeting at the and Ricky Lannie, president of the chamber Manchester Methodist Church. The of commerce, talked about events to be held Society's annual meeting and installation of in conjunction with the centennial. All officers was held at the Coach House meetings are held at the American Legion Restaurant, Ballwin, on April 19. Building in Caruthersville.

Osage County Historical Society Perry County Historical Society On February 27 Joe Muenks presented a At the twenty-third annual spring dinner program titled "Our German Heritage" at St. held at Twin Halls, Perryville, on April 8, John's United Methodist Church, Linn. the following officers were elected: Olene Carol Diaz-Granados, an anthropology Heflin, president; Gerald Schmidt and instructor at Washington University, St. Robert Difani, vice presidents; Mary Lou Louis, discussed "Digging up the 1904 Naeger and Barbara Sparkman, secretaries; World's Fair" at the May 22 meeting. In and Patricia Robinson, treasurer. Also dis­ addition to her talk, she displayed artifacts cussed at the meeting was the current build­ and slides of her excavations. Prior to the ing project, an addition to the building that meeting, members and guests had the oppor­ presently houses the genealogical research tunity to tour Painted Rock State Park. area and the Society office. Historical Notes and Comments 461

Perry County Lutheran Historical Society Raytown Historical Society The Society gathered for the spring meet­ From April 19 to April 22, the Society ing on March 19 at the Trinity School in sponsored a garage sale, with all proceeds Altenburg. Featured speaker Dr. Frank supporting the museum. Nickell of Southeast Missouri State University shared information about historic Ripley County Historical Society preservation. Members participated in the On March 14, Ozark writer and historian Mississippi River scenic tour in Cape Alex Primm treated Society members to a Girardeau on April 22-23. slide presentation, sponsored by the Missouri Humanities Council Speakers Program, Pettis County Historical Society about the 1818-1819 observations of Henry Well-known regional historian, folklorist, R. Schoolcraft, derived from his journal and poet, and composer Bob Dyer spoke about other scientific publications. Lynn Morrow the Boonslick Region at the March 27 meet­ of the Missouri State Archives and Jim ing of the Society at the Boonslick Regional Denny, chairman of the Missouri Civil War Library, Sedalia. Site Marking Program, visited Ripley County on April 5 and 6 to assist the Society Phelps County Historical Society in records preservation and to catalog histor­ On April 9 members gathered at the Old ical sites, with Civil War-related locations Courthouse in Rolla to hear Jan and Terry receiving particular attention. Primas talk on the history and the restoration of the Old Stagecoach Stop in Waynesville. St. Charles County Historical Society The Dillon Cabin Museum, which opened The annual antique show, held at St. for the season on May 7, will be open daily, Charles West High School on March 11-12, 1:00-5:00, through September. showcased a wide array of antiques and dealers—everything from textiles and glass­ ware to books and furniture. Platte County Historical and Genealogical Society St. Clair County Historical Society In celebration of its fiftieth birthday, the The February 21 meeting, held at the Society held a street party and a dinner at the Taberville Fire Station, provided an opportu­ museum on May 6. All past presidents were nity for a group discussion on the history of recognized during the festivities. Taberville and was moderated by several local citizens. Members gathered at the Randolph County Historical Society community building of the Lake View The spring meeting, held on April 11 at Apartments in Osceola on April 18 to hear the historical center on North Clark Street, Dr. Gary Kremer present "Local History as featured a discussion of the national project Self-Discovery," sponsored by the Missouri S.O.S!—Save Outdoor Sculpture!—spon­ Humanities Council. sored by the Smithsonian Institution, and how this project could benefit sculptures in St. Francois County Historical Society Moberly. Members met on February 22 in the Ozarks Federal Savings and Loan building, Ray County Historical Society Farmington, and heard Dorothy Mount pre­ After a carry-in dinner on April 6 at the sent a program on the history of the Society. Eagleton Center in Richmond, members At the March 22 meeting Ronald Steele, of enjoyed Dr. Sally Roesch Wagner's chau- the Southeast Missouri Regional Planning tauqua-type program that included a portray­ and Economic Development Commission, al of Jessie Benton Fremont. The Missouri Perryville, discussed new tourism maps that Humanities Council sponsored this program. his organization is compiling. Mark Stauter 462 Missouri Historical Review from the Western Historical Manuscript Sullivan County Historical Society Collection-Rolla spoke about the old The Society continues to meet on the first Federal Lead Company at the April 26 Monday evening of January, April, July, and meeting. October at 7:00 in the Stanley Hotel lobby. The newly elected president of the organiza­ Saline County Historical Society tion is Charles Clark. The Society's new room for their local history and genealogy collection is now in Texas County Missouri Genealogical use at the Marshall Public Library; a ribbon- and Historical Society cutting ceremony was held on January 27. At the April quarterly meeting members Historian and performer Dr. Sally Roesch participated in "Treasures From our Wagner presented her chautauqua-style por­ Ancestors." Featured items included an 1881 trayal of Jessie Benton Fremont on April 8 in quilt, beautiful dishes that were over a centu­ the Mabee Chapel Auditorium at Missouri ry old, powder horns, and wedding memora­ Valley College in Marshall. bilia. Officers for 1995 are Shirley Wenger, president; Christina Hadley, vice president; Sappington-Concord Historical Society Karen Nelson and Velma Adams, secretaries; Society member Ted Hoffmeister shared and Alzada Durham, treasurer. some of his World War II experiences during the April 26 membership meeting held in the Harry S Truman Independence Lindbergh School District board room on the 76 Fire Company Lindbergh High School campus. The April 25 meeting of the Company, held at Rustler's BBQ, Independence, fea­ Smoky Hill Railway tured Pat Casey and Brian Clardy discussing and Museum Association the history of the Sugar Creek Fire The Association held their annual meet­ Department. ing on February 18 in the Old Belton City Hall; several members treated the group to a Turney Historical Society homemade chili supper. The Society's annual sausage breakfast was held at the community center on April 1. Sons and Daughters of the Blue and Gray At the March 19 assembly of the round- Vernon County Historical Society table in the basement of the Maryville Public Marlene Hizer, director of the Nevada Library, members watched The Horse Public Library, spoke at the Society's Soldiers, a Civil War movie starring John February 5 meeting, held in the Nevada Park Wayne and William Holden. Care Center. She discussed the history and the future of the library, noting that the town Stone County Historical Society had obtained the last Carnegie library grant. At the March 5 meeting Society mem­ At the April 2 meeting Mark Sievering of bers heard local businessman Troy Stone Butler shared his recent experiences of discuss his family's early settlement in the teaching in a one-room school in Nebraska. area. The feature of the April 2 meeting was a video shown by Jim Barrett on the history Washington Historical Society of Springfield, with emphasis on its post The Society has found a new home. office. On May 7 the Society hosted a field Located in the old church building on the trip to Vienna to view area historic sites. corner of Fifth and Market Streets, the new Regular meetings continue in the Old center will house the museum, the archives, Christian Church, Galena, at 1:30 P.M. on the the library, a kitchen, and a meeting room. first Monday of each month. Members continue to complete the move. Historical Notes and Comments 463

Wayne County Historical Society Westphalia Historical Society The process of moving a log cabin pro­ Dr. Charles Mink, professor of history at vided members with an interesting program Lincoln University and a former president of presented by Nick Elfrink, who has success­ the Society, discussed "Folklore, Superstitions fully moved two cabins, at the April 3 meet­ and Midwifery in the Ozarks" at the annual ing held in the Patterson Community Center. meeting held on March 19 at the museum. The information should prove useful since New officers were also elected and include the Society was recently given a log cabin Marilyn Plassmeyer, president; Suzanne and members are in the process of disman­ Dickneite, vice president; Barbara Plummer, tling it for relocation to the county seat in secretary; and Mary Ann Klebba, treasurer. Greenville. Called "The Aunt Beck May Home," the cabin has a fund to aid in this Westphalian Heritage Society, Inc. process. Donations can be sent to the In conjunction with the Westphalia Peoples Bank of Wayne County, P.O. Box Historical Society, the Society hosted two 338A, Greenville, MO 63944-0580. groups of students from Germany for day tours of the town and a visit to the local high school on April 5 and 6. Webster Groves Historical Society Members heard Reverend Robert Westport Historical Society Tabscott, operator of the Lovejoy Society on The first quarterly dinner meeting of the North Gore and minister at the Des Peres year, held on February 24 at the Woodside Presbyterian Church, present a program at Racquet Club, Westwood, Kansas, featured the February 20 gathering at the Hawken Sylvia Mooney, an activist in several histori­ House Barn. On May 15 the Society hosted cal preservation groups, showing a narrated their annual meeting, also held at the barn. slide show on the restoration of the Keynote speaker Dr. Eric Sandweiss, direc­ Rice/Tremonti house and grounds in tor of the research center at the Missouri Raytown. Stephenson's Apple Farm Historical Society, St. Louis, discussed Restaurant catered the fund-raising dinner "Downtown St. Louis, Its Past, Its Present held at the Harris-Kearney House on April 23. and Its Future." White River Valley Historical Society The winter meeting of the Society was Wentzville Community Historical Society held on March 12 in the Friendship House On March 20 at the Green Lantern Senior Banquet Room, College of the Ozarks, Point Center, Wentzville, the Society hosted a Lookout. Barbara Wehrman, publisher of reunion of forty-eight former employees of the Ozarks Mountaineer, a bimonthly maga­ the Acme Garment Factory, which closed in zine that has chronicled the Ozarks for over 1987. This building, erected in 1885 as the forty years, discussed a variety of aspects in Wentzville Tobacco Company and converted publishing this magazine. to a flour mill in 1932, became home to the garment factory in 1936 and is now owned Wright County Historical Society by the Society. Members held a fund-raising Two new publications, compiled by "trivia game" event there on March 29 to Society member Phyllis Rippee, are now benefit restoration. available. Obituaries, 1921-1930, features death notices derived from the Hartville Weston Historical Museum newspaper, and Tidbits, Volume I, is a com­ The museum reopened in mid-March and pilation of items from old Wright County will maintain regular hours until mid- newspapers. Each sells for $10.00, plus December; visitors can tour the museum $1.50 for shipping, and can be ordered from Tuesday through Saturday, 1:00-4:00, and on the Wright County Historical Society, P.O. Sunday, 1:30-5:00. Box 66, Hartville, MO 65667. 464 GIFTS

Alice Akins, Hollywood, California, donor: A History of the Robert Alexander Moore and Mary Ann Moore Family, by Mary Elizabeth Alderton Morris, and descendancy charts for the Moore, Meal, and Akins families. (R)* Robert Baumann, St. Louis, donor: Streets of St. Louis, by William B. Magnan, and International Directory of St. Louis, 1994. (R) Carolyn Berry, Monterey, California, donor: Descendants of John Berry & Elizabeth Harris, 1775-1899, by the donor. (R) Karen Carmichael Boggs, Fayette, donor: The Bulldog, May 15, 1958-June 4, 1988, publication compiled by the donor for the thir­ ty-year reunion of the New Franklin High School class of 1958. (R) Trenton Boyd, Columbia, donor: Greater St. Louis White Pages, 1993. (R) Gene Braschler, Fairdealing, donor: A map depicting old trails, including the Trail of Tears, and historic places in southern Missouri and Arkansas, loaned for copying. (R) Ellis R. Brockman, Mt. Pleasant, Michigan, donor: St. Louis Homes, 1866-1916: The Golden Age, by Elinor M. Coyle. (R) Clint Buffon, Overland Park, Kansas, donor: Archive, 1994 yearbook of St. Louis University. (R) Steve J. Clark, Columbia, donor: The Missouri Harmony: A Collection of Psalm and Hymn Tunes, and Anthems, by Allen D. Carden. (R) Edward Clifton Collings, Columbia, donor: Twenty-four black and white, color, and sepia mounted photographs by the donor depict­ ing contemporary Missouri scenes, places, people, and events. (A) Thomas Danisi, St. Louis, donor: Seven photos of plat maps depicting early properties in the Lafayette Square area of St. Louis, (E); two issues of the Lafayette Square Marquis. (R) Daughters of the American Revolution, Missouri Society, Sarah Barton Murphy Chapter, Farmington, donor: Abstract of Title to Part of Survey 2097, Ste. Genevieve County, Missouri, 1811-1970, compiled by the donor. (R) Allene Davidson, Columbia, donor: Christian College Views, Part II, and a variety of materials relating to Missouri history. (R) Juanita Denslow, Trenton, donor: Legacy of Protection: A Centennial History of Farmers Mutual Insurance Company of Grundy County, 1895-1995. (R) E. Grey Dimond, Kansas City, donor: . . . Restless, Questing, Hopeful People: A Narration of American Lives, the Morrisons, Schmidts, Whiteheads, Dimonds, by the donor. (R) Timothy D. Dollens, Columbia, donor: The Descendants of Richard Dollins of Albemarle County, Virginia, by M. Coburn Williams, and a map depicting historic sites in Howard County. (R)

*These letters indicate the location of the materials at the Society. (R) refers to Reference Library; (E), Editorial Office; (M), Manuscripts; (N), Newspaper Library; (RFC), Reference Fitzgerald Collection; (B), Bay Room; and (A), Art Collection. Historical Notes and Comments 465

Brad Finch, Kansas City, donor: A Slice of the Times: Kansas City, 1875-1880, by the donor. (R) Frank Flesher, St. Joseph, donor: Six telephone directories for the St. Joseph and Kansas City regions. (R) Friends of Rocheport, donor, through Irene Janke, Rocheport: Friends of Rocheport, Missouri, Records, 1967-1992. (M) Howard Gable, Mt. Vernon, Oregon, and Debbie Sheals, Columbia, donors: Plum Grove: Memoir of a One-Room School, in Laclede, by the donors. (R) Margaret H. Gentges, Great Falls, Virginia, donor: Births/Baptisms in Osage County, Missouri Prior to the 1880 Federal Census of Children and Spouses of the Immigrant Families, by the donor. (R) Parthenia Hale McPherson Horn Haggard, donor, through Alice McPherson Holdcroft, Houston, Texas: Narrative written by the donor in February 1908 about Civil War events. (R) J. Hurley and Roberta Hagood, Hannibal, donors: A number of telephone books, city directories, and tourist pamphlets for the Hannibal region. (R) Crockett A. Harrison, Grove City, Pennsylvania, donor: Billups and Allied Families, by Katie-Prince W. Esker; Casey and Allied Families, by Walter Eric Casey; The Tolson Family of Virginia and Missouri, Including Related Lines of Combs, Harrison, Bullitt, Ratcliffe and Herndon, by Katherine Prichard Benz; Col. Jefferson F Jones of the Kingdom of Callaway: His Ancestors and Descendants, by Lyde Black Jones; Casey Family History, by Alvin Harold Casey. (R) William L. Hungate, St. Louis, donor: It Wasn 't Funny at the Time, by the donor. (R) Al Jackson, Hayti, donor: History of Southeast Missouri High School Football, compiled by the donor. (R) Nancy A. Stucker Jennings, Topeka, Kansas, donor: Isaac Lafayette Stucker—Mamie E. Luther McClain Family, compiled and edited by the donor. (R) Doris Bankes Kent, Green City, donor: Thomas Kent (1748-1835) and His Descendants, by the donor. (R) J. Phillip London, Washington, D.C, donor: Six Days in July 1944: Gordon Phillips Second Lieutenant, U.S. Army, by the donor. (R) Marjorie Henthorne McClure, Kansas City, donor: Twenty-three color lithographs by John Mix Stanley. (A) Marjorie M. Miller, Montgomery City, donor: A Pictorial History of Montgomery County: 175 Years, 1818-1993, by W. J. Auchly. (R) Missouri Western State College Alumni Association, St. Joseph, donor: Out of the Night the Angels Sang, a history of music at St. Joseph Junior College, by Raymond Elliott. (R) Virginia Poehlman, Columbia, donor: Photograph of the Half-Way Inn, Columbia, and a two-page text describing its history, location, and structure. (E) & (R) Jerry Ponder, Doniphan, donor: The Battle of Chalk Bluff: An Account of General John S. Marmaduke's Second Missouri Raid, by the donor. (R) 466 Missouri Historical Review

Toni M. Prawl, Jefferson City, donor: E. J. Eckel (1845-1934): The Education of a Beaux-Arts Architect, doctoral dissertation by the donor. (R) Presbytery of Missouri Union, Jefferson City, donor, through J. Joseph Trower: 1995 directory of the Presbytery of Missouri Union. (R) Robert Wayne Ramsey, Tacoma, Washington, donor: The Family of Monroe Ramsey, by Lillian Ramsey Murphy, and five volumes of Ramsey family materials. (R) Alden Redfield, Columbia, donor: Sapan, 1956 yearbook of the Salisbury High School; Progress at Principia [College]; and four Columbia Entertainment Company programs. (R) John Sargent Rinehart, Santa Fe, New Mexico, donor: Ancestry of John Sargent Rinehart (and his siblings), by the donor. (R) Johnny Rion, Belleville, Illinois, donor: Iron Mountain Baby, audio cassette tape, by the donor. (R) Evan Robertson, Columbia, donor: Color photo of downtown Columbia, East Broadway, June 1994. (E) The Salisbury Press-Spectator, Salisbury, donor, through Larry and Susan Baxley: Living on the River: A Pictorial History of the Great Flood of 1993—Chariton County, Missouri. (R) Roxana Schroeder, Warrenton, donor: A History of One Hundred Fifty Years at Smith Creek, 1842-1992, by the donor. (R) Robert G. Schultz, St. Louis, donor: Military Mail and Civil War Patriotic Covers Used in Missouri, by the donor and Ward Parker. (R) Shelbina Public Library, Shelbina, donor: "1994 Supplement to Shelby County, Missouri Cemeteries." (R) John P. Staples, Plains, Kansas, donor: Staples & Sandburg & Allied Families, 1643-1992, by the donor, and My Coats Family, by Neva M. C. Staples. (R) Tom Stevens, Columbia, donor: Pretty Privies of the Ozarks, by Mahlon N. White. (R) Jean Rentchler Swann, Clinton, donor: Englewood Cemetery, Clinton, Hemy County, Missouri, 1994 Burials, compiled by the donor and Linda M. Everhart. (R) Dolores Timmons, Columbia, donor, through Jack Timmons: The Griffin, by the English department of Lindenwood College, St. Charles, (R); panoramic oversized photograph of Southwest Missouri State Teachers College class of 1929, Springfield. (E) Today's Farmer Magazine, Columbia, donor, through Brenda Miller: Bound copy of volume 86 of Today's Farmer. (R) Henry Warten, Joplin, donor: A collection of clippings, photographs, and booklets about Thomas Hart Benton, Grant Wood, and John Steuart Curry. (R) & (E) William W. Williams, Versailles, donor: Morgan County, Missouri Cemetery Records, 1830-1994, by the donor and Dorothy L. Williams, loaned for copying. (R) McCormick Wilson, Jefferson City, donor: William R. Combs Papers. (M) 467 MISSOURI HISTORY IN NEWSPAPERS

Albany Ledger-Headlight April 26, 1995—A. K. "Brack" and Pearl Redmon Wilson's "Family dinners and old time receipts."

Aurora Advertiser March 31, 1995— "Progress '95: A Team Effort," a special section on the history of the city hall and the post office.

Blue Springs Examiner April 12, 1995— "Truman: The Legacy Lives On: [Paul] Duke remembers 'great presi­ dent,'" by Amy Lamb, and "Few gave Truman much of a chance," by Curt Anderson.

Boonville Daily News February 27, 1995— "In New Franklin, The Years Have Slowed Things Down," featured photographs of old downtown landmarks.

Branson Tri-Lakes Daily News April 6, 1995— "When Rose Bloomed in the Ozarks," featured the creator of the Kewpie, Rose O'Neill.

Buffalo Dallas County Courier April 13, 1995—An early photo of the east side of the square featured Bonner Feed Mill, early supplier of Buffalo electricity. April 27— "Buffalo Roller Mill," first steam-operated burr mill in the county.

Buffalo Reflex March 22, 1995—Ike's Service Station, "Another historic landmark bites the dust in Fair Grove," by Marilyn Smith.

Butler news-Xpress March 1, 1995— "The old and the new," Nyhart Bridge.

Canton Press-News Journal April 6, 1995— "Yesteryears Pictures," a photo series, featured the old Goss press. April 13— "The '20s boom faded to the desperate '30s: Canton during the Great Depression," by Shelly Gray.

Charleston Enterprise-Courier January 12, 1995— "Dogwood News: Dogwood Cemetery Unknowns." February 9— "Jim Benson recollections: History of Dorena," by LaWanda Douglas; "County's 150th birthday history begins in Dorena" and "Jack Marcum recollections: History of Dorena," by Liz Anderson. February 16— "The early days of Mississippi County as recorded by Joe Webb: Biography of Charles Edward Ray and Historical Notes on the Dorena, James Bayou and Bayouville communities," reprinted; "History—Dorena remembrances," by LaWanda Douglas; and "Ferry parking area grant is sought," features a history of the Dorena-Hickman ferry. 468 Missouri Historical Review

February 23— "Early Settlers in the James Bayou Township in 1838 and 1839," by LaWanda Douglas, and "A look back at the riverboat, ferry days," reprinted. March 2— "Family histories: Louis Blumenberg and The Battle of Belmont" and "Ballard County to the Bootheel: Harvie and Loula Elope!" by Rick Blumenberg; "Way Back When: Methodism in Charleston," by Ruth E. Heggie; and a map of the "1898 & 1904 Rail System, Mississippi County." March 9—A surveyor's chain measure is "The 'missing' link" on Island #6, by Liz Anderson; "The age of the ferry boats"; and "Way Back When: Charleston's Methodist Church (continued)," by Ruth E. Heggie. March 16— "The history of Shopping in Cairo: Train car crosses the Mississippi River," compiled from Joe Webb's histories; "Way Back When: History of the United Methodist Church (continued)," by Ruth E. Heggie; "Who was Cary Bird?" by Sally King; and "Our History Continues." March 23— "Down river to Dorena," by Inez Grissom Fent; "Way Back When: History of the United Methodist Church (continued)," by Ruth E. Heggie; "The Chain Saga Ends"; and "Our History Continues," by LaWanda Douglas. March 30— "The Garden Spot of the World,' Mississippi County: As portrayed in a 1919 booklet," reprinted; Ward Lumber Company, "Early Logging Operation In Mississippi County"; and a Sanborn insurance map of "Downtown Charleston shown in 1886." April 6— "Mississippi County History: Garden Spot of the World, 1937," reprinted; "The Businesses of Charleston—1919: A. W. Robertson Coal Company," reprinted; and '"Old Ireland' in Mississippi County," by LaWanda Douglas. April 13— "A Look Back: A Celebration of 150 Years in Southeast Missouri," preface by Liz Anderson; "The Businesses of Charleston—1919: A. W. Robertson Coal Company (continued)," reprinted; and "The Beckwith Manuscript," reprinted. April 20— "The Beckwith History, Part 1: The Story of the Settlement and Settlers of Mississippi County, Missouri," reprinted. April 27— "The Beckwith History, Chapter 2: How The First Settlers Established Themselves In The Wilderness," reprinted; "The Businesses of Charleston—1919 (contin­ ued)," reprinted, featured the Charleston Bank, Lee Strader grocery store, Russell-Whitener Implement Company, and the Charleston Laundry; "Dorena: the history continues," by LaWanda Douglas; and "Way Back When: History Of Perry Chapel A.M.E.," by Ruth E. Heggie.

Clinton Daily Democrat February 16, 1995—The dedication of a brewery in Clinton, c. 1870.

Cole Camp Courier February 2, 1995—Laura Sophia Louise Harms, an "Iron Hand in a Velvet Glove," by Dianne Peck.

Columbia Daily Tribune February 5, 19, March 5, 19, April 2, 30, 1995— "Boone Country," a series by Francis Pike, featured respectively: Boone County's first school, Thompkins Point at Rocheport, Blackfoot country, Perche founder John Butler, branch line railway stations between Columbia and Centralia, and the University of Missouri College of Agriculture. April 9— "50 years after oath, Truman presidency revered by America." April 22— "Out Of The Past: Stephens [College] rebuilds athletics," by Joe Walljasper. Historical Notes and Comments 469

Columbia Missourian January 29, 1995— "Old M-K-T Railroad Station," Columbia. February 26—A special five-part supplement featured the city's transportation history, growth, women's history, early businesses and origins, and medical and scientific past. March 17— "Parker Memorial Hospital," 1958, University of Missouri-Columbia. April 9— "Ellis Library," University of Missouri-Columbia.

Doniphan Prospect News March 29, 1995—Alex Primm, "Historian Shares Glimpse Of Early Ozarks," and "Primm Goes Deeper Into The Ozarks: Historian Visits Local Sites Described In Schoolcraft's Journal."

East Prairie Eagle April 27, 1995— "The Beckwith History, Chapter 3: Weapons & Tools," reprinted.

El Dorado Springs Star April 27, 1995—James Riley J. Jones, "Relative locates Civil War Confederate Soldier in El Dorado Springs Cemetery."

Faucett Buchanan County News April 27, 1995— "Capturing the Decades, Volume II: Exploring Our Rural Heritage Through the Eye of a Camera," a special section.

Fredericktown Democrat-News February 2, 1995— "Our Veterans: A tribute to William (Bill) Griffon—World War I."

Fulton Sun February 11, March 4, 18, April 22, 1995— "Callaway Journal," a series by Lee Godley, featured respectively: Fulton's glory years, 1850-1880; the impact of the North Missouri Railroad; the death of Captain James Callaway; and the Wainwright/Linkville community. March 29— "The Big Game: Westminster vs. Central at Fulton, Missouri," one hundred years of football history, by Kevin Hewgly.

Goodman News Dispatch April 5, 12, 1995— "Around & About McDonald County," a special section, featured respectively: Southwest Missouri Protective Association Lodges, 1885-1900, by Ralph Pogue, and the Roller School District, by Judy Rickett.

Higginsville Advance March 22, 1995— "A trip in time to the old [Bonanza] coal mine," owned and operated by Sebastian W. and Johanna Babette Kuhn Brandau, 1888, reprinted.

Hopkins Journal March 22, 1995— "Pickering building, rich with history, razed."

Independence Examiner April 12, 1995— "Remembering Harry Truman," a two-part special section on the fiftieth anniversary of Franklin Roosevelt's death and Truman's subsequent installation as president.

Jefferson City Post-Tribune February 7, 1995— "Passenger rail service may fade into history," by Nancy Vessell. 470 Missouri Historical Review

Joplin Globe February 11, 1995— "Ofzark] Christian] C[ollege] convention 'notable': Preaching, teaching, going strong," by Rich Brown. April 3—Historian Everett Ritchie looks at "Deaths in the Mines" of southwest Missouri, by Wally Kennedy.

Kahoka The Media February 1, 1995—Bette "Wiley Dreams of Transforming Northeast Missouri into 'Ella Ewing Country,'" by promoting nineteenth-century "gentle giantess."

Kansas City Star February 12, 1995— "Good Faith: A first lady and a friend," journalist Mary Paxton Keeley protected privacy of Bess Truman, by Brian Burnes. February 24—African-American "Communities add to tapestry of KC's story," by Regina Akers.

Kansas City Wednesday Magazine March 15, 1995— "Through the lens: As he saw Truman," photos and recollections by Charles Brenneke.

King City Tri-County News February 17, 1995— "Fine college existed in Stanberry" Normal School, by Gordon Howitt. April 14—The Culver horse barn among "King City locations first on 150th tour."

Lebanon Daily Record February 21, 1995— "Shakerag Valley Views," a series by Clyde Taylor, discussed famous politicians from the area.

Lee's Summit Journal April 10, 1995— "Boom town: W. B. Howard laid the foundation for the city's growth explosion," by Bill Bell, Jr.

Linn Unterrified Democrat May 3, 1995— "History has forgotten founder of Koeltztown," August John Koeltze, by Joe Welschmeyer.

Macon Chronicle-Herald March 22, 1995—Built in 1891, "Callao Christian Church Sees Many Changes."

*Marble Hill Banner Press March 16, 1995—The charred remains of Will Mayfield College's "Historic Rosemont Hall, 1926."

Maryville Daily Forum April 19, 1995— "Quality has kept Foster Brothers in business for 101 years," by Steven Woolfolk.

Noel McDonald County Press March 29, 1995— "Noel School... No stranger to change."

*Indicates newspapers not received by the State Historical Society. Historical Notes and Comments 471

Ozark Christian County Headliner-News April 26, 1995—The First Baptist Church in Nixa, "Behind These Doors Lies The Past," by Clayton Berry.

Palmyra Spectator April 12, 1995— "Historic day 50 years ago remembered: tornado rips through Palmyra day Roosevelt died," by Mark Cheffey.

Perryville Perry County Republic-Monitor April 27, 1995— "Rock Valley School: Students and teachers recall the experience of the one-room school," by Randy Pribble.

Piedmont Wayne County Journal-Banner March 9, 23, 1995— "Historical Wayne County," a photo series, featured respectively: old Greenville School, 1903; and the Silva post office. April 6—Piedmont's oldest business, "Toney's Drug Store to Close Friday," by Kimberly A. Gipson.

Plattsburg Clinton County Leader April 6, 13, 20, 1995— "Disasterous Fire Affected Town of Plattsburg 100 Years Ago," a three-part series. April 27— "Conflict in History Regarding Courthouses of Clinton County." This and the above series by Helen Russell.

Poplar Bluff Daily American Republic February 16, 1995— "Memories of Old Greenville," by Michelle Friedrich.

*S/. Clair Missourian January 4, 11, 18, 25, February 1,8, 15, 22, March 8, 15, 22, 29, April 5, 12, 19, 26, May 3, 1995— "Gleanings from the Past ... & Present," a series by Sue Cooley, featured respec­ tively: the George Hearst/William Eggers property; construction of the 1899 Indian Creek Bridge on Highway K; the land sale to raise money for the International Shoe Company in 1921; the impact of the railroad on the community; the Charles and Minnie Ely Shoults fami­ ly; Little Doc Fisher and William R. Moore; the Panhorst Brothers Store; the history of the Phoebe Apperson Hearst Historical Society; the William and Maria Brewer Bartle family; early transportation hazards; the journal of Charles T. and Maude Murrell Lemon; Solomon David Belew and the Franklin County Mutual Life Insurance Company; Conn Lucy's Saloon and Boarding House; the Joseph and Ruth Bradley Harrell family; the 1957 fatal airplane crash of Wesley Bates; the St. Clair Airdome and Ozark Theatre; and Harry Buescher's garage.

St. Joseph News-Press February 24, March 31, 1995— "Young at Heart," a special section, featured articles on history with accompanying photographs.

*St. Louis Business Journal February 12, 1995— "Henry Clay Pierce's oil deals ran afoul of trust busters," by Robert Archibald. 472 Missouri Historical Review

*St. Louis North County Journal West April 26, 1995—Carole Bovey, "Restoring history: Family revamps splendor of man­ sion" built by Wilson Larimore in the 1850s, by Carolyn Marty.

St. Louis Post-Dispatch February 26, 1995— "St. Louis Q&A," a series by Jerry Berger, featured German Turner Societies and the origin of the name Powell Symphony Hall, and "Anyone Want To Buy Mark Twain Bridge?" by Joe Pollack, recalled the histories of the Mark Twain and the Boonville Missouri River Bridges. April 5— "Amazing View: Replica Of [1860] Observatory Will Offer Peek At Botanical Garden's Maze," by Charlene Prost.

*St. Louis South City Journal March 15, 1995— "Trip down memory lane: Retired display manager remembers Southtown Famous-Barr," by Kelly Kribben.

Ste. Genevieve Herald April 12, 1995— "Ste. Genevieve's Historic Train Depot Could Be Yours."

Seneca News-Dispatch February 9, 1995— "Going back in history to the 1900's," early buildings on the corner of Cherokee and Delaware.

Southwest City Republic March 15, 1995— "McDonald County history: Erie—Once thriving town and stage stop," by Pauline Carnell.

* Springfield Daily Events February 20, 27, March 1, 6, 10, 16, April 7, 11, 18, 1995— "Tales of History," a series by Tom Ladwig.

Springfield Mirror February 17, 1995— "150-Year-Old St. Vincent Seminary To Become Museum/Interpretive Center," by Karla S. Essner.

Springfield News-Leader February 24, 1995— "Black History Month Profile: 'Genius' rolled out early car, inven­ tor Walter Majors built the first automobile in Springfield," by Tamlya Beasley.

Troy Free Press February 8, 15, March 8, 29, April 12, 1995— "Lincoln County Recollections," a series by Charles R. Williams, featured respectively: Troy's old Main Street; early gas stations; the Troy and St. Louis Railroad, in two parts; and the Winfield Fire Department, 1947. March 22—The Civil War origins of "Troy's old blockhouse."

Washington Missourian March 1, 1995— "The German-Swiss Settlement in Franklin County," by Ralph Gregory.

Webb City Sentinel March 24, 1995— "Ancestors, Legends and Time: Have you seen these former King Jack Queens?" by Jeanne Newby. 473 MISSOURI HISTORY IN MAGAZINES

Alexander Majors Express February, 1995: "Buffalo Bill Lifelong Friend of Alexander Majors."

Boonslick Heritage March, 1995: "German Prince Speaks About Visit of Paul Wilhelm, Duke of Wuerttemberg, to Boonville in 1851"; "The Death of Sarshel Cooper," by Kirke P. Wilson; "Captain Sarshel Cooper's Tombstone"; "William Haas and the Boonville Wine Company: A Preview," reprinted.

The Bulletin, Johnson County Historical Society April, 1995: "Memories of Elm School," by Letha Belle Withrow; "History of Elm School," by Gladys Ballard Welch.

The Bushwhacker, Civil War Round Table of St. Louis February 22, 1995: '"No Amnesty to Guerrilla Outlaws, Shoot Them on Sight': The Birth of the Missouri Outlaw (continued)." March 22, 1995: '"No Amnesty to Guerrilla Outlaws, Shoot Them on Sight': The Birth of the Missouri Outlaw (continued)." April 26, 1995: '"No Amnesty to Guerrilla Outlaws, Shoot Them on Sight': The Birth of the Missouri Outlaw (continued)." This and the above articles by Daniel Marshall Shackelford.

Bushwhacker Musings, Vernon County Historical Society April 1, 1995: "Sanford Jacob Preston: Walker's Editor," by Neoma Foreman; "Beulah Mason Ballagh, Nevada Hostess," by Marjorie H. Goss; "Vernon County's Burial Places: Richland Cemetery," by C. H. Newland.

Business Line, Columbia Chamber of Commerce February, 1995: "Columbia Chamber of Commerce: The First 90 Years," by Anna Carr and Jose Lindner.

Collage Of Cape County, Cape Girardeau County Genealogical Society March, 1995: "Sex, Murder, and a Public Hanging in Cape Girardeau County," reprinted.

Conestoga Newsletter, Joplin Genealogy Society March, 1995: "The Palmyra Massacre," by Dwain Brixey.

DeKalb County Heritage April, 1995: Historical notes on DeKalb County and the towns of Maysville, Amity, Cameron, Clarksdale, Fairport, Oak, Osborn, Santa Rosa, Stewartsville, Union Star, and Weatherby; "Chautauqua 1896-1922"; "Ghost Towns."

Egregious Steamboat Journal November/December, 1994: "The Army Corps of Engineers' Gasconade Boatyard," by Dorothy Heckmann Shrader.

Field Notes, Eugene Field House Winter, 1995: "Roswell Martin Field," by Ken Kaufman. 474 Missouri Historical Review

Florissant Valley Quarterly January, 1995: "The History Of Old Fort Belle Fontaine," by Ronald A. Brunnert. April, 1995: "A Sketch of the Life of Sister Mary Cleophas (Catherine) Julius, December 31, 1834-April 13, 1927."

Gasconade County Historical Society Newsletter Spring, 1995: "Small town bank still in business," by LaVerne Brinkman; "Saltpeter Cave: Gasconade County and gun powder," by Anna Hesse; "Old Stone House inspiration for poem," by Ellen Carlstrom Adams.

Gateway Heritage, Missouri Historical Society Winter, 1994-1995: "Divine Convictions: The Tale of an African American Trickster in Victorian Britain," by Melton A. McLaurin; "Showdown under the Arch: The Construction Trades and the First 'Pattern of Practice' Equal Employment Opportunity Suit, 1966," by Robert J. Moore, Jr.; "An Oddity of Empire: The Philippine Scouts and the 1904 World's Fair," by Clayton D. Laurie; "Tt Pays Me Well and Is a Good Thing:' The Club Life of Constance Runcie," by Janice Brandon-Falcone.

Glendale Historical Society Bulletin March, 1995: "My Memories of Old Glendale In An Idyllic and Innocent Era, Edwin Avenue: 1934-1947," by Guy Blase.

Jackson County Historical Society Journal Spring, 1995: "Marshal's Character Determined Lifestyle Of 1859 Jail Inmates," by Judy McKim.

Jam, Kansas City Jazz Ambassadors February/March, 1995: "The Mutual Musicians Foundation: A New Beginning" and "Witnessing History," a history of Kansas City jazz, by Mike Metheny.

Kansas City Genealogist Winter, 1995: "Twyman, A Legendary Name in Jackson County," by Joanne Chiles Eakin; "The Harris House Hotel, West Port, Missouri 1846-1922," by Fred L. Lee; "Harris House Hotel & The Battle of Westport, October 22-24, 1864"; "Francis Fristoe Twyman Recalls Battle of Blue Mills Landing"; "Unexpected Find Sheds Light on Famous American George Washington Carver," by Joanne Chiles Eakin; "Gone But Not Forgotten: O. C. McWilliams, Pioneer Kansas City Banker Dies," by Fred L. Lee.

Kirkwood Historical Review September, 1994: "Eugene Coyle High School (1939-1961): The Short-Lived Life of St. Peter's Parish," by Mary Broderick Chomeau. December, 1994: "John A. Jacaty and The Kirkwood Monitor, featuring the issue of October 15, 1915," by R. T. Bamber.

Lafayette Square Marquis February, 1995: "The Development of Lafayette Square." March, 1995: "The German Settlement in Lafayette Square." This and the above article by Thomas Danisi. Historical Notes and Comments 475

Lawrence County Historical Society Bulletin April, 1995: "Civil War Skirmish In Lawrence County: Ambush At Phelps," by J. Dale West; "Pioneer Settlers: Judge John Williams."

The Maries Countian Spring, 1995: '"Belle Of The West' Saloon W^nere A Murder Was Enacted Nearly 50 Years Ago, Now A Memory," by Vienna Tyson, reprinted.

Mid-Missouri Black Watch Spring, 1995: "Show Me Black Missouri: Women in Black Missouri"; "The African- American Gazette: The History of Dunavant A.M.E. Zion Church of Jefferson City, MO," by Davetta C. Madison.

Missouri Conservationist May, 1995: "The Soil as a Living Resource," William Albrecht as a pioneer in soil sci­ ence, by Charlotte Overby.

Missouri Messenger, Friends of Missouri Town-1855 April, 1995: "Chevis-Samuel Tavern History, 1820-1980." May, 1995: "Chevis-Samuel Tavern History, 1820-1980," continued.

Missouri Press News February, 1995: "Longtime Carthage editor retires: Jack Harshaw joined the paper fresh from college," by Amy Lamb.

Newsletter, Cass County Historical Society Spring, 1995: "How Raymore (City & Township) Developed," by Charlene Hubach.

Newsletter, Lincoln County Historical & Archeological Society April, 1995: "Lincoln County History: Fort Clark, Fort Howard, Fort Woods, and Stout's Fort."

Newsletter, Osage County Historical Society February, 1995: "Glavin School—No. 4." March, 1995: "Luystown School—No. 20." April, 1995: "Argyle School—No. 65."

Newsletter of the Phelps County Historical Society April, 1995: "Phelps County During World War Two," by John F. Bradbury, Jr.

Newton County Roots, Genealogy Friends of the Library March, 1995: "Newtonia," by David Weems.

Newton County Saga Spring, 1995: "A Confederate's Last Retreat: The House at 211 East Hickory," by Michael B. Dougan.

Our Clay Heritage Second Quarter, 1995: "The Trappers at Roche Belle Core," by Kevin M. Fisher. 476 Missouri Historical Review

Ozar'kin, Ozarks Genealogical Society Spring, 1995: "The School of the Ozarks in 1925," by Melba Rector; "Mormons in Antebellum Missouri," by George T. Harper.

Ozarks Mountaineer February-March, 1995: "The Ozarks Then & Now," by Russell Hively; "The Life and Times of English-Born Saloon Baron, Thomas White," by Vesta-Nadine Severs; "Mr. Reding's Grand Shoal Creek Mill," by Dwain Brixey; "Watching the Ozarks Change Through Johnny Blackwell's Eyes," by Kathy-Jo Facteau; "Marshal Hooker of Red Oak II: He Ended Up On the Right Side of The Law," by Kay Snyder. April-May, 1995: "The Ozarks Then & Now," by Russell Hively; "Waltzing Around Missouri," by Fern Nance Shumate; "The Rich History of Kirbyville, The Mountaineer's New Home," by Kathleen Van Buskirk; "Scenes From An 'Unforgettable Trip': Branson, 1924," by Frances Jones Munday.

Perry County Heritage Vol. 12, Nos. 3 & 4, 1994: "History of Bois Brule Baptist Church," by Thomas B. Sanders; "Wittenberg."

Randolph County Historical Report Jan/Feb/Mar, 1995: "Hockberger Brewery: Randolph County near Moberly, Missouri— 1873-1886."

Reporter Quarterly, Genealogical Society of Central Missouri Winter, 1995: "Ann Hawkins Gentry," by Max Miller.

Resume, Historical Society of Polk County March, 1995: "New Madrid Earthquake," reprinted.

Ripley County Heritage Vol. IV, No. I: "Memory of Doctor W. A. Brooks, His Past Life: By Himself in his Seventy-First Year," by William Atherton Brooks.

Rural Missouri February, 1995: "No Fear: Lebbeus Zevely, Osage County's Unterrified Democrat, stood up for the defeated South in the dark days that followed the Civil War," by Jim McCarty.

St. Charles Heritage April, 1995: "The Rugby School of Technology," by Laura Henningsen; "Aunt Sina: A Remarkable Woman," by Mikelle Shaffar; "The St. Charles Bridge Fire of September 26, 1916, Part III," by Wilbert Williams.

St.L March, 1995: "Girl Scouts Forever: The Girls Scouts of Greater St. Louis have grown— and grown up with the women of St. Louis," by Kim Plummer Krull.

St. Louis Bar Journal Spring, 1995: "One Attorney, a Notorious Drunkard Called LaBussiere (Joseph Labusciere)," by Marshall D. Hier. Historical Notes and Comments All

Sappington-Concord Historical Society Newsletter Spring, 1995: "Georgetown—Memories of John M. Dressel."

Springfield! Magazine March, 1995: "Retrospectives: Enthusiasm of Early Cardinals Fan Reappears in Fourth Generation," by Bob Glazier; "The Greenwood Sapling—Part VI," by Richard Gardner; "Springfield's Top Big Leaguer: Bill Virdon," by Kristi Holsinger; "The Ozark Jubilee Saga: Memories of Bill Ring," by Reta Spears-Stewart; "First Ladies of Springfield: Mary Whitney Phelps, Part V" and "Cavalcade of Homes: Part 69—The Routt-Conway House," by Mabel Carver Taylor. April, 1995: "Evelyn Brady: 43 Years Looking Down at Feet," by Sherlu Walpole; "The Ozark Jubilee Saga: Jubilee Philharmonic Daughter Nedgra Culp Gets in Show Biz," by Reta Spears-Stewart; "C. M. Ward: Voice of The Assemblies Still Loud & Strong at 85," by Steve Grant; "First Ladies of Springfield: Matilda Campbell Weaver, Part VI," by Mabel Carver Taylor; "The Greenwood Sapling, Part VII," by Richard Gardner; "Known as Hospital for Defective Delinquents in 1933: Springfield's U.S. Medical Center For Federal Prisoners," by Jack Jillson; "Cavalcade of Homes: Part 70—The Hartley-Haderlein House," by Mabel Carver Taylor. May, 1995: "The Greenwood Sapling, Part VIII," by Richard Gardner; "Melba & Jack Shewmaker: A Communications Legacy For Their Old Hometown," by Jane Hale; "First Ladies of Springfield: Susan Elizabeth Gray Campbell, Part VII," by Mabel Carver Taylor; "Sam Minasian: 26 Years as Concert Master For the Springfield Symphony," by Kristi Holsinger; "The Ozark Jubilee Saga: Marvin Rainwater," by Reta Spears-Stewart; "Cavalcade of Homes: Part 71—The Smith-Funk House," by Mabel Carver Taylor; "Lillie Steury: A Life Quietly Devoted To Serving Her Community," by Chris Wilson.

Terminal Railroad Association of St. Louis Historical and Technical Society Newsletter Autumn, 1994: "When Baseball Travelled by Train and So Did I," by Bob Broeg.

Wagon Tracks, Santa Fe Trail Association February, 1995: "Diary of George W. Hardesty," edited by Richard H. Louden; "Recollections of James Francis Riley, 1838-1918: Part I," by John Riley James.

White River Valley Historical Quarterly Winter, 1995: "Mules at Silver Dollar City," by Pat Talburt; "Garber," by Jess R. Stults, reprinted; "The George E. Hall Photo Collection," by Linda Myers-Phinney and Lynn Morrow.

Is There Any Cure?

Hannibal Daily Journal, April 2, 1853. Fanny Fern gives the following as the premonitory symptoms of an old bachelor. ". . . When an anthracite fire and a wadded wrapper have greater charms for him than a pair of bright eyes, jingling sleigh bells, and a tete-a-tete under a buffalo robe, that's a symp­ tom. When a whisky punch and a flannel nightcap are the ne plus ultra of his earthly felicity, that's a symptom. When he calls women 'humbugs,' says 'pshaw!' to children, and has a growing partiality for stuffed rocking chairs and well ironed linen, that's a symptom." 478 IN MEMORIAM

JUDY A. GEISLER WILLIAM A. KNOX Judy A. Geisler, a former employee of Missouri artist William A. Knox, former­ the State Historical Society, died in ly of St. Louis, died May 10, 1995, in New Springfield on May 4, 1995. Geisler was Bloomfield. Knox was born on October 17, born in Belle, Missouri, on November 17, 1913, to Aziel and Victoria Ferrat Knox in 1947, to Lawrence B. and Norma Painter Lincoln County. He married Virginia Shoop Owens. On August 10, 1968, she married in Rolla on July 29, 1939. David A. Geisler. Geisler graduated from Knox studied art at Washington Southwest Missouri State University with a University in St. Louis and later received a bachelor's degree in sociology and later scholarship to attend the Art Students received her master's degree in history. League in New York. He received national From 1970 to 1973 Geisler performed attention during World War II for his paint­ the duties of acquisitions librarian at the ing "Over the Hump," depicting the famous State Historical Society. Subsequent to this B-29 Flying Superfortress. After the war position, she served as admissions coun­ Knox received a commission to produce a selor, dean of women, instructor in history, series of lunettes for the state capitol that and assistant director of admissions and now decorate the second floor corridors of records for Southwest Missouri State the gubernatorial chambers. Comprehensive University. A member of the Quarterback color studies for the lunettes are in the art Club, Geisler helped established the first collection of the State Historical Society. Booster Club for women's athletics at the Knox is survived by his wife; a daughter, university. C. Charlet Quay, of New Bloomfield; and In addition to her parents, who reside in two sisters, Marie Jones, of Clarksville, and Belle, Geisler is survived by her husband Victoria Mae Wunderlich, of East and a son, David A., Jr., both of Springfield. Greenwich, Rhode Island.

ESCOFFIER, ROBERT, St. Charles: RAMMELKAMP, JULIAN S., Albion, Michigan: December 22, 1923-August 20, 1994. August 4, 1917-August 24, 1994. FEATHERSTONE, E. GLENN, Falls REED, MABEL, St. Clair: Church, Virginia: October 15, 1900- November 5, 1909-September 26, 1994. September9, 1994. ROBERTS, NELL MILLS, Clinton: FLEISCHAKER, JACK, Joplin: March 4, 1919-July 31, 1994. March 3, 1912-July 18, 1994. SHAFFNER, MARIE N., Hannibal: GOFORTH, JANICE M., Maryville: January 9, 1914-April 29, 1994. October 18, 1909-November 21, 1994. SMITH, HUESTON M., St. Louis: HARDAWAY, HARRIET, St. Louis: December 19, 1912-March 2, 1994. January 22, 1904-July 29, 1994. SWANSON, ESTUS, Kansas City: HUSTON, MRS. FRANK C, Slater: January 6, 1917-October 16, 1994. October 28, 1906-June24, 1994. TEAGUE, MARGARET W., Bartlesville, JOHNSON, RICHARD A., Brookfield: Oklahoma: July 29, 1910-November 10, 1994. September 17, 1903-June 21, 1994. TREIMAN, ISRAEL, St. Louis: MILLER, ROSE COLLIER, Rockville: June 2, 1900-September2, 1994. April 19, 1914-September4, 1994. VAN PETTEN, KRISTINE S., Colorado POEHLMAN, JOHN M., Columbia: Springs, Colorado: November 26, 1930- May 9, 1910-January 16, 1995. November 6, 1994. 479 BOOK REVIEWS

Show Me Missouri Women: Selected Biographies, Volume 2. Edited by Mary K. Dains and Sue Sadler (Kirksville, Mo.: Thomas Jefferson University Press, 1993). 262 pp. Illustrations. Indexes. $30.00.

With the passage of time, collected biographies increase in value. Such biographies save for researchers the birth dates and places, the educational information, and the interests, accomplishments, and contributions of important people long after they have stepped beyond the public spotlight. Show Me Missouri Women, Volume 2 will be valued for its ability to give brief accounts of the lives of numerous Missouri women. Nearly two hun­ dred biographies are arranged within the subjects of business, journalism, writing, music, entertainment, art, history and preservation, education, clubs and volunteer organizations, law, libraries, politics, medicine, science, social reform, inventions, and religion. Written by many different contributors, the quality of these biographies ranges from inspiring to inconsequential. Inspiring biographies include those of Beatrice Adams, advertising execu­ tive; Sue Gentry, journalist for the Independence Examiner, Adele Starbird, dean of women at Washington University; Thelma Grandison, prison educa­ tor; Kathryn Linnemann, St. Charles librarian; Cordelia Ranz, Red Cross nurse in World War I and hospital administrator in Mexico, Missouri; and Jean Berg, Presbyterian minister and global activist. On the other hand, it is disconcerting to read the trivial information that one of the subjects of this volume was overweight and a heavy smoker. That is not the stuff of history, unless it had something to do with her accomplishments or contributions. The most glaring occasions of inadequate research occur in the historical essays about various professions. An essay entitled "Missouri Women in Education" laments the fact that "no record of what, if anything, [early teach­ ers] were paid" (p. 92). Yet old board of education minutes tucked away in school district offices would reveal some of the names and salaries of early teachers. The essay mentions the gradual development of teacher colleges or normal schools, but it does not tell when, and it makes no mention of the early teaching departments of high schools. There also is no mention of missionary schools run by Catholic nuns, probably the earliest schools in our state. A similar article entitled "Early Missouri Women in the Nursing Profession" tells of the Sisters of Charity opening the first hospital in St. Louis in 1828 and then goes on to claim that the nursing profession was not open to women until the Civil War. Early hospitals run by Catholic orders were not considered. The essay also makes no mention of midwives, home­ opathic medicine, or the medical profession outside of St. Louis. In the essay "Environmental Pioneer Women," it is an anachronism to claim that "American women became the first environmentalists" because 480 Missouri Historical Review they "strove to make no waste, leave the land undisturbed, and to give back all they had taken" (p. 27). That most pioneers thought of the environment as a fragile balance of nature is unlikely; their creative frugality usually was born of necessity. Pioneer women encouraged their husbands to clear-cut the virgin forests to make homesteads. Through the years they used trash pits and ash pits and dumped their chamber pots in the alleys. The author might have avoided anachronistic assumptions if she had consulted primary sources or an environmental history. The value of this second volume of Show Me Missouri Women, howev­ er, lies not in its historical essays but in its biographies of women who have inspired our admiration. This volume acknowledges these women and will quickly join the list of collected biographies treasured by historians for their valuable vital statistics.

Western Historical Manuscript Collection-St. Louis Ann Morris

The St. Louis Cardinals: The 100th Anniversary History. By Rob Rains (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1993). xv + 302 pp. Illustrations. Appendix. Index. $24.95, cloth; $12.95, paper.

I knew there was a God when Enos Slaughter slid across home plate on Harry Walker's single to defeat Boston 4-3 and win the World Series in 1946. Like any young boy I was excited. My heroes were the champions. Even their names appeared magical—Stan "The Man" Musial, Enos "Country" Slaughter, Harry "The Hat" Walker, and Harry "The Cat" Brecheen. Reading Rob Rains's book aroused that excitement again. Any baseball fan, especially a Cardinals fan, will profit from reading this excellent study of the first hundred years of this colorful team. The book is broken down into chronological periods. In each section the author gives brief sketches and anecdotes of the players, owners, and managers, including their accomplishments and, in many cases, their great disappointments. The book begins in 1892 when the St. Louis Browns, a team owned by German immigrant Chris Von der Ahe, joined the National League. Von der Ahe, a saloon owner, financed the team because it drew customers to his saloon and beer garden. A poor businessman, he soon lost his team, which became the Cardinals in 1899. Rains's book traces the history of the game from a form of fun and entertainment to one of a multibillion-dollar business. The first period, 1892-1919, was one of great difficulty for the Cardinals on the field as well as financially. The next decade, the 1920s, established baseball as our national pastime. Such stars as Rogers Hornsby and Grover Cleveland Alexander gave the Cards their first world championship. But it was manager Branch Rickey in this decade who changed baseball when he invented the farm system and tryouts to discover and develop new talent. Book Reviews 481

The same Rickey, then with the Dodgers, changed baseball forever in 1945 when he signed Kansas City Monarchs' shortstop Jackie Robinson. The thirties brought the Gashouse Gang of Joe Medwick, Pepper Martin, Dizzy Dean, and Frankie Frisch and more championships, as did the forties with players such as Musial, Slaughter, and Red Schoendienst. The fifties saw a new owner in Gussie Busch, who could not provide another championship until 1964. The sixties not only gave the fans Bob Gibson, Lou Brock, Ken Boyer, and Roger Maris but a new stadium as well. After a disappointing decade in the seventies, the Cardinals turned to a new leader, Whitey Herzog, who built a team around the stadium—speed and defense became a basic requirement to play "Whiteyball." Herzog also gave Busch four more league championships, including a World Series win in 1982. Perhaps it is fitting that a team started by a saloonkeeper is now owned by the world's biggest brewery. Rains did not attempt to write a definitive history of the St. Louis Cardinals. What he gives us is a very readable and enjoyable book. For a Cardinals fan, the appendix, which not only includes records but also the names of every player who wore a Cardinals uniform, is an added reward. This book is well researched, including interviews with past and current players. Rains's work deserves a broader audience than just Cardinals fans.

Lincoln University Charles R. Mink

Steamboat Legacy: The Life and Times of a Steamboat Family. By Dorothy Heckmann Shrader (Hermann, Mo.: Wein Press, 1993). xii + 276 pp. Illustrations. Maps. Appendixes. $27.95, cloth; $12.95, paper.

Dorothy Shrader has compiled a nostalgic prosopography of the William and Mary Heckmann family of Hermann, Missouri, that will be consulted by all who are endeared with the romance of the Missouri River, the "golden years" of steamboating during the late nineteenth century, the associated adventures of commerce and recreation on the riverways of cen­ tral Missouri, and the demise of steamboating in the advance of railroads. The author has skillfully weaved her narrative among a large documen­ tary editing of family writings that include the extraordinary diaries of her grandmother, Mary Miller Heckmann, written 1866-1909. Also included is documentary support from letters, newspapers, and magazines. An array of photographs complements the discussion of some thirty boats, primarily owned by the Hermann Ferry and Packet Company, with many constructed at the Hermann wharf. Mary Heckmann's story tells of the Miller family's immigration in 1866 from Pennsylvania to Missouri, following the invite of George Husmann to his new winery at Bluffton. Two years later, Mary married William 482 Missouri Historical Review

Heckmann. In 1879 they moved to Hermann, where the documentary sources portray a domestic life of unending work and family responsibili­ ties. Mary Heckmann ultimately gave birth to fifteen children and tolerated a gregarious husband given to hard drinking and long absences from home for work and hunting safaris and drawn to a variety of speculations. The diaries detail the very good and very bad economic times of a man trying to become wealthy, and who did—until he went broke, causing the Heckmanns to live their last decade in considerable difficulty. William Heckmann's career of work and commercial recreation on the Gasconade River during the 1880s was regionally significant. He became a principal contractor for government river improvement, restored a mill, traded in large volumes of wheat and railroad ties, and promoted river tourism with a clubhouse and hunting and fishing parties. Scholars will be interested in Heckmann's association with agricultural promoter Norman Colman. The Heckmanns' agricultural interests expanded by the 1890s, when they owned three Missouri River islands and managed contracts with thirteen tenant families. Steamboat Legacy is full of wonderful documents, but the editorial package limits the potential audience for lack of standard documentary edit­ ing. The book does not have notes or consistent citations, a bibliography, specific photo credits, or an index. Photos of boat construction on the wharf at Hermann or of the Heckmann properties on the islands, if extant, would have dramatically improved the art work. Mary's diaries, however, contain much thoughtful and critical comment. She adored her husband and family but hated the loud, rowdy ways of her husband and his associates. In late middle age Mary took up the cause of temperance, perhaps as a rebuttal to years of personal tolerance. She recorded much difficulty in maintaining such a large household and her near death in childbirth. Did her husband ever read her private writings? Probably not. Fortunately, Mary and her granddaughter, Dorothy Shrader, had local history in mind, and we can.

Missouri State Archives Lynn Morrow

Serving the University of Missouri: A Memoir of Campus and System Administration. By James C. Olson (Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1993). xii + 214 pp. Illustrations. Notes. Bibliographical note. Index. $34.95.

The University of Missouri is the subject of histories written by Jonas Viles (1939), Frank F. Stephens (1962), Lawrence O. Christensen and Jack B. Ridley (of the Rolla campus, 1983), and James C. and Vera Olson (1988). Now we have an interesting and important addition to the literature. James C. Olson has recorded a personal account and an evaluation of his sixteen years as Book Reviews 483 a University of Missouri administrator. Of the seventeen university presidents who have completed their terms, only two have published recollections. Elmer Ellis, like Olson a trained historian, chronicled his career in a 1989 book. In the fall of 1963, during Ellis's administration, the university experi­ enced a fundamental transformation by adding campuses in St. Louis and Kansas City. On paper it became one of the nation's earliest multicampus universities. In fact, real integration of the four campuses into one system came with great difficulty under Ellis, John Weaver (1966-1970), and C. Brice Ratchford (1970-1976). The struggle to create a true university sys­ tem is one theme that dominates Olson's account. A second is as old as the university: inadequate funding. Olson's third theme, less prominent than the others, is his encounters with student and faculty political activism. It is the author's persuasively supported conclusion that he dealt as successfully as possible with all three. Olson, who served as chancellor of the University of Missouri-Kansas City from 1969 to 1976, makes several important points about these years. An over­ riding goal of many programs and decisions was to create "that relatively new kind of institution known as the urban university—as compared with a univer­ sity that just happened to be located in a city" (p. 66). Olson's account of the fight to establish the university's second medical school in Kansas City is fasci­ nating. Concerning the famed "Role and Scope" controversy of 1971 and later, a divisive dispute over the reallocation of resources and programs among the four campuses in which Columbia seemed to be the big loser, Olson defends the leadership of the discredited Ratchford and offers a UMKC perspective on the plan. Finally, he reflects on the irrational fear of student "radicalism" a gen­ eration ago: "I can't help but wonder what all the fuss was about" (p. 48). Olson became interim president of the university system in 1976, presi­ dent in 1977, and served until his retirement in 1984. As president, his major burden was money: acquiring more from a reluctant state administra­ tion and General Assembly and allocating scarce funds among the four cam­ puses. With the assistance of key vice presidents Melvin George and James R. Buchholz, Olson made progress in reallocating significant funds from nonacademic to academic programs and used a significant proportion of budget increases to raise salaries and underwrite research. Olson divides his fourteen chapters evenly between his years as chancel­ lor and president. He provides an essential context for his experience in an introduction that analyzes the multicampus system between 1963 and 1968. This memoir should interest students of the university's recent history and of American higher education in turbulent times. Although some will disagree with Olson's views on controversial issues, they will respect the honesty and vigor with which he presents them. This is a "good read" for serious readers.

Stephens College Alan Havig 484 BOOK NOTES

Across the Wide Missouri: Volume 3—More Stories. By Bob Priddy (Independence, Mo.: Herald House, 1994). 354 pp. Index. $20.00.

This is the third volume in a series presenting interesting anecdotes on Missouri history. The author, news director for Missourinet radio, has con­ tributed essays on state history over the air for more than twenty years. Arranged in the form of daily vignettes, the essays describe little-known episodes of history that have had an impact on the state. A good example is April 10, the anniversary of the passage of the Loring Act of 1885. This act allowed any town, township, or village in the state to tax itself to establish and support a free public library. Previous to this law, libraries were limited to individuals who could afford to pay membership dues. The results of its passage are visible today in the appearance of free public libraries in towns across the state. More contemporary events include July 20, the 1970 Jefferson City reunion of the Apollo Eleven crew members and the space­ craft that took them to the moon. Biographies present notable individuals such as Augustine Tolton, a man born a slave who became the first black priest in the American Catholic Church, and James S. Green, who pro­ claimed himself "the only absolutely neutral Missourian" during the Civil War. This book includes a complete index for all three volumes and is available in bookstores or through Heritage House, 3225 South Noland Road, P.O. Box 1770, Independence, Missouri 64055-0770.

Women and Osteopathic Medicine: Historical Perspectives. By Georgia Warner Walter (Kirksville, Mo.: National Center for Osteopathic History, 1994). 32 pp. Illustrations. Bibliography. Notes. $6.00, paper.

Upon opening its doors in 1892, Dr. Andrew Taylor Still admitted female students into his medical college. The introductory family history detailing the enduring strength of the Still women provides insight into the doctor's advanced notions of equal rights for women. The early proponents of osteopathy were all pioneers in a field formed when traditional medical practices called for bleeding, purging, and the heavy use of sometimes toxic or addictive drugs. Permitted in on the ground floor of the movement, women graduates played a major part in many of the "firsts" in the history of osteopathy. Dr. Marille Sparks and her husband, Sam, established the first osteopathic hospital in Texas in 1931, and Dr. Carrie Gilman was the first osteopath in the Territory of Hawaii. A brief history is also given of the establishment of the Women's Bureau of Public Health by the American Book Notes 485

Osteopathic Association in 1913 to deal with health issues for women and children. To receive a copy of this booklet write the Still National Osteopathic Museum, 800 West Jefferson Street, Kirksville, Missouri 63501.

City of Hannibal: From Riverboats to Ribbons of Concrete. By Steven Chou (Hurst, Tex.: Curtis Media, 1994). iv + 88 pp. Illustrations. $34.95, plus $4.50 for shipping.

This pictorial account of Hannibal expands the town's image beyond the distinction of being the boyhood home of Mark Twain. Produced in preparation for the city's 175th anniversary, the volume provides a broad visual chronology of the town, beginning with the earliest images, which were taken during the Civil War. Businesses, schools, church life, and early houses are pictured with chapters on the impact of the railroads and the river. The only text is excerpts from various newspapers that add to the col­ orful description. This book can be purchased by contacting Curtis Media at 1-800-743-4388.

Camp and Prison Journal. By Griffin Frost (Iowa City, Iowa: Camp Pope Bookshop, 1994). xxix + 315pp. Illustrations. Notes. Appendixes. Index. $32.00, plus $2.50 for shipping.

This engaging account of the capture of a Confederate soldier and his subsequent prison ordeal provides a rare glimpse into that arena of the Civil War. Originally printed in 1867, the author wrote the majority of the book while confined in the Gratiot and Alton prisons and published it as a response to the charges against the South for atrocities committed at Andersonville, Libby, and Belle Isle prisons. The 1994 introduction by William Clark Kenyon supplies a historical context for the diary. Although Frost never experienced the same inhumanity suffered by the Northern sol­ diers at Andersonville, his writing is filled with interesting events and char­ acters that give the Civil War human form. The volume may be ordered through local bookstores or directly from the publisher, Press of The Camp Pope Bookshop, P.O. Box 2232, Iowa City, Iowa 52244.

The Missouri US 66 Tour Book. By C. H. "Skip" Curtis (Lake St. Louis, Mo.: Curtis Enterprises, 1994). 260 pp. Illustrations. Maps. Bibliography. Index. $23.00.

Composed primarily of annotated postcard photos, this book is a trea­ sure trove of buildings and landmarks lost through time and the construction 486 Missouri Historical Review of the interstate highway system. Those interested in reliving the days of Route 66 are given detailed instructions for locating historic sites as they drive from St. Louis to Joplin. Directions are also provided for those driving from Joplin to St. Louis. The armchair traveler can view the motor courts, service stations, and drive-ins of a bygone age and read about the origins of Missouri place-names. A copy of this volume can be obtained by writing Curtis Enterprises, 2302 Gascony Drive, Lake St. Louis, Missouri 63367.

St. Louis Lost: Uncovering The City's Lost Architectural Treasures. By Mary Bartley (St. Louis, Mo.: Virginia Publishing Company, 1994). 200 pp. Illustrations. Maps. Bibliography. Index. $44.95.

Over a hundred photographs and drawings of the vanished exteriors and interiors that made up St. Louis are revealed in this beautifully organized book. Beginning with the French era and continuing through to a list of buildings threatened by the wrecking ball today, the images accompany descriptive accounts of the people behind the architecture. Along with notable private homes, the book depicts educational and religious structures, Sportsman's Park, and the narrow gauge railroad. It is available in book­ stores and through Virginia Publishing Company, 232 North Kingshighway, Suite 205, St. Louis, Missouri 63108.

Paris, Tightwad, and Peculiar: Missouri Place Names. By Margot Ford McMillen (Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1994). xii + 93 pp. Illustrations. Maps. Bibliography. Index. $7.95, paper.

This is the third book to be released as part of the Missouri Heritage Reader series. Designed for adult new readers, its accessible style and stim­ ulating information provide a good read. The place-names are divided according to historical eras: Native American, French explorers, Steamboats, and the Civil War, to name a few. Beyond the recitation of strange names and their origins, the author includes facts that give a broader picture of the relationship between language and history. A humorous example is the 1886 request by the federal post office department to keep the names of new towns limited to three letters. This inspired such curiosi­ ties as "Map," "Nip," and "Not." There is also a brief chapter on the history of place-name studies in Missouri. This book can be obtained in bookstores or from University of Missouri Press, 2910 LeMone Boulevard, Columbia, Missouri 65201. INDEX TO VOLUME LXXXIX COMPILED BY ELIZABETH BAILEY

Antioch Presbyterian Church, Bowling Green, 230 Academy of Science of St. Louis, 252, 268 Apollo Lithia Springs Bottled Water and Soda Across the Wide Missouri: Volume 2—More Pop, Smithville, 234 Stories, by Bob Priddy, 484 Arabia (steamboat), 350 Adair County, 116 Arcadia Valley Bank, Ironton, 99 Adair County Historical Society, 81,211, 330,453 Archaeology, 237 Adams, Charles Francis, 146 King Hill Oneota site, 105 Adams Dairy, Jackson County, 104 Martin City, 103 Affton, Mo., 314, 318; Gravois Bank, 317-318 Archibald, Robert R., 107 Affton Historical Society, 81, 211, 330, 453 Architecture, 354, 362 African Americans, 237, 348, 472, 474, 475 St. Louis, 486 archives, Kansas City, 106 use of cotton rock, 240 Carroll County, 97 Argyle School, Osage County, 475 Columbia, 347; businesses, 237 Arnett, W. W., 286, 287 desegregation, St. Louis and Kansas City, 107 Arnke, Englke, 126, 127 Kansas City communities, 470 Arnoldia, Peter, 298, 303 Lawrence County, 238 Arrow Rock, Mo., 380, 381; Christian Church, 103 Ozarks, 240 Ash Grove, Mo., Aunt Belle's cook shack, 230 Saline County, 1859, 269-289, 367-382 Assemblies of God, Springfield, 477 Smith, George R., College, Sedalia, inside Athletics, Stephens College, Columbia, 468 April back cover Atlas Portland Cement Company, Ilasco, 162-183 state constitution, 1945, 440, 441 Audrain County Historical Society, 211 women, 237, 349, 475 Audrain County, Hopewell Church, 239 Agassiz, Louis, 252, 253, 254, 255, 259 Aull, William, III, 198 Agricultural reform, Cooper County, 354 Aunt Belle's cook shack, Ash Grove, 230 Albrecht, William, 475 Aurora, Mo., city buildings, 467 Alexander, Joshua, 4 Austin, Moses, 52, 53, 55, 57 Alexandria, Mo., United Methodist Church, 101 Auxvasse, Mo., 428, 429 Allen, Edward H., 104 Ava, Mo., 238 Allen, George, 371 Alley Mill, 106 B Alley Spring, Shannon County, 106 Bachelor, Mo., 428 American Association of Nurserymen, 315, 325 Bagby, Julian, 99 American Federation of Labor (AFL), 183 Baldwin Opera House, Springfield, 424 American Mozart Conservatory of Music and Ballagh, Beulah Mason, 473 Fine Arts, Liberty, inside October back Ballagh, W. T, 236 cover Ballwin Historical Society, 330 Amity, Mo., 473 Bands, Jefferson Barracks, St. Louis, 103 Anchor School, Douglas County, 104 Baring, Mo., St. Aloysius Catholic Church, 99 Anderson, Mo. Barker, Annie Agnes Mick, 104 First Baptist Church, 98 Barnard Community Historical Society, 211 News-Review, 345 Barr, Ellendor Wilson, family, 231 Anderson, Janie, 298, 299 Barr, John F., family, 231 Anderson, Josephine, 299, 300 Barrow, Clyde, 100 Anderson, Mollie, 299, 300 Barth, Moses, 97 Anderson, William, 299, 300 Bartle, Maria Brewer, family, 471 Andrew County, Civil War in, 103 Bartle, William, family, 471 Andrew County Historical Society, 211, 330 Bartley, Mary, St. Louis Lost: Uncovering The Andrews, Gregg, "Immigrant Cement Workers: City's Lost Architectural Treasures, 486 The Strike of 1910 in Ilasco, Missouri," 162-183 Barton County Historical Society, 211, 330,453

487 488 Index

Barton, David, 97 Blackburn, Charles, 344 Baseball, 477 Blackburn Historical Society, 330 Kansas-Oklahoma-Missouri League, 349 Blacks. See African Americans St. Louis, 242 . Blackwell, Johnny, 476 Browns, 106,480 Blagu, John, 173, 176, 180 Cardinals, 477, 480-481 Blair, Francis Preston, 113 Baskett, Thomas S., Jr., 202 Blair, Milo, 18, 19 Bass, Tom, 347 Blake family farm, Cedar County, 346 Bates County, 304, 305; Nyhart Bridge, 467 Blue Mills Landing, battle of, 474 Bates County Historical Society, 330, 453 Blue Springs, Mo., 230; battle of, 102 Bates, Frederick, 55, 70 Blumenberg family, 102 Bates, Wesley, 471 Blumenberg, Louis, 468 Batesville, Ark., 30; raid, 39 Blunt, James G., 293 Baxley, Larry, co-ed., Living on the River: A "Bobidoux," Mr., 104 Pictorial History of the Great Flood of Bock, H. Riley, 199,451 1993—Chariton County, Missouri, 362-363 Boehme Store building, Perry County, 106 Baxley, Susan, co-ed., Living on the River: A Boehner building, Chillicothe, 97 Pictorial History of the Great Flood of Boekerton, Mo., 233 1993—Chariton County, Missouri, 362-363 Bois Brule Baptist Church, Perry County, 476 Bayouville, Mo., 467 Bolivar, Mo., 351 Bean, Robert, obit., 243 Bonanza coal mine, Higginsville, 469 Beckwith, Carroll, 237 Bonner Feed Mill, Buffalo, 467 Beckwith, Thomas, 468, 469 Bonniebrook Historical Society, 81 Beecher, Henry Ward, 18 Bonnots Mill, Mo., Voss Saloon, 344 Beef cattle industry, Pleasant Hill, 349 Boodle trials, St. Louis, 1902-1903, 406, 407, 408 Behan, John Harris, 104 Book Notes, 116-117, 248, 360-363, 484-486 Belew, Solomon David, 471 Book Reviews, 111-115, 244-247, 355-359, "Belle of the West" Saloon, Maries County, 475 479-483 Bellefontaine Methodist Episcopal Church Boone County, 351,468 South, St. Louis, 242 Brooks log cabin, 98 Belmont, Mo., battle of, 468 Civil War in, 347 Belton, Mo., 105; railroad, 103 cyclone, 1917,343 Belton Historical Society, 81,211, 330, 453 flood, 1844, 105 Benito, Tony, 180 gold mining, 343 Benjamin, Mo., 97 Lientz, William, Cemetery, 241 Bennett, Thomas, 180 Little Bonne Femme Baptist Church, 105 Benson, Dorothy, 201 poor farm, 231 Benson, Jim, 467 schools, first, 468 Benton Community House, Scott County, 350 Terrapin Neck, 343 Benton County Historical Society, 212, 330 Thompkins Point, Rocheport, 468 Benton Place, Lafayette Square, St. Louis, 349 tornadoes, 343 Benton, Thomas Hart (artist), 329 Wabash Railroad, 108,242 Benton, Thomas Hart (senator), 141 Boone County Historical Society, 81, 98, 212, Benton, William P., 31, 34-36, 37, 42-44 330-331,343,453 Bernstein, Joseph, 181 Boone, Daniel, County-City Building, Berry Cemetery, Lawrence County, 105 Columbia, 231 Bethel, Mo., 98 Boone, Daniel, house, St. Charles County, 233,351 Bible College of Missouri, Columbia, 208-209 Boone-Duden Historical Society, 81, 212, 331,453 Big Bend School, Crawford County, 231 Boonslick Historical Society, 212, 331, 453 Bingham, Eliza Thomas, 296 Boonville, Mo., 473 Bingham, George Caleb, 75-76, 114-115, 296, bridge, 472 297, 300, 306 Cooper County jail, 278, 279 Index 489

First Baptist Church, 363 Brown County Historical Association, 81, 212, historic buildings, 97 331,453-454 Katy Railroad Station, 97 Brown, Danny, 200 Boonville Weekly Eagle (newspaper), 27 Brown, John, 274, 275 Boonville Wine Company, 473 Brown v. Board of Education, 347 Botts, Virginia Mullinax, 448; obit., 353 Bruner's Pharmacy, Webb City, 101 Bowling Green, Mo., Antioch Presbyterian Bruns, Bernard, house, Westphalia, 354 Church, 230 Brunswick, Mo. Boyd,C, 180 Jones Barbershop, 230 Boyd, Samuel, 280, 285 Stewart Printers, 230 Bradbury, John F, Jr., "This War is Managed Brush and Palette Club, Inc., 81, 212 Mighty Strange': The Army of Southeastern Brush College, Rich Hill, 100 Missouri, 1862-1863," 28-47 Brushy Knob, Douglas County, 104 Brady, Evelyn, 477 Bryan, John Gano, 76 Brand, Dan, 230 Bryan, William Jennings, 424 Brandau, Johanna Babette Kuhn, 469 Bryant, John W., 281-283, 287, 367 Brandau, Sebastian W., 469 Buchanan County, photographs, 469 Branson, Mo., 476; scenic railway, 106 Buckendorf School, Osage County, 105 Brassieur, C. Ray, 197 Buescher, Harry, garage, St. Clair, 471 Braun, Alexander, 253, 254, 255, 261 Buffalo, Mo. Brazeau Presbyterian Church, 233 Bonner Feed Mill, 467 Brenneke, Charles, 470 roller mill, 467 Brewer Monument Company, Perryville, 233 Burch, Solomon, 17-27 Breweries Burgess, Eveline A., obit., 110 Clinton, 468 Burk, Vera H., 199 Hockberger, Moberly, 476 Burnett, Betty, ed., The Flood of 1993: Stories Bridges. See also names of individual bridges from a Midwestern Disaster, 116 Boonville, 472 Burr, Aaron, 54, 56, 58, 72, 73 Douglas County, 238 Burton/Wight house, 354 Eads, St. Louis, 160 Buschmann, Jerome, 107 Glasgow, 241 Bushong family, 239, 350 Hannibal, Kansas City, 139-161 Businesses. See also individual business names Indian Creek, St. Clair, 471 Charleston, 468 Mississippi River, Cape Girardeau, 347 Columbia, 237, 469 Nyhart, Bates County, 467 Buster Mill, Ozark County, 239 St. Charles, fire, 1916, 241, 351, 476 Butcher, Sam, 351 Sedalia, 100 Butler County: A Pictorial History, Volume II, Twain, Mark, Hannibal, 472 by John R. Stanard, 248 Briscoe, Jack, 170, 177, 178, 179, 180 Butler County Historical Society, 81-82 Brooks, Dean, 197 Butler, Ed, 406, 416 Brooks log cabin, Boone County, 98 Butler, John, 468 Brooks, William Atherton, 476 Butterfield Overland Mail Stagecoach, 208 Brophy, Patrick Buzard Motor Company, Carrollton, 343 Osages, Bushwhackers, Etc.: Self-guided Historical Tours of Vernon County, Missouri, 248 Cabell, Edward C, 403 Three Hundred Years: Historical Highlights of Cabell, William, 400, 401 Nevada and Vernon County, Missouri, 246-247 Caesar (slave), 374 Brothers on the Santa Fe and Chihuahua Trails: Cahokia, petroglyphs, 237 Edward James Glasgow and William Henry Calamity Jane, 347 Glasgow, 1846-1848, ed. by Mark L. Caldwell County Historical Society, 331 Gardner, 358-359 Caldwell County, Missouri, History: Volume 2,363 490 Index

Caldwell family, 231,343 Carter County, 345 The Call (newspaper), Kansas City, 98 Carthage, Mo., 230 Callao Christian Church, Macon County, 470 Cubs (baseball club), 349 Callaway County, 98 Precious Moments, 351 Linkville community, 469 Cartner, James, 241 North Missouri Railroad, 469 Carver, George Washington, 344,474; house, 231 schools, 428 Cary Bird (steamboat), 468 settlements, 344 Cass County, 304, 305; Raymore Township, 475 Wainwright community, 469 Cass County Historical Society, 82, 213, 331,454 Callaway, James, 469 Cassville, Mo., Civil War in, 108 Callison, Charles, 112 "Catalyst for Terror: The Collapse of the Women's Camden County, Gunter-Ha Ha Tonka store, 230 Prison in Kansas City," by Charles F. Harris, Camdenton, Mo., 230; Crispin house, 343 290-306 Cameron, Mo., 142, 473 Catoni, Jacob, 171 Camp and Prison Journal, by Griffin Frost, 485 Caulfield, Henry S., 430 Camp Jackson, St. Louis, 387, 388 Cedar County, 234; Blake family farm, 346 Camp Spring (resort), 126 Cedar County Historical Society, 82, 213, 331,454 Campbell Area Genealogical and Historical Cedar Creek, Boone County, gold mining, 343 Society, 82 Cement manufacturing, 162-183; labor conditions, Campbell House Foundation, 209 164-167 Campbell, Louisa Cheairs, 242, 352 Cemeteries Campbell, Robert, house, St. Louis, 209 Berry, Lawrence County, 105 Campbell, Susan Elizabeth Gray, 477 Dogwood, Charleston, 467 Campbell, W. B., 349 El Dorado Springs, 469 Canton, Mo. Hackleberry, Vernon County, 102 Christian University, 230 Lientz, William, Boone County, 241 flood, 1947,230 Lorimier, Cape Girardeau, 102 German Methodist Episcopal Church, 343 Newburg, Phelps County, 106 Goss press, 467 Richland, Vernon County, 473 Great Depression, 467 Summers, Vernon County, 236 theater, 97 Central Methodist College, Fayette, Stephens Cape Girardeau, Mo., 343 Museum of Natural History, 347 Lorimier Cemetery, 102 Central Missouri State Teachers College, Mississippi River bridge, 347 Warrensburg, 437; football, 469 territorial court records, 241 Central Trades and Labor Union, St. Louis, Cape Girardeau County, hanging, 473 178, 181 Carleton, Murray, 408 Central Wesleyan College, Warrenton, inside Carondelet Historical Society, 82, 212-213, July back cover 331,454 Centralia, Mo., battle of, 231, 237 Carroll County, 97, 343 Centralia Historical Society, 82, 213 African Americans in, 97 Chain of Rocks Waterworks Park, St. Louis, 237 Hale Township, 343 Chalfant, William Y, Dangerous Passage: The Hurricane Township, 343 Santa Fe Trail and the Mexican War, 360 Moss Creek Township, 230 Chancellor, Bonham M., 101 Wild Moss Mills, 230 Chanute, Octave, 143-148, 150-156, 158-161 World War II, 230 Chapman, John A., 147 Carroll County Historical Society, 82, 331 Chariton County, 99; flood of 1993, 362-363 Carrollton, Mo., 230 Chariton County Historical Society, 82, 213, Buzard Motor Company, 343 331,454 Carroll Bowl, 343 Charleston, Mo. high school, 433 bank, 468 park system, 230 businesses, 1919, 468 Index 491

Dogwood Cemetery, 467 Hermitage Methodist, 344 laundry, 468 Hopewell, Audrain County, 239 Methodist church, 468 King's Way, Springfield, 107 Perry Chapel A.M.E., 468 Little Bonne Femme Baptist, Boone Russell-Whitener Implement Company, 468 County, 105 Sanborn insurance map, 1886, 468 McKinley Christian, Lawrence County, 105 Strader, Lee, grocery store, 468 Methodist, Charleston, 468 Chase, Benjamin, 372, 373, 381, 383 Methodist, St. Louis Conference, 242 Chasteen family, 97 Metropolitan Community, St. Louis, 348 Chautauqua, 473; Independence, 104 Most Holy Rosary, St. Louis, 346 Chevis-Samuel Tavern, Missouri Town-1855,475 Mount Pleasant, Gasconade County, 231 Chicago and Alton Railroad yard, Marshall, 345 Mount Sinai Baptist, Christian County, 240 Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad, 143 New Port Presbyterian, Franklin County, Childress building, Piedmont, 233 101,232 Chillicothe, Mo., Boehner building, 97 Perry Chapel A.M.E., Charleston, 468 Cholera, 237; epidemic, St. Louis, 1849, 386 Rose Hill Baptist, Villa Ridge, 101 Chopin, Kate, 238 St. Aloysius, Baring, 99 Chou, Steven, City of Hannibal: From Riverboats St. Catherine Parish, St. Louis, 346 to Ribbons of Concrete, 485 St. Elizabeth Parish, St. Louis, 346 Chouteau Society, 454 St. Engelbert Parish, St. Louis, 346 Christensen, Lawrence O., "Prelude to World St. Francis Baptist Temple, St. Joseph, 233 War I in Missouri," 1-16 St. John's Evangelical Lutheran, Hermann, 130 Christian Church, Arrow Rock, 103 St. John's Evangelical, St. Louis, 308 Christian Church, Galena, 104 St. John's United Church of Christ, Christian County, 102 Gasconade County, 237 Civil War soldiers buried in, 102 St. Joseph, 105 Mount Sinai Baptist Church, 240 St. Joseph's Parish, Cottleville, 351 Christian County Historical Society, 331 St. Mark's Episcopal, Portland, 238 Christian County Museum and Historical St. Mary Parish, Hawk's Point, 233 Society, 82, 213 St. Mary's, Perry County, 233 Christian University, Canton, 230 St. Michael, Shrewsbury, 234 Christmas, 351 St. Peter's Parish, Kirkwood, 474 Churches St. Peters, St. Charles, 241 Antioch Presbyterian, Bowling Green, 230 St. Rita, Vinita Park, 100 Assemblies of God, Springfield, 477 St. Wenceslaus Parish, St. Louis, 346 Bellefontaine Methodist Episcopal Church Sweden Community, Douglas County, 238 South, 242 United Methodist, Alexandria, 101 Bois Brule Baptist, Perry County, 476 Vera Cruz Freewill Baptist, Douglas Brazeau Presbyterian, 233 County, 238 Callao Christian, Macon County, 470 Victory Baptist, Hickory County, 98 Christian, Arrow Rock, 103 Wiser Chapel, Oregon County, 348 Christian, Galena, 104 Workman Chapel, Nodaway County, 233 Coon Creek, Grundy County, 99 Churchill, Thomas J., 395, 397 Dallas County, antebellum, 351 Churchill, Winston, Memorial, Fulton, 238 Disciples of Christ, southwest Missouri, 106 Cities of the Heartland: The Rise and Fall of the Dunavant A.M.E. Zion, Jefferson City, 475 Industrial Midwest, by Jon C. Teaford, 244 First Baptist, Anderson, 98 City of Hannibal: From Riverboats to Ribbons First Baptist, Boonville, 363 of Concrete, by Steven Chou, 485 First Baptist, Fulton, 231 Civil War, 28-47, 99, 104, 117, 233, 235, 236, First Baptist, Nixa, 471 237, 238, 240, 241, 290-306, 347, 348, 357, German Methodist Episcopal, Canton, 343 358, 384-405 Guardian Angel Parish, Oran, 361 Alton, 111., prison, 485 492 Index

Andrew County, 103 Clark, Champ, 241 archival sources, 328 Clark County Historical Society, 214 Army of Southeastern Missouri, 28-47 Clark, Peter F, 242 Batesville, Ark., raid, 39 Clarksdale, Mo., 473 battle of Belmont, 236, 468 Clay County, 236; Pharis farm, 105 battle of Blue Mills Landing, 474 Clay County Archives and Historical Library, battle of Blue Springs, 102 83,214 battle of Centralia, 231,237 Clay County Museum and Historical Society, battle of Jenkins' Ferry, Ark., 396 83,214,332,455 battle of Mine Creek, Kan., 399 Clemens, Samuel L. See Twain, Mark battle of Pea Ridge, Ark., 103 Clementine (ship), 122, 123 battle of Westport, 210, 231, 474 Clinton, Mo., brewery, 468 battles of Vera Cruz, 104 Clinton County, courthouse, 471 blockhouse, Troy, 472 Clinton County Historical Society, 83, 214 Boone County, 347 Coates, Kearsey, 144 Cassville, 108 Cockrell building, Kansas City, 302 Christian County, 102 Cockrell, Elizabeth, 302 Confederate soldier grave, El Dorado Cockrell, Francis, 20, 22 Springs, 469 Cody, William "Buffalo Bill," 473 Daviess County cavalry, 231 Colburn, Thomas, family, 104 Douglas County, 238 Cole Camp, Mo., Fordney School, 99 Eleventh Missouri Cavalry, 242 Cole Camp Area Historical Society, 83 Fifteenth Missouri Cavalry, CSA, 117 Cole County, Dulle farmstead, 99 Franklin County, 233 Cole County Historical Society, 332, 455 Germans in, 355-356 Cole, Sam, 102 guerrilla warfare, 238, 290-306, 347, 473 College of the Ozarks, Point Lookout, 106. Hickory County, 232 See also School of the Ozarks, Point Lookout Kansas City women's prison, 290-306 Collins, Florence N., 349 Lawrence County, 475 Collins, Harry L., 349 medical care, 384-405 Columbia, Mo., 237 Order No. 11, 104, 238, 304-306 African-American businesses, 237 Osage County, 99 Boone, Daniel, County-City Building, 231 Ozarks, 28-47, 357-358 businesses, 469 Palmyra massacre, 473 chamber of commerce, 473 Polk County, 106 Columbia Theater, 98 prisoners, 235, 290-306; journal, 485 Confederate Hill (house), 98 Ripley County, 241 Conley house, 231 St. Louis, 384, 387, 389 Douglass, Frederick, School, 231 southeastern Missouri, 28-47 Farley mausoleum, Columbia Cemetery, 97 southwestern Missouri, 100 Gordon manor and cabin, 231 Trans-Mississippi theater (District of Hickam, Ezekiel C, house, 98 Arkansas), 390-405 Hickman, David H., High School, 231 women in, 295-306, 402 library, 231 C/v/7 War in the Ozarks, by Phillip W. Steele medicine, 469 and Steve Cottrell, 357-358 Missouri, Kansas and Texas Railroad station, Civil War Round Table of Kansas City, 82, 469 213,332,454 Missouri State Teachers Association, 98 Civil War Round Table of St. Louis, 82, 213, Missouri Theater, 231 332, 454 The Shack, 343 Civil War Round Table of the Trans-Mississippi, 83 soft drink industry, 231 Civil War Round Table of Western Missouri, Stephens College, athletics, 468 83,213-214,332,454 Strollway Center, 98 Index 493

transportation, 469 Coyle, Eugene, High School, Kirkwood, 474 Van Horn's Tavern, 231 Crabb family, 448 Varsity Theater, 343 Crain, M. Elise, 329 Wabash Railroad station, 98 Crane, Darrel, obit., 110 women, 469 Crawford County, Big Bend School, 231 Community Foundation of the Ozarks, 329 Crawford County Historical Society, 83 Concannon, Marie, 209, 452 Crawford, Elizabeth Harris, 299 Concordia Area Heritage Society, 83, 214, 455 Crawford, Riley, 299 Concordia Historical Institute, 332, 455 Crispin house, Camdenton, 343 Condra, Charles W., family, 231 Crouch, John W., inside January back cover Condra, Harriett Wall, family, 231 Crow, Edward C, 407 Confederate Air Force, 241 Crowder, Enoch, 103, 343 Confederate Hill (house), Columbia, 98 Crumpler, Hugh Densmore, 106 Confederate soldiers Crystal Lake, Douglas County, 238 Franklin County, 101 Culp, Nedgra, 477 grave, El Dorado Springs, 469 Culver horse barn, King City, 470 surgeon's diary, 390-405 Cureton, Carol, 348 Conley house, Columbia, 231 Curtis, C. H. "Skip," The Missouri US 66 Tour Conran, Mo., 100 Book, 485-486 Constitution Making in Missouri, by William Curtis, Edward S., photographs (exhibit), 208 Francis English, 443-444 Curtis, Samuel R., 29, 30, 32, 33, 35, 37, 38, Constitution, Missouri, 1945, 427, 440-445 40,41,43,45,46,47 Constitutional convention, 1943-1944, 439-440 Curtis, Winterton C, 343 Cook, James, family, 106 Cuvier, Georges, 253-255 Cook, Joshua F, inside January back cover Cyclone, Boone County, 1917, 343 Cook, Lizzie, 354 Coolidge, Calvin, in Missouri, 351 D Coon Creek Church, Grundy County, 99 Dade County Historical Society, 84, 214, 332, Cooper County, Mo. 455; Pictorial Memories of Dade County, agricultural reform, 354 Missouri, 360 jail, Boonville, 278, 279 Dade County, history, 360 Ravenswood (house), 98 Dains, Mary K, co-ed., Show Me Missouri Women: Cooper County Historical Society, 83,214, 332,455 Selected Biographies, Volume 2,479-480 Cooper, Martha L. Dallas County, churches, antebellum, 351 A New History of Nodaway County, Missouri, Dallas County Historical Society, 84, 214-215, 1845-1869: Volume II Sesquicentennial 333,455 Edition, 362 Dance, Edward, 281 A New History of Nodaway County, Missouri: Danforth family, 352 Indian Lands to 1859: Volume I, 362 Dangerous Passage: The Santa Fe Trail and the Cottleville, Mo., St. Joseph's Parish, 351 Mexican War, by William Y. Chalfant, 360 "Cotton rock" memorial building, Stockton, 101 Darby, John, 67 Cottrell, Steve, co-auth., C/v/7 War in the Das Westland (journal), 265 Ozarks, 357-358 Daughters of Old Westport, 455 Courthouses Daughters of Union Veterans of the Civil War, Clinton County, 471 1861-1865, Julia Dent Grant Tent #16, St. Jasper County, 230, 351 Louis, 210 Lafayette County, 26 Davidson, John W., 30-35, 37, 38, 40-43, 45, 46 Lawrence County, 349 Daviess County, Civil War cavalry, 231 Phelps County, 100 Davis, John S., 280 Covington, Joe E., obit., 110 Davis-Stone-Sweeney house, Springfield, 242 Cowgill, Anderson, 297 Davis, Zachariah T, 349 Cox School, Scotland County, 345 De Lara, Bernardo Gutierrez, 71 494 Index

De Onfs, Luis, 62, 63 Drury College, Springfield, 437 De Toledo, Jose Alvarez, 71, 72, 73, 74 Duden, Gottfried, 265; Report on a Journey to Decker, Perl D., 10, 13, 14 the Western States of North America, 258 Deelo, Michael, 177, 178 Dueling pistol, 72 DeKalb County, ghost towns, 473 Dulle farmstead, Cole County, 99 DeKalb County Historical Society, 84, 215, 333 Dumas, Lewis, 97 Democratic National Convention, 1916, 8, 9 Dunavant A.M.E. Zion Church, Jefferson City, 475 Democratic Party in Missouri, 1904, 412-416, Duncan, Alma, 76 418-426 Duncan, John E., obit., 243 Denny family, 233 Duncan-Neff house, Springfield, 352 Dent County Historical Society, 333, 455-456 Dunklin County, 99 Diamond, Mo. Dunne, Gerald T, The Missouri Supreme Court: Carver, George Washington, house, 231 From Dred Scott to Nancy Cruzan, 113-114 schools, 350 Dunwody, M. F, inside October back cover Dick (slave), 277 Durrett, William S., 278, 279, 283, 285, 368, 381 Dickerson, Elizabeth Jane, family, 98 Dyer, David A., 242 Dickerson, John, family, 98 Dyer, H. Chouteau, 171 Digges, Charles W., Sr„ 76 Dyer, Leonidas C, 4 Digges, Kathy, 76 Dyer, Robert L., Jesse James and the Civil War Dimmitt, Benjamin Franklin, house, Rocheport, 343 in Missouri, 117 Dinger, Marvin L., 350 Dyer, Thomas G., '"A Most Unexampled Disciples of Christ, southwest Missouri, 106 Exhibition of Madness and Brutality': Disney, Walt, 231 Judge Lynch in Saline County, Missouri, Doak, H. D., 277 1859," 269-289, 367-382 Dockery, Alexander, 419, 420 Dodge, Henry, 54 Doe Run, Mo., store, 233 Eads Bridge, St. Louis, 160 Doerr, Louis, 240 Eads, James, 152, 154 Dogwood Cemetery, Charleston, 467 Eagleton, Thomas F, 202 Dogwood community, Douglas County, 104 Earthquake, New Madrid, 476 Doniphan, Mo., 241 Easterly, Thomas M., 103 Donnell, Forrest C, 439 Easton, Rufus, 241 Dorena, Mo., 468 Education, public, in Missouri, 237 Bayouville communities, 467 Edwards, John N., 347 Dorena-Hickman ferry, 467 Eggers, William, property, St. Clair, 471 Douglas County 1843-1993, Founded on Faith: First Baptist Anchor School, 104 Church, Boonville, MO, 363 Brushy Knob, 104 Eisterhold, Alvin, 345 Crystal Lake, 238 Eisterhold, Delores, 345 Dogwood community, 104 El Dorado Springs, Mo., cemetery, 469 Meyers Cave, 104 Eldon, Mo., 98 old steel bridge, 238 Election, gubernatorial, 1904, Missouri, 406-426 Sweden Community Church No. 5, 238 Eleventh Kansas Infantry Regiment, 292 Vera Cruz Freewill Baptist Church, 238 Eleventh Missouri Cavalry, 242 World War II, 351 Ellis, Elmer, 433, 434, 439, 443, 446; Library, Douglas County Historical and Genealogical University of Missouri-Columbia, 469 Society, 84, 215, 333 Elm School, Johnson County, 473 Douglass, Frederick, School, Columbia, 231 Eminence, Mo., 41 Douglass, Joseph, 98 Engelmann, Frederick T, 256, 258 Drake School, Gasconade County, 237 Engelmann, George, 251-268; botanical Dressel, John M., 477 sketchbook, 262 Drexel, Mo., 239 Engelmann, Joseph, 255, 256 Index 495

Engelmann, Theodore, 256, 257, 261, 264, 266 First Baptist Church, Fulton, 231 Engle, Stephen D., Yankee Dutchman: The Life First Baptist Church, Nixa, 471 of Franz Sigel, 355-356 Fisher, Annie, 237 English, Elizabeth Minter, 430 Fisher, "Little Doc," 471 English, Etta Murphy, 428 Flader, Susan, ed., Exploring Missouri's Legacy: English, Richard T, 428 State Parks and Historic Sites, 111-112 English, William Francis, 427-446; Constitution Flat Rock School, Osage County, 239 Making in Missouri, 443-444 Fleischaker, Jack, obit., 478 Equal Employment Opportunity Suit, 1966, St. The Flood of 1993: Stories from a Midwestern Louis, 474 Disaster, ed. by Betty Burnett, 116 Erie, Mo., 472 The Flood of '93: Photos from the 500-year Escoffier, Robert, obit., 478 flood, by Marshall Democrat-News, 116 Evangel College, Springfield, 107 Floods Ewing, Ella, 470 1844, 105 Ewing, Thomas, Jr., 292, 293, 295, 297, 304, 1947, Canton, 230 305, 306 1993,116 Excelsior Springs, Mo., 240; Crockery Inn, 344 Chariton County, 362-363 Exploring Missouri's Legacy: State Parks and Ste. Genevieve, 104 Historic Sites, ed. by Susan Flader, 111-112 Florissant Valley Historical Society, 84, 215, 333,456 Flying Eagle (steamboat), 97 Fair Grove, Mo., Ike's Service Station, 467 Folk, Joseph W., 406-426 Fair, Stephen, 429 Food in Missouri: A Cultural Stew, by Madeline Fair, Vernon County, 102 Matson, 117 Fairport, Mo., 473 Football, Fulton, 469 Falor family, 448 Ford, Halley, 99 Famous-Barr, St. Louis, 472 Fordney School, Cole Camp, 99 Farley mausoleum, Columbia Cemetery, Forest Grove School, Osage County, 105 Columbia, 97 Forest Park, St. Louis, 324; bandstand, 104 Farrar, Bernard, 389 Fort Belle Fontaine, St. Louis County, 474 Farrar house, Perry County, 100 Fort Clark, Lincoln County, 475 Fayette, Mo. Fort Davidson, Pilot Knob, 30 high school, 429 Fort Head, 102 opera house, 344 Fort Hempstead, Howard County, 102 Fayette Area Heritage Association, 84, 215, Fort Howard, Lincoln County, 475 333,456 Fort Kincaid, Howard County, 102 Featherstone, E. Glenn, obit., 478 Fort Woods, Lincoln County, 475 Ferguson Historical Society, 215, 333, 456 Forts, Lincoln County, 101 Ferrell family, 104 Foster Brothers, Maryville, 470 Ferryboats Frank, Nathan, 104 Dorena-Hickman, Mississippi County, 467 Franklin County, 99, 232, 234, 346 railroad, Birds Point, 468 Civil War in, 233 Washington, 239 Confederate soldiers, 101 Field, Eugene, 17-27; "Solomon Burch's German-Swiss in, 472 Fighting Editor" (poem), 21-26 Mayle-Smith building, 352 Field, Roswell, 27 New Port Presbyterian Church, 101, 232 Field, Roswell Martin, 473 Franklin County Historical Society, 99, 101, Fifteenth Missouri Cavalry, CSA, 117 215,333 Fifth Missouri Militia Cavalry, 297 Franklin County Mutual Life Insurance Filibusterers, 48-74 Company, 471 Fink, Lucas John, 234 Franklin or Bust, 84 First Baptist Church, Boonville, 363 Franksen, Caroline Wesselhoeft, 125 496 Index

Franksen, Frank, 125 Gasconade County Historical Society, 85, 216, Fredericktown, Mo., World War I veterans, 469 334, 348, 457 Freeman Historical Society, 84, 215 Gasconade County Winegrowers Association, 138 Fresenius, Georg, 257 Gaston, Sam, 242 Freund, Elsa, 106 Gauldin, Martin A., 277, 286 Friends of Arrow Rock, 84-85, 215, 456 Gay rights, St. Louis, 348 Friends of Historic Boonville, 85, 215-216, Geisler, Judy A., obit., 478 456 Gentry, Ann Hawkins, 476 Friends of Historic Fort Osage, 85, 216, 333 Gentzler, Lynn Wolf, 201, 202, 451 Friends of Jefferson Barracks, 85, 216 George (slave), 286 Friends of Keytesville, 216, 456 George Caleb Bingham, by Michael Edward Friends of Miami, 85 Shapiro, 114-115 Friends of Missouri Town-1855, 85, 216, 333- "George Engelmann and the Lure of Frontier 334, 456 Science," by Michael Long, 251-268 Friends of Rocheport, 85, 216, 334, 456-457 Georgetown, Mo., 477 From Prairie to Prison: The Life of Social German-American Alliance, 2, 3, 4, 5 Activist Kate Richards O'Hare, by Sally M. German Americans Miller, 356-357 German-Swiss, Franklin County, 472 "Frontier Bridge Building: The Hannibal Bridge Hermann, 119-138 at Kansas City, 1867-1869," by Louis W. in Civil War, 355-356 Potts and George F. W. Hauck, 139-161 Lafayette Square, St. Louis, 474 Frost, Griffin, Camp and Prison Journal, 485 Methodist college, Warrenton, inside July Fremont, Jessie Benton, 112-113 back cover Fremont, John Charles, 103, 266, 267 newspapers, 1 Fulton, Mo., 436, 469 Osage County, 349 Churchill, Winston, Memorial, 238 pre-World War I, 1-16 First Baptist Church, 231 St. Louis, 2, 251-268, 351,472 Westminster College, 231, 437; football, 469 German Methodist Episcopal Church, Canton, 343 William Woods University, 231 German Settlement Society of Philadelphia, 121 Fulton, Gertie May, 238 Geyer, Henry S., 242 Funck, Ruth, 210 The Ghost in the Little House: A Life of Rose Fyfer family, 231 Wilder Lane, by William Holtz, 245-246 Ghost towns, DeKalb County, 473 Gifts, 93-96, 226-229, 340-342, 464-466 Gagnepain, Si, 345 Gipsey (steamboat), 151 Galena, Mo., Christian Church, 104 Girl Scouts of America, St. Louis, 476 Gantner, Marie, obit., 243 Glasgow, Mo., 349; bridge, 241 Gantt, James B., 413, 415, 421 Glasgow, Edward James, 358-359 Gardenville, Mo., 314 Glasgow, William Henry, 358-359 Gardner, Mark L., ed., Brothers on the Santa Fe Glavin School, Osage County, 475 and Chihuahua Trails: Edward James Glendale, Mo., 103, 236, 348, 474 Glasgow and William Henry Glasgow, 1846- Glendale Historical Society, 85, 216, 334, 457 1848, 358-359 Glennwood farm, Platte County, 351 Garr family, 349 Godbold, Albea, obit., 243 Gasconade Boatyard, 473 Godsey, W. Townsend, obit., 109 Gasconade County Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von, 255 Drake School, 237 Goforth, Janice M., obit., 478 gunpowder, 474 Gold mining, Boone County, 343 Mount Pleasant Church, 231 Golden Eagle River Museum, 216, 334, 457 Saltpeter Cave, 474 Golf, Kansas City, 238 stone house, 474 Goodrich, James W, 76,197,198,199,200,451,452 Gasconade County Agricultural Society, 138 Gordon manor and cabin, Columbia, 231 Index 497

Goss press, Canton, 467 H Grace, Clarica, 343 Haas, William, 473 Grace, William, 343 Habecot, Mary, 280, 281, 283, 285, 286, 287, Graduate Theses Relating to Missouri History, 354 368,381 Grain Valley Historical Society, 85-86 Hackleberry Cemetery, Vernon County, 102 Grand River Historical Society, 86, 216-217, Hadley, Herbert, 168, 170, 172, 176, 177, 178, 334,457 181,182 Grandfield, Charles Paxton, 239 Hale Township, Carroll County, 343 Grandview Historical Society, 86, 217, 334, 457 Hall, George E., photographs, 477 Grant, H. Roger, co-auth., St. Louis Union Halleck, Henry W., 29, 31, 32, 33, 38, 44, 47 Station: A Place for People, A Place for Hamilton Advocate (newspaper), 232 Trains, 360-361 Hamilton, B. J., 200 Grant, Julia Dent, Tent #16, Daughters of Hanging, Cape Girardeau County, 473 Union Veterans of the Civil War, 1861- Hannibal, Mo., 142, 163 1865, St. Louis, 210 International Association of Machinists, Grant, Ulysses S., 237 Mark Twain Lodge 537, 164, 167, 169, Hardscrabble (house), 308-309, 312 181-183 White Haven (house), 232 pictorial history, 484 Gratiot prison, St. Louis, 485 Hannibal and St. Joseph Railroad, 143 Gratz-Price house, Noel, 100 Hannibal Bridge, Kansas City, 139-161 Graves, Gerald, 109 Hannibal-LaGrange College, inside January Gravois Bank, Affton, 317-318 back cover Gravois Farmers' Bank, St. Louis, 317-318 Hanover/Bailey station, 348 Gravois Improvement Association, 317 Hardaway, Harriet, obit., 478 Gravois Settlement, St. Louis County, 308-309 Hardeman's Garden, Howard County, 102 Great Depression, 434 Hardesty, George W., 477 Canton, 467 Harding, Chester P., Jr., 31 in Ozarks, 240 Hardscrabble (house), St Louis County, 308,309,312 The Great Flood of 1993, 116 Harlan, C. E., 104 Greene County Historical Society, 86, 217, Harms, Laura Sophia Louise, 468 334, 457 Harney, William S., 234 Greene County, history, 208 Harrell, Joseph, family, 471 Greene, Joe, 242 Harrell, Ruth Bradley, family, 471 Greene, Mary Ann, 242 Harris, Charles F, "Catalyst for Terror: The Greentop, Mo., 429 Collapse of the Women's Prison in Kansas Greenville, Mo., 471; Greenville Sun building, City," 290-306 233 Harris, Hope Elsie, 352 Greenville School, Wayne County, 471 Harris House Hotel, Westport, 474 Greenwood Sapling, Springfield, 242, 352, 477 Harris, John, family, 349 Griffon, William "Bill," 469 Harris, Laura Fristoe, 299 Grindstaff, Mollie, 299, 300 Harris, Laura Stephens, obit., 110 Grundy County, Coon Creek Church, 99 Harris, Reuben, 299 Grundy County Historical Society, 86, 334, 457 Harris, Thomas, 299, 301 Guardian Angel Parish, Oran, 361 Harrison County Historical Society, 217, 334,457 Guerrilla warfare, Civil War, 238, 290-306, Harshaw, Jack, 475 347, 473 Hartley-Haderlein house, Springfield, 477 Gunpowder, Gasconade County, 474 Harvey House (restaurants), Santa Fe Railroad, 242 Gunter-Ha Ha Tonka store and post office, Hauck, George F. W., co-auth., "Frontier Bridge Camden County, 230 Building: The Hannibal Bridge at Kansas Gurley, Bill J., co-auth., '"I Acted From Principle': City, 1867-1869," 139-161 William Marcellus McPheeters, Confederate Hawes, Harry B., 414, 415, 416, 417, 418, 419, Surgeon," 384-405 420,421,422 498 Index

Hawk Point, Mo., St. Mary Parish, 233 Historic Missouri Colleges Hayden-Twibell house, Springfield, 352 Central Wesleyan College, Warrenton, Hays, Benjamin Franklin, 238 inside July back cover Hays, Upton, 292 LaGrange College, inside January back cover Heagerty, William, 242 Liberty Ladies College, inside October Hearst, George, property, St. Clair, 471 back cover Hearst, Phoebe Apperson, Historical Society, Smith, George R., College, Sedalia, inside 457,471 April back cover Heckmann, Mary Miller, 481-482 Historical Association of Greater Cape Heckmann, William, 481-482 Girardeau, 335, 458 Helena, Ark., 392 Historical Association of Greater St. Louis, 86 Hendrickson, Harry, family, 103 Historical Society of Maries County, 87, 335 Henry County Historical Society, 86, 217, 334, Historical Society of New Santa Fe, 217-218 457-458 Historical Society of Oregon County, 87, 335 Hensley, Walter L., 10, 13 Historical Society of Polk County, 87, 335 Hering, Constantine, 123, 124, 131, 132, 134 Historical Society of University City, 218 Hering, Marianne Husmann, 123, 131 History Day in Missouri, 447 Heritage League of Greater Kansas City, 334-335 History Museum of Springfield-Greene County, 329 Hermann, Mo., 124, 126, 128, 130, 134, 136, History of Guardian Angel Parish: Oran, 237,481-482 Missouri 1893-1993, 361 Husmann house, 127 A History of the 15th Missouri Cavalry Regiment, Leimer Hotel, 127 C.S.A., 1862-1865, by Jerry Ponder, 117 mills, 134 Hockberger Brewery, Moberly, 476 St. John's Evangelical Lutheran Church, 130 Hofsommer, Don L., co-auth., St. Louis Union wine and wine industry, 135-136, 137 Station: A Place for People, A Place for Hermitage, Mo., 232; Methodist Church, 344 Trains, 360-361 Herndon, Eugene W., 394 Hogan family, 239 Herr, Pamela, co-ed., The Letters of Jessie Hollister, Mo., Kite house, 240 Benton Fremont, 112-113 Holman (slave), 278, 279, 283,285,288, 289, 381 Hervey, Calvin, 402, 403, 404 Holman, William, family, 241 Hickam, Ezekiel C, house, Boone County, 98 Holmes, Theophilus, 391, 393 Hickman, David H., High School, Columbia, 231 Holtz, William, The Ghost in the Little House: Hickman, Elizabeth, family, 98 The Life of Rose Wilder Lane, 245-246 Hickman house, New Franklin, 102 Hood, Martha, 281 Hickman, James, family, 98 Hooker, Marshal, 476 Hickok, William "Wild Bill," 236 Hooker, William J., 252 Hickory, Betty, 242 Hopewell Church, Audrain County, 239 Hickory County Hopkins, Mo., Pickering building, 469 Civil War in, 232 Horning-Weaver house, Springfield, 242 Victory Baptist Church, 98 Horstmann, Dorothea, 263 Hickory County Historical Society, 86, 217, 458 Hospitals, Sedalia, 346 Hicks, Russell, 278, 281-286, 297, 368, 371, 372 Houses Hidalgo, Miguel, 67, 68, 69 Boone, Daniel, St. Charles County, 233, 351 Higgins, Harvey J., Historical Society, 217, 458 Brooks log cabin, Boone County, 98 Higginsville, Mo., Bonanza coal mine, 469 Bruns, Bernard, Westphalia, 354 Highway 36, 344 Burton/Wight, 354 Hindman, Thomas C, 29 Campbell, Robert, St. Louis, 209 Hinton, Benjamin, 275, 276, 277, 283, 285, Carver, George Washington, Diamond, 231 286,368,381 Confederate Hill, Columbia, 98 Historic Bethel German Colony, 217 Conley, Columbia, 231 Historic Kansas City Foundation, 86 Crispin, Camdenton, 343 Historic Madison County, 86 Davis-Stone-Sweeney, Springfield, 242 Index 499

Dimmitt, Benjamin Franklin, Rocheport, 343 Humbert, Jean, 72, 73, 74 Duncan-Neff, Springfield, 352 Humboldt, Alexander von, 252, 253, 254, 255, Farrar, Perry County, 100 259,268 Glendale, St. Louis, 348 Cosmos, 260 Gordon manor and cabin, Columbia, 231 statue, Tower Grove Park, St. Louis, 264, 348 Gratz-Price, Noel, 100 Hunt, Seth, 53 Hardscrabble, St. Louis County, 308, 309, 312 Huntington, Jeffrey L., 209 Hartley-Haderlein, Springfield, 477 Hurricane Township, Carroll County, 343 Hayden-Twibell, Springfield, 352 Hurt, Ossamus, 373, 374, 375 Hickam, Ezekiel C, Boone County, 98 Hurt, R. Douglas, 202 Hickman, New Franklin, 102 Husmann, Adolph, 134 Horning-Weaver, Springfield, 242 Husmann, Friedrich Conrad "Fritz," 120, 121, Husmann, Hermann, 127 123-124, 131, 134 James, Kearney, 348 Husmann, George, 119-138 Kirksville, 232 Husmann house, Hermann, 127 Kite, Hollister, 240 Husmann, Johann Georg Hermann Carl Klingner, Springfield, 107 (George), 119-138 Larimore, Wilson, St. Louis County, 472 Husmann, Johann Heinrich Martin, 120, 121, Linahan Lodge, Lincoln County, 101 124-129, 130, 135 Lionberger, Isaac H., St. Louis, 349 Husmann, Johanna, 124, 131, 132 log cabin, Wayne County, 100 Husmann, Josephine, 124, 126, 127, 129, 130, 133 McCarty, Springfield, 107 Husmann, Louise Caroline Kielmann, 138 Moss, Edward P., Wayne County, 100 Husmann, Louise Charlotte Wesselhoeft Overton, Lawrence County, 349 "Lotte," 120, 125, 132 Rathbone-Hunt, Springfield, 352 Husmann, Odelie, 124 Ravenswood, Cooper County, 98 Huston, Mrs. Frank C, obit., 478 Reed-Fair, Springfield, 107 Hutchinson, Joseph L., 285, 286 Rice-Tremonti, Kansas City, 348 Routt-Conway, Springfield, 477 I Scherer, Ste. Genevieve, 234 '"I Acted From Principle': William Marcellus Smith-Funk, Springfield, 477 McPheeters, Confederate Surgeon," by Speakman, Newton County, 105 Cynthia DeHaven Pitcock and Bill J. Gurley, Stockton, R. H., St. Louis, 324 384-405 Stokes, Springfield, 242 Ice harvesting, 188,347 stone, Gasconade County, 474 Ike's Service Station, Fair Grove, 467 Trails Inn House, Lincoln County, 101 Ilasco, Mo., 162-183 Valle, Jean Baptiste, Ste. Genevieve, 234 Atlas Portland Cement Company, 162-183 Weber, Henry J. and Christine, St. Louis National Guard in, 170-183 County, 312 saloons, 172, 173 White Haven, St. Louis, 232 "Immigrant Cement Workers: The Strike of Wilson, George, Wayne County, 233 1910 in Ilasco, Missouri," by Gregg Howard, Benjamin, 64, 65, 70 Andrews, 162-183 Howard County, 239, 349 Immigrants Hardeman's Garden, 102 German, 119-138,472 Hickman house, 102 Italian, 239 Howard family, 105 Slovak, 162-165 Howard, Virginia, 279 Swiss, 472 Howard, W. B., 470 In Memoriam, 109-110, 243, 353, 478 Hughes, Charles Evans, 9, 10 Independence, Mo., chautauqua, 104 Hulston, John K., 198 Indian Creek Bridge, St. Clair, 471 Human, James Gilliam, 106, 241 International Association of Machinists, Mark Humansville, Mo., 106 Twain Lodge 537, Hannibal, 164,167,169,181-183 500 Index

International Shoe Company, St. Clair, 101, 471 and Expansion on the Missouri Frontier," Irion, Theo, 436 by Dick Steward, 48-74 Iron County Historical Society, 87, 218, 335, 458 Johnson County Historical Society, 87, 218, 458 Ironton, Mo., Arcadia Valley Bank, 99 Johnson County, schools, 236 Irving, Washington, visit to Missouri, 232 Johnson, Jim, 351 Island No. 6, Mississippi River, 468 Johnson, Richard A., obit., 478 Italians, in Kansas City, 239 Jones, Barbara, 201 Jones Barbershop, Brunswick, 230 J Jones, Charles, 201 Jacaty, John A., 474 Jones, Daniel Boone, 343 Jackson, Andrew, 54, 59, 64, 74, 369, 377, 378 Jones, John Paul, obit., 110 Jackson, Claiborne Fox, 384, 387 Joplin, Mo. Jackson County, 304, 305 Ozark Christian College, 470 Adams Dairy, 104 Schifferdecker Park, 237 jail, 1859,474 Joplin Globe (newspaper), 99 Jackson County Historical Society, 87, 218, Joplin, Scott, 103 329, 335; photo collection, 98 "Joseph W. Folk and the 'Missouri Idea': The Jackson Heritage Association, 87 1904 Governor's Race in Missouri," by Jacquinto, Tony, 180 Steven L. Piott, 406-426 Jail, Newton County, 98 Joy, James F, 143, 146 James Bayou Township, Mississippi County, Julius, Mary Cleophas "Catherine," 474 467, 468 James, Frank, 237, 241 K James house, Kearney, 348 Kahle, Louis G., obit., 243 James, Jesse, 117 Kansas Gad's Hill train robbery, 233 border warfare with Missouri, 271-272 robbery at Winston, 107 Lawrence, raided by Quantrill, 1863, 303-304 Janney, Richard, 173, 174, 180, 181 Kansas City, Mo., 104 Jasper County African Americans courthouse, 230, 351 archives, 106 Redings Mill (Shoal Creek), 102, 476 communities, 470 Jasper County Historical Society, 218, 335, 458 apartment buildings, 344 Jazz, Kansas City, 474 baseball, 232 Jefferson Barracks, St. Louis, 242; Army Air The Call (newspaper), 98 Force Band, 103,237 Civil War, 290-306 Jefferson City, Mo. Cockrell building, 302 Dunavant A.M.E. Zion Church, 475 desegregation, 107 Lincoln University, 348 ferries, 147 Madison Hotel, 423 golf, 238 railroad, 469 Hannibal Bridge, 139-161 Jefferson County, 238 Italians in, 239 Jefferson Heritage and Landmark Society, 218 jazz, 474 Jefferson, Thomas, 56, 57, 432; monument, McGee's Addition, Metropolitan Block, University of Missouri-Columbia, 433 290, 295-296 Jennings Historical Society, 218, 458 prohibition, 232 Jennison, Charles, 291, 292 railroads, 141, 142, 143, 144-147, 153 Jesse James and the Civil War in Missouri, by Rice-Tremonti house, 348 Robert L. Dyer, 117 schools, early, 349 Jim (slave), 280, 281, 283, 285, 288, 289, 381 Thomas building, 303 John (slave), 275, 277, 278, 281, 283, 285-289, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, 348 371,380,381 Union Hotel, 295 "John Smith T and the Way West: Filibustering Union Station, 97, 108, 232, 350 Index 501

women's prison, collapse, 1863, 290-306 Koerner, Gustave, 257, 258, 259 Kansas City Association for Public Kostedt, Beau, 200 Improvement, 141 Krause, Henrietta, 201 Kansas City Bridge Company, 147 Kansas City Fire Brigade, 87, 218-219, 335 Kansas City Westerners, 87, 219, 335-336, 458 Labusciere, Joseph, 476 Kansas-Oklahoma-Missouri League (baseball), 349 Laclede County Historical Society, 336 Karel, John A., 112 Ladwig, Charles Thomas, obit., 243 Katy Railroad Station, Boonville, 97 Lafayette County, courthouse, 26 Kearney, Mo., James house, 348 Lafayette County Historical Society, 459 Kearney, Charles, 144, 150 Lafayette Square, St. Louis, 349, 474 Keeley, Mary Paxton, 470 La Follette, Robert, 424, 431 Keeth, Mary Ellen Bourne, family, 101 LaGrange College, Lewis County, inside Keeth, Solomon, family, 101 January back cover Keller, Kenneth W., "Merchandising Nature: Lamar, Mo., 240 The H. J. Weber and Sons Nursery," 307-326 Lamb, Benjamin F, 169, 178, 183 Kelley, Jacob, family, 102 Lamkin, Virginia W., obit., 243 Kennett, Mo. Landers Theatre, Springfield, 103 Riggs Hardware, 99 Landmarks Association of St. Louis, Inc., 88, 219 schools, 107 Lane, Rose Wilder, 245-246 Kentling family, 102 Lange, Robert H., obit., 353 Kenyon, William Clark, 485 Langendoerfer, Franz, 137 Kerr, Charity McCorkle, 297, 298, 299, 300 LaPrise, Joe, 343 Kerr, Nathan, 299 Larimore, Wilson, house, St. Louis County, 472 Keytesville, Mo., 99 Larissa, Mo., 238 Kielmann, Johann Wilhelm, 138 Larson, Sidney, 75-76, 204, 452 Kimmswick Historical Society, 219, 336,458-459 Lawrence County King City, Mo., Culver horse barn, 470 Berry Cemetery, 105 King Hill Oneota archaeological site, 105 Civil War in, 475 Kingdom of Callaway Historical Society, 459 courthouse, 349 King's Way Church, Springfield, 107 McKinley Christian Church, 105 Kirbyville, Mo., 476 Overton house, 349 Kirkley, Robert, 286 Lawrence County Historical Society, 88, 219, Kirkpatrick, Doris, 199 336, 459 Kirkpatrick, James, 199 Lawrence, Kans., raided by Quantrill, 1863, Kirksville, Mo. 303-304 historic house, 232 Layton, Mary Ann, 106 Northeast Missouri State Teachers College, 429 Lebanon, Mo., politicians, 470 Kirkwood, Mo., 448 Lee, John A., 407 Coyle, Eugene, High School, 474 Lee's Summit, Mo., 470 St. Peter's Parish, 474 Lee's Summit Historical Society, 219, 336, 459 Kirkwood Historical Society, 87-88, 336, 459 Leimer, August, 126, 127, 134 Kirkwood Masonic Lodge, 104 Leimer Hotel, Hermann, 127 Kirkwood Monitor (newspaper), 474 Leitner, Edward, 263 Kisel, Steve, 162 Lemmon, Bruce, 352 Kiser, Giles, 275, 277 Lemon, Charles T, 471 Kite house, Hollister, 240 Lemon, Maude Murrell, 471 Klingner house, Springfield, 107 Leslie, Mo., 232 Knox County Historical Society, 88, 219 The Letters of Jessie Benton Fremont, ed. by Knox, William A., obit., 478 Pamela Herr and Mary Lee Spence, 112-113 Koeltze, August John, 470 Lewis County Historical Society, 88, 220 Koeltztown, Mo., 470 Lewis County Journal (newspaper), 97 502 Index

Lewis County, LaGrange College, inside Lumber industry, Mississippi County, 468 January back cover Lusitania, 5, 6 Lexington Express (newspaper), 370-371 Luton-Dunlop, Elise Eileen, 344 Liberty, Mo., Liberty Ladies College, inside Luystown School, Osage County, 475 October back cover Lykins, Johnston, 141, 142, 146 Liberty Ladies College, inside October back cover Lyle, Edward F, obit., 110 Linahan Lodge, Lincoln County, 101 Lynch family, 239 Lincoln County, 101,472 Lynchings forts, 101,475 Monett, 1894,99 Linahan Lodge, 101 Saline County, 1859, 269-289, 367-382 St. Louis-Hannibal train, 346 Lynn, William, 238 Short Line Railroad, 101 toll roads, 234 M Trails Inn House, 101 McCarty house, Springfield, 107 Lincoln County Historical and Archeological McCorkle, Jabez, 299 Society, 220, 336, 459 McCorkle, John, 297, 299, 300, 301 Lincoln University, Jefferson City, 348 McCorkle, Nancy "Nannie" Harris, 297, 298, Linkville community, Callaway County, 469 299, 300, 303 Linn, William, 349 McDaniel, William, 344 Lionberger, Isaac H., house, St. Louis, 349 MacDonald, Clay, 163, 171, 172, 173, 174, Liston, Sonny, 234 176,177 Little Bonne Femme Baptist Church, Boone McDonald County, 469 County, 105 newspapers, 232 Little Dixie, slavery in, 270-271 Roller School District, 469 Little River Drainage District, 230 Southwest Missouri Protective Association Living on the River: A Pictorial History of the Lodges, 469 Great Flood of 1993—Chariton County, McDonald County Bank, Pineville, 344 Missouri, ed. by Larry and Susan Baxley, Macdonnell, T. M., 351 362-363 McGee, E. M., 295, 296 Local Historical Societies, 81-92, 211-225, McGee's Addition, Metropolitan Block, 330-339, 453-463 Kansas City, 290, 295, 296 Log cabins, 240 McGennis family, 448 Brook, Boone County, 98 McGrath, Mrs. Earl P., obit., 110 construction, 99 McKinley Christian Church, Lawrence County, 105 Gordon, Boone County, 231 McLanahan, Joseph, 63, 70 museum, Van Buren, 240 McLeod, Nelson W., 408 Wayne County, 100 MacMillan, A. Bryan, 76 Logan, Sheridan, 201 McMillen, Margot Ford, Paris, Tightwad, and Loner, Franz von, 129 Peculiar: Missouri Place Names, 486 Loiseau, Linnet, 240 Macon County, Callao Christian Church, 470 Long, Michael, "George Engelmann and the Macon County Historical Society, 88, 220 Lure of Frontier Science," 251-268 McPheeters, Sallie Buchanan, 386,402,403,404 Lorimier Cemetery, Cape Girardeau, 102 McPheeters, William Marcellus, 384-405 Louisiana Purchase, 52, 53 McWilliams, O. C, 474 Louisiana Purchase Exposition, 1904 Madison Hotel, Jefferson City, 423 Olympic games, 100 Majors, Alexander, 473 Philippine scouts, 474 Majors, Walter, 472 Love, Kathy, 352 "The Making of a Superior Immigrant: George Love Ridge farm, Webster County, 100 Husmann, 1837-1854," by Linda Walker Loveless sisters, 360 Stevens, 119-138 Lucy, Conn, Saloon and Boarding House, St. Malone, Annie Turnbo, 349 Clair, 471 Maple family, 347 Index 503

Maple, Simeon David, 347 Meyers Cave, Douglas County, 104 Maps Mid-Missouri Civil War Round Table, 88, 220, Charleston, Sanborn insurance, 1886, 468 336, 459 railroad, Mississippi County, 468 Miesner Brothers lawn rocker, 345 Marble Hill, Mo., Mayfield, Will, College, Miller County Historical Society, 88,220,336,459 Rosemont Hall, 470 Miller County, World War II soldiers, 98 Marceline, Mo., 231 Miller Grove School, Osage County, 239 Marcum, Jack, 467 Miller, Howard, 159 Maries County, "Belle of the West" Saloon, 475 Miller, Rose Collier, obit., 478 Mark Twain Lodge 537, International Association Miller, Sally M., 203; From Prairie to Prison: The of Machinists, Hannibal, 167,169, 181-183 Life of Social Activist Kate Richards O'Hare, Marmaduke, John S., 38, 39, 392, 399, 400,401 356-357 Marmaduke, Meredith Miles, 347 Miller, Sandra Lewis, Memories of Weston, Marsh, Eudora, 107 Missouri: A Visual History—1837 to 1992, Marshall, Mo., 380, 381 361 Chicago & Alton Railroad yard, 345 Miller, T. C, 236 symphony orchestra, 350 Miller, William Ernest, 98 Marshall, Howard Wight, Vernacular Architecture Millheim Store, Perryville, 345 in Rural Small Town Missouri: An Mills Introduction, 362 Alley, 106 Marshall, Lizzie, 373, 374 Bonner Feed, Buffalo, 467 Martin, Alton, family, 105 Buffalo Roller, 467 Martin, Ella Routh, family, 105 Buster, Ozark County, 239 Martin, Frank L., obit., 353 cement, Ilasco, 163 Martin, Marie, 231 Hermann, 134 Maryland Terrace, University City, 238 Redings (Shoal Creek), Jasper County, 102,476 Maryville, Mo., Foster Brothers, 470 Slater Mill and Elevator Company, 346 Mason, Anthony Laws, 238 Wild Moss, Carroll County, 230 Masonic Lodge, Kirkwood, 104 Minasian, Sam, 477 Matson, Madeline, Food in Missouri: A Mine Au Breton Historical Society, 88, 220, Cultural Stew, 117 336, 460 Maxwell, James, 61 Mines Mayer, Imogene Ruth Albritton, 234 Bonanza coal, Higginsville, 469 Mayfield, Will, College, Rosemont Hall, southwest Missouri, deaths, 470 Marble Hill, 470 Mirande, Tony, 175, 180 Mayle-Smith building, Franklin County, 352 Missey, Columbus Francis, family, 230 Mayo, Valentine, 351 Mississippi County, 467, 468 Maysville, Mo., 103, 473 Dogwood Cemetery, 467 Mazola, Paul, 162 ferryboats, 468 Memories of Weston, Missouri: A Visual History— James Bayou Township, 467, 468 1837 to 1992, by Sandra Lewis Miller, 361 Old Ireland Island, 468 Mendota, Mo., 101 railroads, 468 Meramec Station Historical Society, 220 Ward Lumber Company, 468 Meramec Valley Genealogical and Historical Mississippi River Society, 88, 220, 336, 459 ferryboats, railroad, 468 "Merchandising Nature: The H. J. Weber and Island No. 6, 468 Sons Nursery," by Kenneth W. Keller, 307-326 Old Ireland Island, 468 Metcalfe, William K., obit., 110 Missouri Metropolitan Community Church, St. Louis, 348 African Americans, 348 Mexican War, 358-360 architecture, 362 Mexico, U.S. relations with, 48-74 border warfare with Kansas, 271-272 Meyer, J. F, Jr., 171 cholera, 237, 386 504 Index

Civil War, 28-47, 99, 117, 210, 231, 232, Missouri School of Religion, 105, 208-209 233, 235, 236, 237, 238, 240, 241, 290- Missouri State Fair, Sedalia, 234 306, 347, 348, 355-356, 357-358 Missouri State Federation of Labor, 182, 183 exploration of, 1854, 102 Missouri State Guard, 387, 388 floods, 104, 105, 116, 230, 362, 363 Missouri State Nurserymen's Association, 315 food, 117 Missouri State Penitentiary, Jefferson City, 232 frontier, 236 Missouri State Teachers Association, 98, 434, gay rights, 348 436, 437, 438, 442-443 Germans in, 1-16, 119-138, 349, 472 The Missouri Supreme Court: From Dred Scott to grape growing, 135-138 Nancy Cruzan, by Gerald T. Dunne, 113-114 gubernatorial election, 1904, 406-426 Missouri Theater, Columbia, 231 history, 484 Missouri Town-1855, Chevis-Samuel Tavern, 475 Italians in, 239 The Missouri US 66 Tour Book, by C. H. Mormons in, 476 "Skip" Curtis, 485-486 nickname, 347 "Missouri Winter: A Season to Celebrate—and petroglyphs, 237, 354 Survive" (photographs), 184-196 place names, 486 Mitchell, Mabel, 104 pre-World War I preparedness, 1-16 Mitchell, William I., "William Francis English: prohibition, 2 Educator and Civic Activist," 427-446 public education, 237 Moberly, Mo., 411 Slovaks in, 162-165 Hockberger Brewery, 476 Spanish regime, 48-74 Wabash Hospital, 345 state parks, 111-112 Moczek, Julius S., obit., 243 strikes, 1910, 162-183 Moegling, Gary G., 197 Supreme Court, 113-114 Molasses making, Franklin County, 346 Swiss in, 472 Monett, Mo., lynching, 1894, 99 wine and wine industry, 135-138 Moniteau County Historical Society, 89, 336-337 winter (photographs), 184-196 Montgomery County Historical Society, 89, women, 479-480 221,460 Missouri Baptist Convention, 363 Montgomery, Frank, 180 Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, 252, Montgomery, James, 291 268; observatory, 472 Moore, William R., 471 Missouri Constitution, 1945, 427, 440-445 Morgan County, 101 Missouri constitutional convention, 1943-1944, Morgan County Historical Society, 89 439-440 Morgan, Naomi Baird, 351 Missouri Council for the Social Studies, 434, Morgan, Pearl J., obit., 243 435, 442-443 Morison, George, 144, 145, 150, 151, 152, 154 Missouri Division, United Daughters of the Mormons, in Missouri, 476 Confederacy, 209, 242 Morris, Leona S., obit., 109 Missouri Historic Marker Program, 449-450 Morrison, John Organ, 239 Missouri Historical Society, St. Louis, 88, 220- Morrison, Nancy Jane Lough, 105 221,460 Moss Creek Township, Carroll County, 230 Missouri History in Magazines, 102-108, 236- Moss, Edward P., house, Wayne County, 100 242, 347-352, 473-477 Most Holy Rosary Parish, St. Louis, 346 Missouri History in Newspapers, 97-101, 230- '"A Most Unexampled Exhibition of Madness 235, 343-346, 467-472 and Brutality': Judge Lynch in Saline Missouri, Kansas and Texas Railroad stations County, Missouri, 1859," by Thomas G. Boonville, 97 Dyer, 269-289, 367-382 Columbia, 469 Mount Ariel School, Osage County, 239 Missouri National Guard, in Ilasco, 170-183 Mount Pleasant Church, Gasconade County, 231 Missouri Press News (journal), 349 Mount Pleasant School, Ozark County, 105 Missouri River, travel before 1820, 102 Mount Sinai Baptist Church, Christian County, 240 Index 505

Mueller, Jonas, 308 Newton County Muench, Friedrich, 352 house, 475 Mules, 43, 240, 477 jail, 98 Mundy, Mattie, 299 Speakman house, 105 Mundy, Sue, 299 Tipton Ford, 232, 350 Murphy, Dean Gilroy, 349 Newton County Historical Society, 89 Mutual Musicians Foundation, 474 Newtonia, Mo., 475 Myers, Lisa, 198, 203 Nicollet, Joseph N., 252, 266, 267, 268 Nicosia, Tony, 162 N Nixa, Mo., First Baptist Church, 471 Nashville, Mo., 97 Nodaway County Nation, Carry, 240 history, 362 Native Americans, 208 Workman Chapel, 233 Fox, 348 Nodaway County Historical Society, 89 Osage, 242 Noel, Mo. Sauk, 348 Gratz-Price house, 100 Naumann, Jacob, 128, 129 school, 470 Naylor, Mo., 241 Normandy Area Historical Association, 89 Neff Hall, University of Missouri-Columbia, 343 Norris, George W., 431 Neihardt, John G., Corral of the Westerners, North Missouri Railroad, Callaway County, 469 89, 221, 337 Northcutt, Samuel, 180 Neiman, Cal, 104 Northeast Missouri State Teachers College, Neongwah, Mo., 97 Kirksville, 429 Neosho, Mo., 105, 239 Northrup, Frank J., 104 fire engines, 99 Nursery post office, 314 newspapers, 345 Nuttall, Thomas, 263 train wreck, 1914,232 Nyhan Bridge, Butler, 467 Nevada, Mo., 236,246-247; Thornton building, 99 New Bloomfield, Mo., 98 O New Florence, Mo., 409, 411 Oak, Mo., 473 New Franklin, Mo., 467; Hickman house, 102 Oak Grove, Mo., high school, 238 New Haven, Mo., Walt Theater, 345 Oak Ridge, Mo., high school, 230 A New History of Nodaway County, Missouri, O'Fallon Historical Society, 221 1845-1869: Volume II Sesquicentennial O'Hare, Carrie Kathleen "Kate" Richards, 356-357 Edition, by Martha L. Cooper, 362 Ohlhausen family, 351 A New History of Nodaway County, Missouri, Old Academy, Ste. Genevieve, 234 Indian Lands to 1859: Volume I, by Martha Old Crockery Inn, Excelsior Springs, 344 L. Cooper, 362 Old Ireland Island, Mississippi County, 468 New Madrid, Mo., earthquake, 476 Old Trails Historical Society, 89, 221, 337, 460 New Port Presbyterian Church, Franklin Olson, James C, Serving the University of County, 101,232 Missouri: A Memoir of Campus and System Newark, Mo., 429 Administration, 482-483 Newburg, Mo. Olympic games, 1904, St. Louis, 100 cemetery, 106 O'Neill, Rose, 467 flood, 106 Opera house, Fayette, 344 News in Brief, 79-80, 208-210, 329, 451-452 Oran, Mo„ Guardian Angel Parish, 361 Newspapers. See also names of individual Order No. 11, 104, 238, 304-305, 306 newspapers Orphan trains, 241 African-American, 354 Osage County McDonald County, 232 Civil War, 99 Neosho, 345 Germans in, 349 Westport, 238 schools, 105, 239, 350, 475 506 Index

White Stone Inn, 345 Paul Wilhelm, Duke of Wuerttemberg, visit to Osage County Historical Society, 89, 221, 337,460 Boonville, 1851,473 Osages, Bushwhackers, Etc.: Self-guided Historical Pauldingville, Mo., 102 Tours of Vernon County, Missouri, by Patrick Pemiscot County Historical Society, 89, 221, 460 Brophy, 248 Pendergast, Tom, 232, 434, 435 Osborn, Mo., 473 People of the Great Flood of '93, 116 Osteopathic medicine, women in, 484-485 Perche community, Boone County, 468 Otterville, Mo., train robbery, 352 Perry Chapel A.M.E., Charleston, 468 Overby, Osmund, co-auth., St. Louis Union Perry County, 240 Station: A Place for People, A Place for Boehme Store building, 106 Trains, 360-361 Bois Brule Baptist Church, 476 Overland Historical Society, 337, 460 courthouse, 233 Overton house, Lawrence County, 349 fair, 1923, 233 Owen, Sarah Rush Campbell, 352 Farrar house, 100 Ozark Christian College, Joplin, 470 Rock Valley School, 471 Ozark County St. Mary's Church, 233 Buster Mill, 239 Perry County Historical Society, 90, 221, 337,460 Mount Pleasant School, 105 Perry County Lutheran Historical Society, 221, Ozark County Genealogical and Historical 337, 461 Society, 221 Perryville, Mo., 345 Ozark Jubilee, Springfield, 107, 242, 352, 477 Brewer Monument Company, 233 Ozarks, 103, 106, 232, 241, 469, 476 high school, 233 African Americans in, 240 undertaking, 106 Civil War, 28-47, 357-358 Peterson family, 351 cotton rock architecture, 101, 240 Petroglyphs, 354; Cahokia, 237 Great Depression, 240 Pettis County Historical Society, 90, 222, 337,461 Native Americans in, 232 Pharis farm, Clay County, 105 place names, 240 Phelps County, 106 Ozarks Genealogical Society, 242 courthouse, 100 Ozarks Noteworthy Songwriters Association, 242 World War II, 475 Phelps County Historical Society, 222, 461 Phelps, JohnS., 31, 100 Page, Allen, 238 Phelps, Mary Whitney, 477 Pages of Our Past: Adair County, Missouri, 116 Philippine scouts, Louisiana Purchase Palmyra, Mo., 410, 411 Exposition, 1904,474 massacre, 473 Pickering building, Hopkins, 469 tornado, 1945,471 Pictorial Memories of Dade County, Missouri, Panhorst Brothers Store, St. Clair, 471 by Dade County Historical Society, 360 Paris, Tightwad, and Peculiar: Missouri Place Piedmont, Mo. Names, by Margot Ford McMillen, 486 Childress building, 233 Parker, Alton B., 426 Toney's Drug Store, 471 Parker, Bonnie, 100 Pierce, Henry Clay, 471 Parker, Brent, 76 Pike County, 97 Parker Memorial Hospital, University of Pike County Historical Society, 222 Missouri-Columbia, 469 Pike, Zebulon, 61,62, 64 Parker, Theodore, 352 Pikes Peak Ocean to Ocean Highway, 344 Parkville Flood of 1993, 116 Pilot Knob, Mo., 30, 32, 34, 35, 43, 399; Fort Parry, Mary Banks, 202 Davidson, 30 Parsons, L. R., 280 Pineville, Mo., 234; McDonald County Bank, 344 Parsons, Mosby M., 394 Piott, Steven L., "Joseph W. Folk and the 'Missouri Patrick, John, 162 Idea': The 1904 Governor's Race in Missouri," Patterson, Mo., 33, 34 406-426 Index 507

Pitcock, Cynthia DeHaven, co-auth., '"I Acted depot, Ste. Genevieve, 472 From Principle': William Marcellus McPheeters, ferryboats, Mississippi River, 468 Confederate Surgeon," 384^105 Kansas City, 143, 144-147, 153 Platte City, Mo., 100 Lincoln County, 101, 346 Platte County, Glennwood farm, 351 maps, Mississippi County, 468 Platte County Historical and Genealogical Marshall, 345 Society, 90, 222, 337-338, 461 Missouri, Kansas & Texas station, Plattner School, Osage County, 105 Columbia, 469 Plattsburg, Mo., fire, 1895, 471 North Missouri, Callaway County, 469 Pleasant Grove, Mo., 240 Ozarks, 106 Pleasant Hill, Mo., beef cattle industry, 349 passenger service, Jefferson City, 469 Pleasant Hill Historical Society, 222, 338 robbery, Otterville, 1876, 352 Poehlman, John M., obit., 478 Troy and St. Louis, 472 Poeschel, Michael, 137 Wabash Railroad, Boone County, 108; Poeschel, William, 137 station, Columbia, 98 Point Lookout, Mo. Rains, Rob, The St. Louis Cardinals: The 100th College of the Ozarks, 106 Anniversary History, 480-481 School of the Ozarks, 476 Rainwater, Marvin, 477 Polk County, Civil War, 106 Rammelkamp, Julian S., obit., 478 Ponder, Jerry, A History of the 15th Missouri Randolph County, 106, 241 Cavalry Regiment, C.S.A., 1862-1865, 117 Randolph County Historical Society, 338, 461 Portland, Mo., St. Mark's Episcopal Church, 238 Randolph, Thomas (Renault), 166 Post Oak School, Osage County, 105 Randolph, Wythe, 390 Potosi, Mo., 76 Rathbone-Hunt house, Springfield, 352 Potts, Louis W., co-auth., "Frontier Bridge Rauch, Henry P., obit., 243 Building: The Hannibal Bridge at Kansas Ravenswood (house), Cooper County, 98 City, 1867-1869," 139-161 Ray, Charles Edward, 467 Powell Symphony Hall, St. Louis, 472 Ray County Historical Society, 90, 222, 338, 461 Pratt, Alexander R., family, 97 Raymore, Mo., 475 Precious Moments, Carthage, 351 Raymore Historical Society, 222-223, 338 "Prelude to World War I in Missouri," by Raymore Township, Cass County, 475 Lawrence O. Christensen, 1-16 Rayon, Ignacio, 71 Preston, Sanford Jacob, 473 Raytown Historical Society, 90, 223, 338, 461 Price, Sterling, 390, 391, 392, 393, 394, 395, Redings Mill (Shoal Creek), Jasper County, 396, 397, 398, 399 102, 476 Priddy, Bob, Across the Wide Missouri: Volume Reed-Fair house, Springfield, 107 3—More Stories, 484 Reed, James A., 8, 9, 10, 16, 200, 413, 414, Progressivism, 431, 437, 440 415,420,421 Prohibition, 2; Kansas City, 232 Reed, Mabel, obit., 478 Provident Association, St. Louis, 4 Reedy, William Marion, 414, 415, 421, 425 Pryor, R. Roger, 112 Rees, George Nicholas, 240 Pulaski County Museum and Historical Society, 222 "Reflections on Missouri" (exhibit), by John Stoeckley, 204 Reform, Mo., 98 Quantrill, William Clarke, 236, 290, 291, 292, Regenhardt, Edward F, 237 299, 301, 303; raid on Lawrence, 304 Reid, John, 18, 144 Reiger, Nelson A., 75-76 R Reiger, Susan, 75-76 Racetrack, Washington, 101 Reisenleiter, Al, 103 Railroads, 98 Religion, Ripley County, 102 accident, Tipton Ford, 232 Renault, Thomas. See Randolph, Thomas (Renault) Boone County, 108, 242, 468 Rennison, Mary, 241 508 Index

Reno, John, 107 Rucker, F S., 171, 175 Report on a Journey to the Western States of Rugby School of Technology, St. Charles, 476 North America, by Gottfried Duden, 258 Rumbold, F M., 170 Republican Party in Missouri, 1904, 423-426 Runcie, Constance, 474 Reynolds County, Black River, 34, 35 Russell, Bobbie B., obit., 110 Rhynsburger, Donovan, obit., 109 Russell-Whitener Implement Company, Rice-Tremonti house, Kansas City, 348 Charleston, 468 Rich Fountain, Mo., 345 Rutherford, J. F, 363 Rich Hill, Mo., 448; Brush College, 100 Richards, Julia Christina Digges, 105 Richland Cemetery, Vernon County, 473 Sadler, Sue, co-ed., Show Me Missouri Women: Richville, Mo., 238 Selected Biographies, Volume 2, 479-480 Riechers' Truck Body and Equipment Company, St. Aloysius Catholic Church, Baring, 99 Washington, 346 St. Catherine Parish, St. Louis, 346 Riggs Hardware, Kennett, 99 St. Charles, Mo. Riley, James Francis, 477 bridge fire, 1916,241,351,476 Ring, Bill, 477 Rugby School of Technology, 476 Ripley County, 102, 345, 347 Vintage House Restaurant and Wine Civil War, 241 Garden, 241 religion, 102 St. Charles County, 238; World War I, 107 Ripley County Historical Society, 223, 461 St. Charles County Historical Society, 90, 223, Robbins, Leroy, 172, 173, 174 338,461 Roberts, John C, 408 St. Clair, Mo., 233 Roberts, Nell Mills, obit., 478 Airdome and Ozark Theater, 471 Robertson, A. W., Coal Company, Mississippi Buescher, Harry, garage, 471 County, 468 Eggers, William, property, 471 Robidoux, Joseph, 104 Hearst, George, property, 471 Robinson, John, 65, 72, 73 Indian Creek Bridge, 471 Roche Belle Core, Clay County, 475 International Shoe Company, 101, 471 Rocheport, Mo., 241 Lucy, Conn, Saloon and Boarding House, 471 Dimmitt, Benjamin Franklin, house, 343 Panhorst Brothers Store, 471 Schoolhouse Bed and Breakfast, 106 railroad, 471 Thompkins Point, 468 transportation, 471 Rock Valley School, Perry County, 471 St. Clair County Historical Society, 90, 223, Roebling, John A., 140, 154 338,461 Rogers, Ann, 450, 451 St. Elizabeth Parish, St. Louis, 346 Rogersville, Mo., 102 St. Engelbert Parish, St. Louis, 346 Roland, J. O., 168, 170, 176, 178, 179 St. Francis Baptist Temple, St. Joseph, 233 Rolla, Mo., 239; high school, 1954 class St. Francois County Historical Society, 90, 338, reunion, 348 461-462 Roller School District, McDonald County, 469 St. James School, Douglas County, 104 Rollins Field, University of Missouri- St. John, Dale, 343 Columbia, 343 St. John's Evangelical Church, St. Louis, 308 Rollins, James Henry, 354 St. John's Evangelical Lutheran Church, Rollins, James S., Jr., obit., 110 Hermann, 130 Rommel, Jacob, 137 St. John's United Church of Christ, Gasconade Roosevelt, Franklin D., 469, 471 County, 237 Roosevelt, Theodore, 9, 424, 426; visit to St. Joseph, Mo., 100, 142, 345, 350, 412, 471 Missouri, 1907, 103 board of education, 437 Rose Hill Baptist Church, Villa Ridge, 101 churches, 105 Route 66, 485-486 St. Francis Baptist Temple, 233 Routt-Conway house, Springfield, 477 St. Joseph's Parish, Cottleville, 351 Index 509

St. Louis, Mo., 76, 125, 261-268 Vauxhall Gardens (resort), 125 Academy of Science of St. Louis, 252, 268 Veiled Prophet Pageant, 237 architecture, 486 Wainwright Building, 106 baseball, 106, 240, 242, 480-481 Western Academy of Natural Sciences, Bellefontaine Methodist Episcopal Church 265, 266, 268 South, 242 White Haven (house), 232 Benton Place, 349 Wiebusch, August, and Son Printing boodle trials, 1902-1903, 406, 407, 408 Company, 320, 321 Camp Jackson, 387, 388 Wolfner Library for the Blind, 345 Campbell, Robert, house, 209 Wool worth, F. W., store, 345 Central Trades and Labor Union, 178, 181 St. Louis Arsenal, 388 Chain of Rocks Waterworks Park, 237 St. Louis Association of Natural Sciences, 265 cholera epidemic, 1849, 386 St. Louis Blues (hockey team), 100 Civil War, 384, 387, 389 St. Louis Browns (baseball club), 106, 240,480 Daughters of Union Veterans of the Civil War, St. Louis Cardinals (baseball club), 477,480-481 Julia Dent Grant Tent #16, 1861-1865, 210 The St. Louis Cardinals: The 100th Anniversary desegregation, 107 History, by Rob Rains, 480-481 Eads Bridge, 160 St. Louis Conference, Methodist Church, 242 Equal Employment Opportunity Suit, 1966,474 St. Louis County equal rights, 352 Gravois Bank, Affton, 317-318 Famous-Barr, 472 Gravois Settlement, 308-309 Forest Park, 324; bandstand, 104 Hardscrabble (house), 308, 309, 312 gay rights, 348 Larimore, Wilson, house, 472 German-American Alliance, 2 Old Fort Belle Fontaine, 474 Germans in, 309, 351 Weber, H. J., and Sons Nursery, 307-326 Girl Scouts of America, 476 Weber, Henry J. and Christine, house, 312 Glendale house, 348 St. Louis-Hannibal train, Lincoln County, 346 Gravois Farmers' Bank, 317-318 St. Louis Lost: Uncovering The City's Lost Humboldt, Alexander von, statue, Tower Architectural Treasures, by Mary Bartley, 486 Grove Park, 264, 348 St. Louis Medical Society, 385, 386 Jefferson Barracks, 242; Army Air Force St. Louis Tennessee Society, 407 Band, 103, 237 St. Louis Union Station: A Place for People, A Lafayette Square, 349, 474 Place for Trains, by H. Roger Grant, Don Lionberger, Isaac H., house, 349 L. Hofsommer, and Osmund Overby, 360-361 Methodist churches, 242 St. Louis World's Fair, 1904. See Louisiana Metropolitan Community Church, 348 Purchase Exposition Missouri Botanical Garden, 252, 268; St. Mark's Episcopal Church, Portland, 238 observatory, 472 St. Mary Parish, Hawk Point, 233 Most Holy Rosary Parish, 346 St. Mary's Church, Perry County, 233 Olympic games, 1904, 100 St. Michael Parish, Shrewsbury, 234 Powell Symphony Hall, 472 St. Peter's Church, 241 Provident Association, 4 St. Peter's Parish, Kirkwood, 474 riverfront photo, 1856, 233 St. Rita Church, Vinita Park, 100 St. Catherine Parish, 346 St. Vincent Seminary, Springfield, 472 St. Elizabeth Parish, 346 St. Wenceslaus Parish, St. Louis, 346 St. Engelbert Parish, 346 Ste. Genevieve, Mo., 97 St. John's Evangelical Church, 308 flood of 1993, 104 St. Wenceslaus Parish, 346 Old Academy, 234 Stockton, R. H., house, 324 Scherer house, 234 turner societies, 472 train depot, 472 Union Station, 100, 102, 105, 107, 360-361 Valle, Jean Baptiste, house, 234 Vandeventer Place, 233 Ste. Genevieve District, 54, 58, 61 510 Index

Salcedo, Nemesio, 65, 66, 68 Schwartz, George, 180 Saline County, 269-289, 367-382 Schwier, J. F, obit., 110 Saline County Historical Society, 90, 462 Scotland County, Cox School, 345 Saltpeter Cave, Gasconade County, 474 Scott, Clay, 180 Saluda (steamboat), 104 Scott County, Benton Community House, 350 Santa Fe Railroad, Harvey House (restaurants), 242 Scott, Roy, 180 Santa Fe Trail, 242, 358-359, 360 Sedalia, Mo., 103,354 Santa Rosa, Mo., 473 hospitals, 346 Sapp, David P., Wilton, Boone County, Missouri: Missouri State Fair, 234 History and Stories of a River Town, 116-117 Smith, George R., College, inside April Sappington, Charles W., 230 back cover Sappington-Concord Historical Society, 90, suspension bridge, 100 223, 338-339, 462 Selvey, Armenia Crawford, 299, 300 Sappington, John, 103 Seneca, Mo. Saum, Lewis O., '"Solomon Burch's Fighting buildings, 472 Editor': An Early Poem of Eugene Field," 17-27 Wells, Iva, School, 234 Saunders, William, obit., 110 Serving the University of Missouri: A Memoir Saverton, Mo., 98 of Campus and System Administration, by Scheidegger, Francis, 448 James C. Olson, 482-483 Scherer house, Ste. Genevieve, 234 Seventh Kansas Volunteer Cavalry, 292 Schewe, Elenore, 204, 208 The Shack, Columbia, 343 Schifferdecker Park, Joplin, 237 Shackleford, Dorsey W., 10, 13, 14 Schmitt family, 347 Shackleford, James M., 287, 367, 368, 369, Schofield, John M., 30, 305 370,371,372,377,381,383 School of the Ozarks, Point Lookout, 476. See Shady Dell School, Springfield, 242 also College of the Ozarks, Point Lookout Shaffner, Marie N., obit., 478 Schoolcraft, Henry Rowe, journal, 469 Shaler, William, 71, 72, 73 Schoolhouse Bed and Breakfast, Rocheport, 106 Shapiro, Michael Edward, George Caleb Schools Bingham, 114-115 Boone County, first, 468 Shaw, Henry, 268 Cole Camp, 99 Shelby, Joseph O., 347, 400 Columbia, 231 Shelbyville, Mo.,411 curriculum, World War II, 436 Shephard, Maryann, 447 Diamond, 350 Shewmaker, Jack, 477 Douglas County, 104 Shewmaker, Melba, 477 Gasconade County, 237 Shoal Creek (Redings) Mill, Jasper County, Johnson County, 236, 473 102, 476 Kansas City, early, 349 Short Line Railroad, Lincoln County, 101 Kennett, 107 Shoults, Charles, family, 471 Kirkwood, 474 Shoults, Minnie Ely, family, 471 McDonald County, 469, 470 Show Me Missouri Women: Selected Biographies, Oak Grove, 238 Volume 2, edited by Mary K. Dains and Sue Osage County, 239, 350, 475 Sadler, 479-480 Ozark County, 105 Shrader, Dorothy Heckmann, Steamboat Legacy: Perry County, 471 The Life and Times of a Steamboat Family, Seneca, 234 481-482 Springfield, 107,242 Shrewsbury, Mo., St. Michael Parish, 234 Texas County, 240 Sibley, John, 69 Wayne County, 471 Sigel, Franz, 355-356 Schulte family, 345 Silva, Mo., post office, 471 Schurz, Carl, 20 Silver Dollar City, mules, 477 Schuyler County Historical Society, 91 Simmons, Gerald, 242 Index 511

Sincox, Thomas William "Buck," 233 Springfield, Mo., 107, 234, 346, 472 Slater Mill and Elevator Company, Slater, 346 Assemblies of God, 477 Slavens, Bev, 352 Baldwin Opera House, 424 Slavens, Charley, 352 battle of, 38 Slavery, 269-289, 367-382; Little Dixie, 270-271 colleges, 103 Smith, E. Kirby, 395, 396, 397 Davis-Stone-Sweeney house, 242 Smith, Francis Hidalgo, 68 Drury College, 437 Smith-Funk house, Springfield, 477 Duncan-Neff house, 352 Smith, George R., College, Sedalia, inside Evangel College, 107 April back cover Greenwood Sapling, 242, 352, 477 Smith, George Washington, 233 Hartley-Haderlein house, 477 Smith, Hiram "Clark," 233 Hayden-Twibell house, 352 Smith, Hueston M., obit., 478 high school class, 1944, 242 Smith, Jacob H„ 278, 279, 283, 286, 287 history, 472 Smith, John, 56 Horning-Weaver house, 242 Smith, Ophia D., obit., 243 hospitals, 103 Smith, Reuben, 61, 62, 63, 64, 66, 68, 69, 70, 71 King's Way Church, 107 Smith, Robert C, 199 Klingner house, 107 Smith, Solomon S., 302 Landers Theatre, 103 Smith, T.L., 18 library, 103 Smith, Thomas A., 56, 59, 60, 61, 68, 69 McCarty house, 107 Smith, Thomas McClanahan, 68 Ozark Jubilee, 107, 242, 352, 477 Smith, W. A., 170, 175, 176, 177 Rathbone-Hunt house, 352 Smith T, John, 48-74 Reed-Fair house, 107 Smoky Hill Railway and Museum Association, Routt-Conway house, 477 91,223,462 St. Vincent Seminary, 472 Snellen, D., 241 Shady Dell School, 242 '"Solomon Burch's Fighting Editor': An Early Smith-Funk house, 477 Poem of Eugene Field," by Lewis O. Saum, Stokes house, 242 17-27 symphony, 477 Sons and Daughters of the Blue and Gray, 91, Tefft School, 107 223-224, 339, 462 U.S. Medical Center for Federal Prisoners, 477 South Central Missouri Genealogical Society, 350 Stanard, John R., Butler County: A Pictorial Southeast Missouri, 468 History, Volume 11, 248 Southwest Missouri Stanberry, Mo., Normal School, 470 deaths in mines, 470 State Historical Society of Missouri Disciples of Christ, 106 annual meeting, 197-205 Southwest Missouri Protective Association art exhibits, 75-76, 329 Lodges, McDonald County, 469 art reception, 75-76 Spain, U.S. relations with, 48-74 Missouri Historic Marker Program, 449-450 Spalding, Charles, 141, 142 Newspaper Library, 206-207 Sparks, Grace, 107 Reference Library, 77-78 Sparks, Harry, 107 Western Historical Manuscript Collection, Speakman house, Newton County, 105 327-328 Spence, Mary Lee, co-ed., The Letters of Jessie State Police Memorial, 99 Benton Fremont, 112-113 Statues Spence, Robert H., 107 Humboldt, Alexander von, Tower Grove Spielman, H. Russell, obit., 110 Park, St. Louis, 264, 348 Spitzmiller, Walter John, 239 Washington, George, 98 Spostu, Almaine, 171 Steamboat Legacy: The Life and Times of a Spostu, Nicola, 171 Steamboat Family, by Dorothy Heckmann Spring Hill, Mo., community center, 231 Shrader, 481-482 512 Index

Steamboats Sunderlik, Mary Roziak, 165 Arabia, 350 Swanson, Estus, obit., 478 Cary Bird, 468 Sweden Community Church No. 5, Douglas Flying Eagle, 97 County, 238 Gipsey, 151 Switzler, William F, 18, 19 Saluda, 104 Sultana, 104 Steele, Andrew, 54 Taft, William H., 203 Steele, Frederick, 30, 31, 393, 395, 396, 397, 398 Tamm, Charles, 350 Steele, Phillip W., co-auth., Civil War in the Tate family, 231,343 Ozarks, 357-358 Taum Sauk Mountain, Lookout Fire Tower, 344 Steffens, Lincoln, 407, 411 Taylor, Henry, 105 Stephens, Mo., 98 Teaford, Jon C, Cities of the Heartland: The Stephens College, Columbia, athletics, 468 Rise and Fall of the Industrial Midwest, 244 Steury, Lillie, 477 Teague, Margaret W., obit., 478 Stevens, Alois, 234 Teel, Bonnie, 448 Stevens, Linda Walker, "The Making of a Tefft School, Springfield, 107 Superior Immigrant: George Husmann, 1837- Terminal Railroad Association of St. Louis, 352 1854," 119-138 Terrapin Neck, Boone County, 343 Steward, Dick, "John Smith T and the Way West: Teubner, Carl (Charles), 135, 136 Filibustering and Expansion on the Missouri Teubner, Josephine Husmann, 135, 136, 138 Frontier," 48-74 Texas County Missouri Genealogical and Stewart, Joe, 235 Historical Society, 91, 224, 339, 462 Stewart Printers, Brunswick, 230 Texas County, schools, 240 Stewartsville, Mo., 473; bank robbery, 102 Thayer, Nathaniel, 143 Still, Andrew Taylor, 484-485 Thilenius, Jesse, obit., 353 Stockton, Mo., "cotton rock" memorial building, 101 Thirty-third Illinois Infantry, 35, 42, 46 Stockton, R. H., house, St. Louis, 324 "This War is Managed Mighty Strange': The Stoddard, Amos, 50 Army of Southeastern Missouri, 1862- Stoddard County, 345 1863," by John F. Bradbury, Jr., 28-47 Stoeckley, John, 204 Thomas building, Kansas City, 303 Stokes house, Springfield, 242 Thomas, Elvira, 296 Stone County Historical Society, 91, 224, 339,462 Thomas, John P., 296 Stone, William J., 4, 8, 9, 11, 12,13, 14, 16 Thomas, Robert S., 296, 302 Stouts Fort, Lincoln County, 475 Thomasson, Robert E., 236 Strader, Lee, grocery store, Charleston, 468 Thompkins Point, Rocheport, 468 Strait, Richard H., obit., 243 Thompson, Dorothy B., obit., 243 Street family, 97 Thompson, M. Jeff, 34, 37, 102 Strickland, Arvarh E., 208 Thornton building, Nevada, 99 Strikes, Ilasco, 162-183 Three Hundred Years: Historical Highlights of Strollway Center, Columbia, 98 Nevada and Vernon County, Missouri, by Strong, Henry P., 33, 45, 46 Patrick Brophy, 246-247 Strother, John P., 285, 286 Tipton, Mo., 101 Stull, Gary, 240 Tipton Ford, Newton County, 232, 350 Sturges, Mo., 104,238,348 Toad Holler, Workman Chapel, Nodaway Sullivan County Historical Society, 462 County, 233 Sullivan, James H., obit., 110 Tomlinson, Joseph, 158 Sulphur Springs, Mo., 231 Toney's Drug Store, Piedmont, 471 Sultana (steamboat), 104 Tools, pioneer, 469 Summers Cemetery, Vernon County, 236 Toonerville, St. Charles County, 236 Sunderlik, John, 162, 165 Tornado, Palmyra, 1945, 471 Sunderlik, Mary, 165 Touhill, Blanche M., 199 Index 513

Touhill, Joseph, 201,204 history department, 439 Trails Washington, George, statue, 98 Chihuahua, 358-359 Western Historical Manuscript Collection, Santa Fe, 358-359, 360 327-328 Trails Inn House, Lincoln County, 101 University of Missouri-Columbia, 76 Treat, Samuel, 351 Ellis Library, 469 Trefts, Charles, Photograph Collection, 184, Fortnightly Club, Virginia Botts Genealogy 185,186, 187, 196 Group, 448 Treiman, Israel, obit., 478 Jefferson, Thomas, monument, 433 Troy, Mo. law building, 98, 231 Civil War blockhouse, 472 Neff Hall, 343 Main Street, 472 Parker Memorial Hospital, 469 Troy and St. Louis Railroad, 472 Rollins Field, 343 Truman, Bess, 470 Western Historical Manuscript Collection, 427 Truman, Harry S., 97, 232, 240, 241, 467, 468, Upton, Lucile Morris, 352 469, 470; women in administration, 108 Truman, Harry S, Independence 76 Fire Company, 91,224,339,462; Old Engine No. 1,104 Valle, Jean Baptiste, house, Ste. Genevieve, 234 Tucker, Avis G., 197,202 Van Buren, Mo., 36, 37; Log Cabin Museum, 240 Tucker, Hilary, 236 Van Horn, Robert T, 141, 142,144,145, 146,147 Turner societies, St. Louis, 472 Van Horn's Tavern, Columbia, 231 Turney Historical Society, 462 Van Petten, E. J., obit., 110 Twain, Mark, 237, 472 Van Petten, Kristine S., obit., 478 Twain, Mark, Bridge, Hannibal, 472 Vandeventer Place, St. Louis, 233 Twenty-fourth Missouri Volunteer Infantry, 102 Vandever, Susan Crawford, 299, 300 Twenty-seyenth Illinois Volunteer Infantry, 236 Vandiver, W. D., 418 Twyman, Francis Fristoe, 474 VanGilder, Marvin, 97 Tyrrell, Frank G., 419 Varsity Theater, Columbia, 343 Vauxhall Gardens (resort), St. Louis, 125 U Veiled Prophet Pageant, St. Louis, 237 U.S. Army Venditti, Angelo, 175 Corps of Engineers Vera Cruz Freewill Baptist Church, Douglas Gasconade boatyard, 473 County, 238 Kansas City District, 348 Vernacular Architecture in Rural Small Town of Southeastern Missouri, 28-47 Missouri: An Introduction, by Howard preparedness, World War I, 8 Wight Marshall, 362 U.S. Civilian Conservation Corps, 104, 240 Vernon County, 236, 246-247, 248, 304 U.S. Medical Center for Federal Prisoners, fair, 102 Springfield, 477 Hackleberry Cemetery, 102 U.S. Works Progress Administration, 240 Richland Cemetery, 473 Union Hotel, Kansas City, 295 Summers Cemetery, 236 Union Star, Mo., 473 Vernon County Historical Society, 91, 224, Union Station, Kansas City, 97, 108, 232, 350 339,462 Union Station, St. Louis, 100, 102, 105, 107, Vernon, Elizabeth, family, 98 360-361 Vernon, Jeremiah, family, 98 United Daughters of the Confederacy, Missouri Victor School, Osage County, 105 Division, 209, 242 Victory Baptist Church, Hickory County, 98 University City, Mo., Maryland Terrace, 238 Victory Highway, 351 University of Missouri, 437 Vigilantism, 369, 370, 372, 377, 379, 381, 383 adminstration, 1969-1984,482-483 Villa Ridge, Mo., Rose Hill Baptist Church, 101 College of Agriculture, 468 Vincent, Charles H., 302 desegregation, 354 Vinita Park, Mo., St. Rita Church, 100 514 Index

Vintage House Restaurant and Wine Garden, Moss, Edward P., house, 100 St. Charles, 241 Wappapello Dam, 233 Virdon, Bill, 477 Wayne Academy, 100 Viticulture, 135-138 Wilson, George, house, 233 Volmert, Elizabeth Buechter, family, 234 Wayne County Historical Society, 339, 463 Volmert, John, family, 234 Waynesville, Mo., stagecoach stop, 101 Vorst, Joseph, 204, 208 Weapons, pioneer, 469 Voss Saloon, Bonnots Mill, 344 Wear, Taz, 238 Weatherby, Mo., 473 W Weaver, Charles T, 176, 178 Wabash Hospital, Moberly, 345 Weaver, Matilda Campbell, 477 Wabash Railroad, Boone County, 108; station, Webb City, Mo., 472; Bruner's Pharmacy, 101 Columbia, 98 Webb, Joe, 467, 468 Waddell, J. A. L., 153, 159 Webber, Joseph, 198, 200, 202, 448 Wade, Ronny, 107 Weber, Anna Margarethe, 311 Wagner, Margaret J., obit., 243 Weber, Anna Margarethe Mueller, 308, 310, 311 Wainwright Building, St. Louis, 106 Weber, Carl Christian, 308-311 Wainwright community, Callaway County, 469 Weber, Emelia Christine Sutter, 310, 311, 312, Wakenda, Mo., 230 325, 326 Walbridge, Cyrus P., 423, 424, 425, 426 Weber, Frank A., 311, 314, 315, 317, 318, 325 Waldo, Mo., 100 Weber, George, 311 Walley, Irvin, 297 Weber, H. J., and Sons Nursery, St. Louis Walnut Grove, Mo., 240 County, 307-326 Walt Theater, New Haven, 345 Weber, Henry J., 307-326 Walter, Georgia Warner, Women and Weber, Henry J. and Christine, house, St. Louis Osteopathic Medicine: Historical County, 312 Perspectives, 484-485 Weber, John G., 313,314 Walthall, David B., Jr., obit., 110 Weber, Jonas Heinrich. See Weber, Henry J. Walther, C. F W., 237 Weber, Walter T, 311,320 Wannenmacher, Philip, 352 Weber, William Arthur, 311, 315, 317, 318 Wappapello Dam, Wayne County, 233 Webster County, Love Ridge farm, 100 Ward, C. M., 477 Webster Groves Historical Society, 92, 463 Ward Lumber Company, Mississippi County, 468 Wells, Iva, School, Seneca, 234 Waring, George E., Jr., 31, 39, 40, 42 Wentworth, Mo., 105, 236 Warren County Historical Society, 91, 224 Wentzville Community Historical Society, 463 Warrenton, Mo., Central Wesleyan College, Wescott, Robert, 54 inside July back cover Wesselhoeft, Carl, 125 Warsaw, Mo., 346 Wesselhoeft, Johann Georg, 120, 121, 123 Washington, Mo., 101 Wesselhoeft, William, 138 ferryboats, 239 West Kansas City Land Company, 146 racetrack, 101 West Plains, Mo., 38,41,42 Riechers' Truck Body and Equipment Western Academy of Natural Sciences, St. Company, 346 Louis, 265, 266, 268 Washington County, 105 "Western America: Landscapes and Indians" Washington, George, statue, 98 (exhibit), 75-76 Washington Historical Society, 91-92, 224, Western Historical Manuscript Collection, 327- 339, 462 328, 427, 434, 439, 440, 441, 446, 448 Waters, Henry J., Ill, 198 Western Orphan Asylum and Educational Wayne Academy, Wayne County, 100 Institute, Warrenton, inside July back cover Wayne County Westminster College, Fulton, 231,437; football, 469 Greenville School, 471 Weston, Mo., 346, 361 log cabin, 100 Weston Historical Museum, 224, 339, 463 Index 515

Weston, William, 349 Women Westphalia Historical Society, 92, 463 African-American, 237, 349, 475 Westphalian Heritage Society, Inc., 225, 463 Columbia, 469 Westport, Mo. equal rights, 352 battle of, 210, 474 Harvey Girls, 242 Harris House Hotel, 474 in Civil War, 290-306, 402 newspapers, 238 in osteopathic medicine, 484-485 Westport Historical Society, 225, 339, 463 in Truman administration, 108 Westward expansion, 48-74, 102 Missouri, 479-480 White Haven (house), St. Louis, 232 World War II, 209 White, James M., 280, 281 Women and Osteopathic Medicine: Historical White, John R., 374 Perspectives, by Georgia Warner Walter, White River Railway, 106 484-485 White River Valley Historical Society, 92,225,463 Woodson, Silas, 104 White Stone Inn, Osage County, 345 Woolworth, F W., store, St. Louis, 345 White, Thomas, 476 Wooten, Thomas D., 392, 393, 394, 403 White, William Allen, 422, 424 Workman Chapel, Nodaway County, 233 Wiebusch, August, and Son Printing Company, World War I St. Louis, 320-321 Fredericktown, veterans, 469 Wild Moss Mill, Carroll County, 230 prewar support by Missourians, 1-16 Wilder, Laura Ingalls, 245 World War II Wilkinson, James, 50-54, 56-61, 64 Callaway County, 439 "William Francis English: Educator and Civic Douglas County, 351 Activist," by William I. Mitchell, 427-446 Phelps County, 475 William Jewell College, Liberty, 102 planes, Confederate Air Force, 241 William Woods University, Fulton, 231 school curriculum, 436 Williams, Ed Forrest, 107 soldiers from Miller County, 98 Williams, John, 107, 475 women in, 209 Williams, Mary Beth, 107 Wright County Historical Society, 92, 339, 463 Williams, Preston, 107 Wutherich, Matthias, 138 Williamsburg, Mo., 98 Willis Brothers, 107 Wilson, A. K. "Brack," 467 Yancey, J. F, 369, 370,371 Wilson, George, house, Wayne County, 233 Yankee Dutchman: The Life of Franz Sigel, by Wilson, James, 235 Stephen D. Engle, 355-356 Wilson, Pearl Redmon, 467 Young, Virginia G., 198 Wilson, Thomas D., 203 Younger, Coleman, 297, 299 Wilson, Woodrow, 2, 3, 6, 9, 10, 13, 14, 16; in Younger, Henry, 297 Kansas City, 1916,6,7 Youngers, Mo., 98 Wilson's Creek National Battlefield Foundation, 329 Wilton, Boone County, Missouri: History and Stories of a River Town, by David P. Sapp, Zevely, Lebbeus, 476 116-117 Zimmerman, Fred, 180 Wine and wine industry, 135-138 Zimmermann, Alfred, 14, 15 Winfield, Mo., fire department, 472 Zupan, Tom, 162 Winona Historical and Genealogical Society, 92,225 Winston, Mo., James gang robbery, 107 Winston Historical Society, 92, 225, 339 Winter (photographs), 184-196 Wiser Chapel, Oregon County, 348 Wittenberg, Mo., 106, 240, 476 Wolfner Library for the Blind, St. Louis, 345

MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

Published Quarterly by

THE STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF MISSOURI

COLUMBIA, MISSOURI

Copyright ® 1995 by The State Historical Society of Missouri 1020 Lowry Street, Columbia, Missouri 65201

JAMES W. GOODRICH EDITOR

LYNN WOLF GENTZLER ASSOCIATE EDITOR

CHRISTINE MONTGOMERY VOLUME LXXXIX RESEARCH ASSISTANT OCTOBER, 1994- ANN L. ROGERS RESEARCH ASSISTANT JULY, 1995 CONTRIBUTORS

VOLUME LXXXIX, NOS. 1, 2, 3, AND 4

ANDREWS, GREGG, associate professor, Southwest Texas State University, San Marcos.

BRADBURY, JOHN R, JR., senior manuscript specialist, University of Missouri- Rolla.

CHRISTENSEN, LAWRENCE O., professor, University of Missouri-Rolla.

DYER, THOMAS G., professor, University of Georgia, Athens.

GURLEY, BILL J., associate professor, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock.

HARRIS, CHARLES P., attorney, Wichita, Kansas.

HAUCK, GEORGE R W., professor, University of Missouri-Kansas City.

KELLER, KENNETH W., professor, Mary Baldwin College, Staunton, Virginia.

LONG, MICHAEL, adjunct instructor, Webster University, St. Louis.

MITCHELL, WILLIAM I., assistant professor, State University of New York College, Buffalo.

PIOTT, STEVEN L., professor, Clarion University of Pennsylvania, Clarion.

PITCOCK, CYNTHIA DEHAVEN, adjunct assistant professor, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock.

POTTS, LOUIS W., associate professor, University of Missouri-Kansas City.

SAUM, LEWIS O., professor, University of Washington, Seattle.

STEVENS, LINDA WALKER, writer and viniculture historian, Hermann.

STEWARD, DICK, professor, Lincoln University, Jefferson City. CONTENTS

VOLUME LXXXIX, NOS. 1, 2, 3, AND 4

CATALYST FOR TERROR: THE COLLAPSE OF THE WOMEN'S PRISON IN KANSAS CITY. By Charles F. Harris 290

PRONTIER BRIDGE BUILDING: THE HANNIBAL BRIDGE AT KANSAS CITY, 1867-1869. By Louis W Potts and George F W Hauck 139

GEORGE ENGELMANN AND THE LURE OF PRONTIER SCIENCE. By Michael Long 251

"I ACTED PROM PRINCIPLE": WILLIAM MARCELLUS MCPHEETERS, CONFEDERATE SURGEON. By Cynthia DeHaven Pitcock and Bill J. Gurley 384

IMMIGRANT CEMENT WORKERS: THE STRIKE OF 1910 IN ILASCO, MISSOURI. By Gregg Andrews 162

JOHN SMITH T AND THE WAY WEST: PILIBUSTERING AND EXPANSION ON THE MISSOURI FRONTIER. By Dick Steward 48

JOSEPH W. FOLK AND THE "MISSOURI IDEA": THE 1904 GOVERNOR'S RACE IN MISSOURI. By Steven L. Piott 406

THE MAKING OF A SUPERIOR IMMIGRANT: GEORGE HUSMANN, 1837-1854. By Linda Walker Stevens 119

MERCHANDISING NATURE: THE H. J. WEBER AND SONS NURSERY. By Kenneth W. Keller 307

MISSOURI WINTER: A SEASON TO CELEBRATE—AND SURVIVE 184

"A MOST UNEXAMPLED EXHIBITION OF MADNESS AND BRUTALITY": JUDGE LYNCH IN SALINE COUNTY, MISSOURI, 1859. PARTS 1 AND 2. By Thomas G. Dyer 269, 367

PRELUDE TO WORLD WAR I IN MISSOURI. By Lawrence O. Christensen 1

"SOLOMON BURCH'S FIGHTING EDITOR": AN EARLY POEM OF EUGENE FIELD. By Lewis O. Saum 17

"THIS WAR IS MANAGED MIGHTY STRANGE": THE ARMY OF SOUTHEASTERN MISSOURI, 1862-1863. By John F. Bradbury, Jr. 28

WILLIAM FRANCIS ENGLISH: EDUCATOR AND CIVIC ACTIVIST. By William I. Mitchell 427

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The Western Orphan Asylum and Educational Institute, which opened in Warrenton, Missouri, in 1864 had its antecedents in a college established by German and English Methodists in Quincy, Illinois, a decade earlier. Although that institution failed, German Methodist leaders remained committed to providing an education for the children of German immigrants and to training ministers to lead German-speaking congregations. The large number of orphans left by Civil War soldiers among their congregations necessitated the establishment of an orphanage. In 1869 the institution's name was changed to Central Wesleyan College and Orphan Asylum, and one board governed both departments until 1884 when the two were legally separated. For several years the college maintained primary and preparatory departments as well as higher education courses. From its beginning, it was nonsectarian and coeducational; both German and English were used in instruction and in publications. By the 1880s the college offered a four-year preparatory department, curriculums leading to the A.B. and B.S. degrees, a normal school, and commercial and music departments. When Central Wesleyan celebrated its Golden Jubilee in 1914, over three hundred students were enrolled from ten states and three foreign countries. Jubilee literature noted that the college had seven hundred graduates and over ten thousand "old students." Like many German-American institutions, Central Wesleyan suffered as a result of World War I. The college ceased printing its catalogues and other publications in German and emphasized the num­ bers of its students and alumni who served in the war effort. The changing educational climate, increased pressure by accreditation agencies, the demise of the German Methodist Episcopal confer­ ences, and financial problems tried Central Wesleyan during the 1920s. In 1930 it was forced to change from a four-year program to a junior college curriculum. Financial problems exacerbated by the depression continued throughout the 1930s. By the end of the decade, the school was the sole Methodist Episcopal higher educational institution in Arkansas and Missouri. Fiscal pressures and changing times forced the closure of Central Wesleyan; sixteen students comprised the final graduating class in May 1941. In late summer the executive board announced that the school would not reopen as planned on September 15.