2013 Invasive Species & Native Arthropod Monitoring Report

Includes Results for Alien Arthropods and Wēkiu bug Monitoring, Early Detection, Prevention, Rapid Response, & Control

OFFICE OF MAUNA KEA MANAGEMENT

Prepared By: Jessica Kirkpatrick, Fritz Klasner May 21st, 2015

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Table of Contents EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ...... 5 PREVENTION ...... 6 Inspections ...... 6 Study Area ...... 6 Methods ...... 6 Results and Discussion ...... 6 2013 Invasive Species Inspections ...... 7 EARLY DETECTION ...... 8 Facility Surveys ...... 8 Study Area ...... 8 Methods ...... 8 Results & Discussion ...... 8 Mauna Kea Science Reserve Facilities ...... 9 Halepōhaku Facilities ...... 9 Capture Abundance by Facility ...... 11 TMT Facility Compliance ...... 11 Conclusion ...... 12 Historic Property Surveys ...... 12 Study Area ...... 12 Methods ...... 12 Results & Discussion ...... 12 Arthropods Observed at Archaeological Sites...... 12 Vegetation Observed at Archaeological Sites ...... 13 Annual Alien Arthropod Surveys ...... 13 Introduction ...... 13 Study Area ...... 13 Methods ...... 14 Results & Discussion ...... 15 2013 Alien Arthropod List by Trap Type & Location ...... 16 2013 Vegetation at Alien Arthropod Trap Sites ...... 20 TMT Compliance Survey Results ...... 20

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TMT Compliance Site Vegetation (includes HP)* ...... 21 2013 Capture Abundance by Order ...... 22 2013 Capture Percentage by Trap Type ...... 22 2013 Arthropod Nativity By Locality ...... 23 Conclusion ...... 23 Early Detection of Vertebrates ...... 24 Introduction ...... 24 Study Area ...... 24 Methods ...... 24 Results ...... 24 MONITORING ...... 25 Annual Wēkiu Bug Surveys ...... 25 Introduction ...... 25 Study Area ...... 25 Methods ...... 25 Results and Discussion ...... 26 2013 Wēkiu bug Captures by location ...... 26 Analysis ...... 27 Pu’uhaukea Wēkiu bug Capture History ...... 27 Wēkiu bug Capture History- All trap locations ...... 27 Conclusion ...... 27 Honey Bee Monitoring ...... 28 Introduction ...... 28 Study Site ...... 28 Methods ...... 28 Results and Discussion ...... 28 Vertebrate Monitoring ...... 28 Introduction ...... 28 Study Site ...... 28 Methods ...... 29 Results and Discussion ...... 29 2013 Incidental Vertebrate Reporting ...... 30

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RAPID RESPONSE ...... 31 Case 1: Trechus obtusus ...... 31 Management Recommendations ...... 31 Case 2: Pheidole megacephala ...... 31 Management Recommendations ...... 31 Case 3: Cardiocondyla kagutsuchi ...... 32 Management Recommendations ...... 32 CONTROL ...... 33 Vegetation Control ...... 33 Introduction ...... 33 Study Area ...... 33 Methods ...... 33 Results and Discussion ...... 34 Invasive Weed Species Pulled by Volunteers ...... 34 Invasive Weed Species Pulled by Maunakea Rangers ...... 34 Conclusion ...... 35 Arthropod Control ...... 36 Introduction ...... 36 Pheidole megacephala ...... 36 Cardiocondyla kagutsuchi ...... 36 Acknowledgements ...... 37 REFERENCES ...... 38 APPENDICES ...... 39 Annual Survey Locations ...... 41 2013 Annual Alien Arthropod & Wēkiu bug Trap Locations* ...... 52 2013 Wēkiu Bug Capture Data ...... 55 Wēkiu Bug Abundance ...... 57 Wēkiu Bug Capture Per Trap Day ...... 59 Arthropods Captured in 2013 Annual Survey...... 65

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The Office of Mauna Kea Management (OMKM) manages State of Hawai‘i owned lands leased to the University of Hawai'i (UH) on Maunakea, Hawai'i. Management areas include the Mauna Kea Science Reserve (MKSR), mid-level facilities at Halepōhaku (HP), and the Summit Access Road Corridor encompassing a total of 11,288 acres. The Comprehensive Management Plan (CMP) is the guiding management document and provides management framework for UH to address measures to protect the cultural, natural, and scientific resources on UH managed lands. The Natural Resources Management Plan (NRMP) is a sub-plan of the CMP and addresses natural resources on UH managed lands. The NRMP requires an Invasive Species Management Program/plan to prevent the establishment of new invasive species and control and monitor established invasive species. The Invasive Species Management Plan (ISMP) was approved in early 2015. The work done in calendar year 2013, as described in this report, reflects initial program plans and procedures which are incorporated in the approved plan. See the ISMP for a definition of ‘threats’ as identified throughout this report. The organization of this report documents invasive species actions (including native species monitoring) in calendar year 2013, and is organized similar to the ISMP.

Sections in this report include Prevention, Early Detection, Monitoring, Rapid Response, and Control. During the 2013 year over 28 inspections were conducted, early detection of plants and arthropods were surveyed at 140 different sites (capturing over 5,700 arthropods, 4,900 of which were wēkiu bugs that were captured and released), over 300 facility traps were placed and retrieved, and rapid response and control procedures for a newly detected ant species were implemented.

NOTE

The Thirty Meter Telescope (TMT) Conservation District Use Permit (CDUP) requires monitoring of invasive species at the TMT site, its access way, the Batch Plant parking lot, and Halepōhaku locations (locations where TMT activity occurs). TMT contracted the Big Island Invasive Species Committee (BIISC) to prevent and monitor invasive species at TMT activity locations. As specified in the CDUP, monitoring efforts are conducted regularly at TMT activity locations and mirror OMKM’s prevention and monitoring methods. BIISC/ TMT CDUP compliance efforts are included in this report but in most cases are displayed as separate tables.

This report documents implementation of protocols that were not finalized and approved as of 2013 and that are (or were) still under development. Some of these methods may have changed during the course of the year. Future year report content and organization will be updated to reflect the entirety of approved ISMP content and organization. Wēkiu bug and alien arthropod monitoring portions are a continuation of work done previously by the Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum.

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PREVENTION Preventative measures are the first line of defense for invasive species management on Maunakea. The prevention procedures for plants and arthropods are based on a comprehensive effort to identify and analyze the risk associated with potential invasion pathways. Management actions include inspection requirements, strict sanitation procedures for contractors and staff, and early detection surveys (See Early Detection section below) throughout UH Managed Lands. The main purpose of inspections is to reduce the risk of introducing new invasive species on Maunakea. This section documents all inspections conducted by OMKM (for all facilities except TMT) and BIISC (TMT inspections) staff. Pre-inspection sanitation procedures are found in the Maunakea Invasive Species Management Plan (ISMP). Rapid response plans described later in this report ensure that new invasive species are treated swiftly and appropriately, anywhere they are found.

Inspections Study Area Most inspections occurred in Hilo at facility base yards and warehouses. Some of the items that were inspected included snorkel booms, scissor lifts, low boy trailers, semi-trucks, wooden crates, vents, chiller units, and lumber.

Methods Inspections are conducted to ensure that the delivery, materials, supplies, and or vehicle(s) are clean and free of animal (including arthropods), plant, and earthen materials. Inspections are done by observation and in some cases involve baiting. If the inspection item is on a pallet, the lower corners of the pallet are observed, if the item is in a crate of some sort, the crate is opened and observed inside including corners and crevices. Vehicles, machinery, and equipment are inspected in usual dirt collecting areas such as wheel wells, tires, the grill, mudflaps, and around the outside of the vehicle.

Bait is used when delivery item(s) are stored outdoors for more than a week. Peanut Butter, Jelly, and Spam on index cards are left out for at least 20 minutes and observed for arthropod activity.

Results and Discussion A total of 28 inspections were conducted by OMKM staff plus 19 inspections conducted by BIISC staff, both with staff approved as Biological Inspectors by the Department of Land and Natural Resources (DLNR).

Below is a table that shows inspections conducted from August 2013 through December 2013 for each facility. Remediation actions were taken for inspections that were not initially approved. Some facilities did not require inspections this year. All inspections that required remediation took corrective action, and passed subsequent inspection.

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2013 Invasive Species Inspections Facility Majority of Number of Number of Inspection locations Inspections Remediation’s MKSS Hilo 5 1 Gemini Hilo 4 1 IRTF Hilo & Saddle Junction 2 1 CFHT Saddle Junction 11 0 Keck Hilo & Saddle Junction 2 1 Subaru Hilo 3 0 SMA None 0 0 CSO None 0 0 JCMT None 0 0 UKIRT None 0 0 UH88 None 0 0 UH24 None 0 0 VLBA None 0 0 TMT Hilo 14 5 TMT Hilo & Saddle Junction 5 0

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EARLY DETECTION An early detection system provides the opportunity to prevent establishment of new invasive species on UH managed lands, whether they are new to the mountain or encroaching from lower elevations. In the case of species new to the island, early detection and rapid response efforts may also prevent UH Managed Lands from becoming the source of an invasive species moving outward to adjacent lands. The goals of the early detection program are to detect new invasive species before they become established on UH managed lands, and to prioritize new invasive species for control. In 2013, early detection efforts emphasize the following taxonomic groups: arthropods, plants, and vertebrates. In future years we anticipate these efforts will expand into other taxa and intensify within existing taxa. Early Detection surveys are divided into 3 main sections: Facility Surveys, Historic Property Surveys, and (Annual) Alien Arthropod Surveys.

Facility Surveys Study Area Facility traps were placed in all facilities on UH managed lands. In the Mauna Kea Science Reserve (MKSR) traps were placed in all 12 telescope facilities, as well as the Summit lunch room, Batch Plant parking lot, and the TMT site. At Halepōhaku (HP) traps were placed in the HP Common Area, Kitchen, Dorms, Maintenance building, the parking lot, the Visitor Information Station (VIS), Ranger station, and VIS storage warehouse/ presentation room.

Methods The main purpose of facility trap surveys are to detect new arthropod species in or around facilities, our main concern being ants and other predatory species. Identifications were made of all arthropod species collected during the 2013 year, and were identified to the lowest possible taxonomic unit necessary to determine if the species was a threat.

Halfway through the year, we experimented with outside facility traps and started conducting perimeter searches. Facility monitoring now includes inside and outside traps, and a facility walk- around with weed pull. Ants are closely associated with invasive plants, so removal of invasive plants is often an effective way to detect ants.

HoyHoy cockroach traps were cut in half and baited with spam (protein), Jam (carbohydrate), and Peanut Butter (lipid). Baited traps were placed in areas such as lounge rooms, loading bay doors, near dumpsters, trash or recycle bins, parking lots, and any other areas with human activity and food. Outside traps were placed outside facilities level with the substrate and a plastic container placed over the trap for weather protection. Six facility traps in the common and kitchen area at HP were left out throughout the year and replaced monthly, while all other HP and MKSR facility traps (63 traps total) were placed quarterly, and retrieved within a week.

Results & Discussion Only inside facility trap data is displayed below (outside traps were a test run, therefore data is incomplete). The 2014 report will include both inside and outside facility traps. Facility surveys ran from January - December 2013, with over 300 traps placed and retrieved, and 223 individuals captured in 9 taxonomic orders. One new threat, Beaus latrodectus a wasp introduced as a bio-

2013 Invasive Species & Native Arthropod Monitoring Report Page 8 of 66 Office of Mauna Kea Management control for brown and black widow spiders and likely present on-site for decades, was identified during a BIISC survey (TMT compliance) at the TMT site. Below is a list of arthropods captured in the Mauna Kea Science Reserve, Halepōhaku, and TMT facilities.

Arthropod threats, as defined in the Maunakea Invasive Species Management Plan, are identified in bold font. New species records1 are shaded. Species that are both threats and new records are shaded with bold font. Nativity can either be non-native, native, or non-native & native within the lowest identified taxonomic group.

Mauna Kea Science Reserve Facilities Order Family Genus & Species Nativity Araneae Clubionidae Unknown Non-Native Araneae Lycosidae Lycosa hawaiiensis Native Diptera Suborder: Brachycera Unknown Non-Native & Native Diptera Calliphoridae Unknown Non-Native & Native Diptera Cecidomyiidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Diptera Fanniidae Fannia spp. Non-Native Diptera Phoridae Unknown Non-Native & Native Diptera Sciaridae Unknown Non-Native & Native Diptera Muscidae Haematobia irritans Non-Native Diptera Muscidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Diptera Sepsidae Unknown Non-Native Hemiptera Lygaeidae Nysius palor Non-Native Hemiptera Lygaeidae Nysius wekiuicola Native Hemiptera Lygaeidae Geocoris pallens Non-Native Hemiptera Rhopalidae Unknown Unknown Hymenoptera Braconidae Unknown Unknown Hymenoptera Ichneumonidae Unknown Unknown Lepidoptera Geometridae Scotorythra paludicola Native Psocoptera Psocidae Unknown Unknown

Halepōhaku Facilities Order Family Genus & Species Nativity Acari Unknown Unknown Unknown Araneae Clubionidae Unknown Non-Native Araneae Gnaphosidae Unknown Non-Native Araneae Salticidae Unknown Non-Native Blattodea Blattellidae Blattella germanica Non-Native Diptera Drosophilidae Unknown Unknown Diptera Calliphoridae Unknown Non-Native Diptera Sciaridae Unknown Unknown Diptera Phoridae Unknown Non-Native Diptera Psychodidae Unknown Unknown Coleoptera Anobiidae Unknown Non-Native Coleoptera Carabidae Trechus obtusus Non-Native Collembola Unknown Unknown Unknown Hemiptera Aphididae Unknown Unknown

1 New records to the Management Area

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Hemiptera Lygaeidae Nysius palor Non-Native Lepidoptera Noctuidae Unknown Native Lepidoptera Noctuidae Agrostis spp. Native Lepidoptera Tineidae Unknown Non-Native Psocoptera Psocidae Unknown Unknown

Facility Capture By Order The pie chart below shows the capture abundance by order for all facilities. The majority of individuals captured were cockroaches and flies.

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Capture Abundance by Facility The graph below shows the percentage of individuals captured in each facility. Halepōhaku facilities captured the most individuals, and had the highest diversity of orders. The numbers on the top represent n (the number of individuals captured within that facility)

TMT Facility Compliance Order Family Genus & Species Nativity Acari Unknown Unknown Unknown Araneae Clubionidae Unknown Unknown Araneae Lycosidae Lycosa hawaiiensis Native Araneae Salticidae Unknown Unknown Collembola Entomobryidae Unknown Unknown Diptera Agromyzidae Unknown Unknown Diptera Calliphoridae Unknown Unknown Diptera Sarcophagidae Unknown Unknown Diptera Sciaridae Unknown Unknown Hemiptera Lygaeidae Nysius palor Non-Native Hymenoptera Braconidae Unknown Unknown Hymenoptera Scelionidae Baeus latrodecti Non-Native Hymenoptera Trichogrammatidae Unknown Unknown Hymenoptera Unknown Unknown Unknown Lepidoptera Noctuidae Agrotis spp. Unknown Psocoptera Psocidae Ptycta spp. Native

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Conclusion Facility traps mainly captured cockroaches and flies. A total of 223 individuals were captured, 8% identified as threats, 4% natives, 60% non-natives, and 36% were unknown. Halepōhaku captured the majority of arthropods and had the greatest diversity of orders. While both new species (to Maunakea) and new threats were identified in 2013, all of these species are believed to have been present on Maunakea for at least several years prior to detection.

Historic Property Surveys Study Area Early detection plant and arthropod surveys were conducted at historic properties concurrent with State-mandated historic property monitoring. Historic property monitoring frequency is not consistent throughout all sites, as they are monitored on a rotating panel basis; yearly, every 3 years, or every 5 years. In 2013 a total of 40 archaeological sites were monitored within the MKSR. Although monitoring emphasized most frequently visited locations, specific site locations are not disclosed for cultural resource protection.

Methods The main purpose of arthropod and plant early detection surveys at historic properties is to detect new invasive species threats and to document and monitor established invasive species at historic properties. Identifications were made of all arthropod species collected during the 2013 year, and were identified to the lowest possible taxonomic unit necessary to determine if the species was a threat.

Arthropods At each site, 4 vials baited with Spam, Jam, and Peanut Butter were placed in 4 opposing directions, and a 10 minute hand search conducted no more than 10 meters out from each archaeological site feature. Vials were placed for 5-10 minutes and then observed for arthropods. All known observed arthropods were recorded, and unknown specimens were collected and identified.

Vegetation Vegetation was observed within a 5 meter radius of the historic property for native and invasive plants. When invasive plants were observed, they were pulled, documented, and disposed of. The roots of pulled plants were carefully observed for ants and other invasive arthropods. All vegetation was recorded.

Results & Discussion Archaeological surveys ran from September 16th- September 20th, 2013, monitoring 40 archeological sites, and utilizing about 160 baited vials. No new threats were identified at historic properties in 2013. Below are brief descriptions of capture results displayed for both arthropods and vegetation at cultural sites in the MKSR.

Arthropods Observed at Archaeological Sites Order Family Genus & Species Nativity Araneae Lycosidae Lycosa hawaiiensis Native

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Hemiptera Lygaeidae Nysius palor Non-Native Hemiptera Aphididae Unknown Unknown Hymenoptera Bethylidae Sierola spp. Native

Vegetation Observed at Archaeological Sites Family Genus & Species Nativity Asteraceae Hypochaeris radicata Non-Native Asteraceae Scenecio madagascarensis Non-Native Asteraceae Taraxicum officinale Non-Native Asteraceae Tetramolopium humile humile Native Aspleniaceae Asplenium adiantum-nigrum Native Aspleniaceae Asplenium trichomanes Native Ericaceae Vaccinium reticulatum Native Poaceae Agrostis sandwicensis Native Poaceae Trisetum glomeratum Native Woodsiaceae Cystopteris douglasii Native

Annual Alien Arthropod Surveys Introduction The Bishop Museum was contracted by the Office of Mauna Kea Management in previous years (2007-2012) to conduct Biological Surveys that monitor native and established non-native arthropod species and detect new alien arthropod threats. OMKM continued these surveys in 2013.

The overall study area for the 2013 field season slightly differed from other years (just as sites locations evolved in previous years). Additional survey locations were added, and a few locations were removed due to cultural sensitivity, discussion with experts, and previous capture results. Early detection vegetation surveys were also integrated in the 2013 sampling effort. Complete methods will be documented in the ISMP standard operating procedures.

Study Area Alien arthropod surveys were conducted concurrently with wēkiu bug monitoring surveys to minimize environmental impacts. See Monitoring section below for a review specific to wēkiu bug results. Arthropod abundance in this section includes wēkiu bug results, as traps are designed to target wēkiu bugs they capture a variety of species. Alien arthropod study areas included the Halepōhaku Visitor Information Station (VIS), staff headquarters at 2,850 m (9,300 ft) elevation, the Mauna Kea Ice Age Natural Area Reserve (NAR), the road corridor, the Mauna Kea Science Reserve (MKSR), and pu’u (cinder cone) within the Astronomy precinct that range to the summit at 4,205 m (13,796 ft). Tables in the Appendices contain GPS coordinates, elevations, and trap types of survey locations.

Unless otherwise stated, pu'u names were derived from USGS geology maps, and Geographic Names Information System (GNIS). WGS 84 datum was used for recording GPS locations. Many pu'u have not yet been given official names, and when possible these cinder cones are identified by altitude, nearby landmarks, or distinctive features. These names should not be viewed as official, but

2013 Invasive Species & Native Arthropod Monitoring Report Page 13 of 66 Office of Mauna Kea Management instead allow us to more easily identify specific areas of the vast summit region of Maunakea. Altitudes were determined by the GPS unit.

Methods The objectives for the 2013 fieldwork were to document alien species found within UH managed lands and neighboring lands (especially Natural Area Reserve) and identify species that could threaten cultural and natural resources and human health and safety. Identifications were made of all arthropod species collected during the 2013 field trip with comparisons to previous catches (See Appendices), and were identified to the lowest possible taxonomic unit necessary to determine if the species was a threat.

To accomplish our objectives we sampled previous monitoring sites over a broad range of habitats at the summit, focusing on various pathways whereby alien arthropods might first become introduced. We also sampled a wide variety of undisturbed habitat types where wēkiu bugs are historically known to have high concentrations, and nearby disturbed habitat types that are associated with past or present human activities. Each trapping area had between 1 and 12 sites, with each site containing at least one trap type. Trap locations (areas) were defined using NRCS Soil Survey data (http://websoilsurvey.sc.egov.usda.gov/App/WebSoilSurvey.aspx). Exceptions were made to address logical management impacts such as the road corridor or TMT site.

Trapping methods were very similar to 2012 methods, but with the elimination of the yellow sticky cards. 2013 traps included Yellow Pan traps, Baited Pitfall traps, Un-baited Wet Pitfall traps, and Peanut Butter, Jam, and Spam Sticks (PBJS Sticks). All species collected in traps were kept for further analysis (except wēkiu bugs which were captured, recorded, and released).

The TMT survey methods followed the methods below, but were done by BIISC staff periodically throughout the year as stated in TMT permit requirements. A separate table in the results section display these results.

Yellow Pan Traps Yellow pan traps were used to capture flying insects that are attracted to the color yellow, and the dilute food-grade propylene glycol used in the pans. Pan traps were placed directly on the substrate. Propylene glycol prevents freezing during nighttime temperatures, is safe for the environment and is a preservative that keeps specimens from rotting. Traps were retrieved within 3-4 days.

Un-baited Wet Pitfall Traps Un-baited wet pitfall traps were used to capture crawling arthropods and were constructed as in previous alien arthropod trapping efforts. In an attempt to reduce wēkiu bug mortality, we did not place un-baited wet pitfall traps in wēkiu bug habitats. A hole was dug in the determined location, and a plastic cup placed level with the substrate. Once the cup was set, about 1/4 of the cup was filled with the propylene glycol-water mixture. A cap rock was placed over the traps to prevent rain or snow from filling the traps. Traps were retrieved within 3-4 days.

Baited Pitfall Traps Baited pitfall traps were used to capture crawling arthropods that are attracted to bait. These traps

2013 Invasive Species & Native Arthropod Monitoring Report Page 14 of 66 Office of Mauna Kea Management keep arthropods alive by providing them with food and water until they are retrieved and were constructed as in previous alien arthropod and wēkiu bug trapping efforts. Traps were baited with tuna this year instead of shrimp paste because tuna is easier to work with, isn't quite as salty as shrimp paste, and studies have shown that tuna capture just as many wēkiu bugs as shrimp paste (J.Eiben [pers. comm], 2014). Baited pitfall traps were placed in all habitats. A hole was dug in the determined location and 2 plastic cups, one with a hole and wick in the bottom, the other with no hole, were placed level with the substrate. Once the cups were set, about 1 cm of water was placed into the bottom cup (with no hole), and the 2nd cup with the wick was placed inside the bottom cup. A few rocks are placed in the cup (no more than ½ full) and the rim and cap rock is baited with tuna. The baited cap rock is placed over the trap to prevent rain or snow from filling the traps. Traps were retrieved within 3-4 days.

Peanut Butter, Jam, & Spam Sticks PBJS sticks are used to survey for ants, and the different baits allows for attraction variation in ant preferences. Chopsticks are baited with Peanut Butter, Jam, and Spam, encompassed by a wire cylinder to keep the trap secure. Traps are retrieved within 3-4 days.

Vegetation A five meter radius out from each site was observed for native and invasive plants. When invasive plants were observed, they were pulled and documented. The roots of pulled plants were carefully observed for ants and other invasive arthropods. All vegetation within MKSR, native and non- native, was recorded.

Results & Discussion OMKM alien arthropod surveys ran from June 21st - July 1st, 2013, surveying 99 sites, setting 300 traps and collecting a total of 6,133 arthropod individuals (including wēkiu bugs) in 14 taxonomic orders. 5,290 of those individuals were wēkiu bugs. 9 new arthropod taxa were identified in the management area including 3 natives (Sierola spp., Nesodynerus spp., Thyrocopa spp.), 3 with unknown nativity (Cicadellidae, Stratiomyidae, Bdellidae), and 3 new potential threats (Pteromalidae, Tapinoma melanocephalum, Encyrtidae). The potential threats were found at 3 different sites; Pu‘upōhaku2, TMT site3, and Halepōhaku4. The Encyrtidae and Pteromalidae are wasps; a taxon group with “low” control feasibility as identified in the Maunakea Invasive Species Management Plan. The Tapinoma melanocephalum is a species of ant identified as a “high priority threat” with “high” control feasibility. After additional follow-up sampling we concluded that the ant (T.melanocephalum) individual most likely was cross contaminated with our field supplies in the office and did not come from the site.

TMT Compliance surveys5 identified one new threat, Trichogrammatidae. Trichogrammatidae is a wasp; a taxon group with “low” control feasibility. We continue to monitor these new potential threats.

2 Pu‘upōhaku is not managed by UH and is identified as a “Medium Priority Site” in the ISMP. 3 TMT site is within the Astronomy Precinct identified as a “High Priority Site” in the ISMP. 4 The Halepōhaku area is identified as a “Low Priority Site” in the ISMP. 5 For additional information on TMT compliance surveys, contact OMKM.

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Below are brief descriptions of capture results displayed for arthropods in the MKSR, NAR, HP, and TMT compliance surveys labeled by location, and results displayed for vegetation in the MKSR, and NAR. Vegetation at HP was not recorded because it was not the focus of this survey. If the trap type is not listed in the table, then the trap was not placed at that location.

Arthropod threats, as defined in the Maunakea Invasive Species Management Plan, are identified in bold font. New species records6 are shaded. Species that are both threats and new records are shaded with bold font. Nativity can either be non-native, native, or non-native & native within the lowest identified taxonomic group.

2013 Alien Arthropod List by Trap Type & Location Trap Trap Type Order Family Species Nativity Location Puʻuhaukea Baited Pitfall Araneae Lycosidae Lycosa hawaiiensis Native Diptera Calliphoridae Unknown Non-Native & Native Diptera Sarcophagidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Diptera Unknown Unknown Non-Native & Native Hemiptera Lygaeidae Nysius wekiuicola Native Puʻuhau’oki PBJS Stick None None None None Yellow Pan Diptera Calliphoridae Unknown Non-Native & Native Diptera Muscidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Hemiptera Lygaeidae Nysius palor Non-Native Hemiptera Lygaeidae Nysius wekiuicola Native Baited Pitfall Araneae Lycosidae Lycosa hawaiiensis Native Diptera Calliphoridae Unknown Non-Native & Native Diptera Unknown Unknown Non-Native & Native Hemiptera Lygaeidae Nysius palor Non-Native Hemiptera Lygaeidae Nysius terrestris Native Hemiptera Lygaeidae Nysius wekiuicola Native VLBA PBJS Stick None None None None Yellow Pan Diptera Calliphoridae Unknown Non-Native & Native Diptera Phoridae Unknown Non-Native & Native Hemiptera Lygaeidae Nysius blackburni Native Baited Pitfall Araneae Lycosidae Lycosa hawaiiensis Native Diptera Unknown Unknown Non-Native & Native Hemiptera Lygaeidae Nysius palor Non-Native Hemiptera Lygaeidae Nysius wekiuicola Native Hemiptera Miridae Unknown Non-Native & Native Lepidoptera Unknown Unknown Non-Native & Native Un-baited PF Araneae Lycosidae Lycosa hawaiiensis Native Batch Plant PBJS Stick Hemiptera Lygaeidae Nysius terrestris Native Yellow Pan Diptera Calliphoridae Unknown Non-Native & Native Diptera Muscidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Diptera Phoridae Unknown Non-Native & Native Hemiptera Lygaeidae Nysius palor Non-Native Hemiptera Lygaeidae Nysius wekiuicola Native Hymenoptera Braconidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Baited Pitfall Araneae Lycosidae Lycosa hawaiiensis Native Coleoptera Coccinellidae Unknown Non-native Diptera Unknown Unknown Non-Native & Native

6 New records to the Management Area

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Trap Trap Type Order Family Species Nativity Location Hemiptera Lygaeidae Nysius palor Non-Native Hemiptera Lygaeidae Nysius terrestris Native Hemiptera Lygaeidae Nysius wekiuicola Native Un-baited PF Araneae Lycosidae Lycosa hawaiiensis Native Araneae Unknown Unknown Non-Native & Native Coleoptera Coccinellidae Hippodamia convergens Non-Native Diptera Muscidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Diptera Phoridae Unknown Non-Native & Native Hemiptera Lygaeidae Nysius palor Non-Native Hemiptera Lygaeidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Pu‘uwai‘au PBJS Stick Hemiptera Lygaeidae Geocoris pallens Non-Native YP/Un-baited Diptera Calliphoridae Unknown Non-Native & Native Diptera Muscidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Hymenoptera Bethylidae Sierola spp. Native Baited Pitfall Diptera Phoridae Unknown Non-Native & Native Hemiptera Lygaeidae Nysius palor Non-Native Hemiptera Lygaeidae Nysius wekiuicola Native Pu‘uwēkiu PBJS Stick Coleoptera Coccinellidae Unknown Non-Native Hemiptera Lygaeidae Nysius palor Non-Native Hemiptera Lygaeidae Nysius wekiuicola Native Yellow Pan Coleoptera Coccinellidae Hippodamia convergens Non-Native Diptera Calliphoridae Unknown Non-Native & Native Diptera Phoridae Unknown Non-Native & Native Hemiptera Lygaeidae Nysius palor Non-Native Baited Pitfall Araneae Lycosidae Lycosa hawaiiensis Native Collembola Entomobryidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Collembola Unknown Unknown Non-Native & Native Hemiptera Lygaeidae Geocoris pallens Non-Native Hemiptera Lygaeidae Nysius palor Non-Native Hemiptera Lygaeidae Nysius wekiuicola Native Homoptera Aphididae Unknown Non-Native Psocoptera Psocidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Road PBJS Stick Hemiptera Lygaeidae Nysius palor Non-Native Corridor Yellow Pan Coleoptera Coccinellidae Hippodamia convergens Non-Native Diptera Agromyzidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Diptera Calliphoridae Unknown Non-Native & Native Diptera Muscidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Diptera Sepsidae Unknown Non-Native Diptera Syrphidae Unknown Non-Native Hemiptera Lygaeidae Nysius blackburni Native Hemiptera Lygaeidae Nysius palor Non-Native Hemiptera Lygaeidae Nysius terrestris Native Homoptera Apididae Unknown Non-Native Hymenoptera Braconidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Hymenoptera Colletidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Hymenoptera Vespidae Nesodynerus spp. Native Lepidoptera Noctuidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Lepidoptera Oecophoridae Thyrocopa spp. Native Baited Pitfall Araneae Unknown Unknown Non-Native & Native Diptera Calliphoridae Unknown Non-Native & Native Diptera Unknown Unknown Non-Native & Native Collembola Entomobryidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Hemiptera Lygaeidae Geocoris pallens Non-Native Hemiptera Lygaeidae Nysius blackburni Native Hemiptera Lygaeidae Nysius palor Non-Native

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Trap Trap Type Order Family Species Nativity Location Hemiptera Lygaeidae Nysius spp. Non-Native & Native Hemiptera Lygaeidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Hemiptera Lygaeidae Nysius wekiuicola Native Lepidoptera Unknown Unknown Non-Native & Native Un-baited PF Araneae Unknown Unknown Non-Native & Native Araneae Lycosidae Lycosa hawaiiensis Native Araneae Salticidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Diptera Syrphidae Unknown Non-Native Hemiptera Lygaeidae Neacoryphus bicrucis Non-Native Poi Bowl Baited Pitfall Araneae Lycosidae Lycosa hawaiiensis Native Araneae Unknown Unknown Non-Native & Native Coleoptera Coccinellidae Unknown Non-Native Diptera Unknown Unknown Non-Native & Native Hemiptera Lygaeidae Nysius palor Non-Native Hemiptera Lygaeidae Nysius terrestris Native Hemiptera Lygaeidae Nysius wekiuicola Native Puʻupoli’ahu PBJS Stick None None None None Yellow Pan Diptera Calliphoridae Unknown Non-Native & Native Diptera Muscidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Diptera Syrphidae Unknown Non-Native Hemiptera Lygaeidae Nysius wekiuicola Native Lepidoptera Noctuidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Baited Pitfall Coleoptera Dermestidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Diptera Unknown Unknown Non-Native & Native Hemiptera Lygaeidae Nysius wekiuicola Native Pu'upōhaku PBJS Stick Hemiptera Lygaeidae Nysius wekiuicola Native Yellow Pan Coleoptera Coccinellidae Coccinella septempunctata Non-Native Diptera Calliphoridae Unknown Non-Native & Native Diptera Muscidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Diptera Phoridae Unknown Non-Native & Native Diptera Sciaridae Unknown Non-Native & Native Diptera Sepsidae Unknown Non-Native Diptera Syrphidae Unknown Non-Native Hemiptera Lygaeidae Nysius palor Non-Native Hemiptera Lygaeidae Nysius wekiuicola Native Hemiptera Miridae Unknown Non-Native & Native Homoptera Cicadellidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Hymenoptera Bethylidae Sierola spp. Native Hymenoptera Braconidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Hymenoptera Chalcididae Unknown Non-Native & Native Hymenoptera Pteromalidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Baited Pitfall Coleoptera Coccinellidae Hippodamia convergens Non-Native Coleoptera Coccinellidae Unknown Non-Native Diptera Phoridae Unknown Non-Native & Native Diptera Sciaridae Unknown Non-Native & Native Diptera Unknown Unknown Non-Native & Native Hemiptera Lygaeidae Nysius palor Non-Native Hemiptera Lygaeidae Nysius wekiuicola Native Un-baited PF Araneae Lycosidae Lycosa hawaiiensis Native Diptera Calliphoridae Unknown Non-Native & Native Diptera Muscidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Diptera Sciaridae Unknown Non-Native & Native Hemiptera Lygaeidae Neacoryphus bicrucis Non-Native Hemiptera Lygaeidae Nysius palor Non-Native Pu'ukea PBJS Stick None None None None Yellow Pan Diptera Phoridae Unknown Non-Native & Native

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Trap Trap Type Order Family Species Nativity Location Baited Pitfall Coleoptera Coccinellidae Unknown Non-Native Hemiptera Lygaeidae Nysius wekiuicola Native Un-baited PF Hemiptera Lygaeidae Nysius spp. Non-Native & Native Hemiptera Lygaeidae Nysius wekiuicola Native Homoptera Psyllidae Unknown Non-Native & Native TMT Site PBJS Stick Hemiptera Lygaeidae Nysius palor Non-Native Hemiptera Lygaeidae Nysius wekiuicola Native Yellow Pan Diptera Calliphoridae Unknown Non-Native & Native Diptera Muscidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Diptera Phoridae Unknown Non-Native & Native Diptera Syrphidae Unknown Non-Native Diptera Unknown Unknown Non-Native & Native Hemiptera Lygaeidae Geocoris pallens Non-Native Hemiptera Lygaeidae Nysius blackburni Native Hemiptera Lygaeidae Nysius wekiuicola Native Hymenoptera Braconidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Hymenoptera Colletidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Hymenoptera Formicidae Tapinoma Non-Native melanocephalum Baited Pitfall Araneae Lycosidae Lycosa hawaiiensis Native Diptera Calliphoridae Unknown Non-Native & Native Diptera Unknown Unknown Non-Native & Native Hemiptera Lygaeidae Nysius terrestris Native Hemiptera Lygaeidae Nysius wekiuicola Native Un-baited PF Araneae Lycosidae Lycosa hawaiiensis Native Collembola Unknown Unknown Non-Native & Native Halepōhaku PBJS Stick None None None None Yellow Pan Araneae Salticidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Coleoptera Coccinellidae Unknown Non-Native Coleoptera Tenebrionidae Tribolium spp. Non-Native Dermaptera Forficulidae Forficula auricularia Non-Native Diptera Agromyzidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Diptera Calliphoridae Unknown Non-Native & Native Diptera Drosophilidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Diptera Muscidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Diptera Mycetophilidae Unknown Native Diptera Phoridae Unknown Non-Native & Native Diptera Sciaridae Unknown Non-Native & Native Diptera Sepsidae Unknown Non-Native Diptera Stratiomyidae Unknown Non-Native Diptera Syrphidae Unknown Non-Native Hemiptera Lygaeidae Nysius palor Non-Native Homoptera Aphididae Unknown Non-Native Homoptera Cicadellidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Homoptera Psyllidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Hymenoptera Apidae Apis mellifera Non-Native Hymenoptera Braconidae Unknown Unknown Hymenoptera Colletidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Hymenoptera Encyrtidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Hymenoptera Ichneumonidae Diadegma blackburni Non-Native Hymenoptera Pompilidae Unknown Non-Native Hymenoptera Sphecidae Ectemnius spp. Native Hymenoptera Vespidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Lepidoptera Pieridae Unknown Non-Native Thysanoptera Unknowm Unknown Non-Native & Native Trombidiformes Bdellidae Unknown Non-Native & Native

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Trap Trap Type Order Family Species Nativity Location Baited Pitfall Araneae Salticidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Dermaptera Forficulidae Forficula auricularia Non-Native Diptera Calliphoridae Unknown Non-Native & Native Diptera Muscidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Diptera Unknown Unknown Non-Native & Native Un-baited PF Araneae Clubionidae Unknown Non-Native Coleoptera Curculionidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Coleoptera Tenebrionidae Tribolium spp. Non-Native Dermaptera Forficulidae Forficula auricularia Non-Native Diptera Drosophilidae Drosophila suzukii Non-Native Diptera Muscidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Diptera Sciaridae Unknown Non-Native & Native Diptera Sphaeroceridae Unknown Non-Native & Native Hemiptera Lygaeidae Nysius palor Non-Native Homoptera Aphididae Unknown Non-Native Homoptera Psyllidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Hymenoptera Braconidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Lepidoptera Oecophoridae Thyrocopa spp. Native Lithiobiomorpha Lithobiidae Lithobius spp. Non-Native & Native Psocoptera Psocidae Unknown Non-Native & Native

2013 Vegetation at Alien Arthropod Trap Sites The table below only shows sites where vegetation was observed within 5 meters of trap locations. Most sites did not have vegetation. Site Family Genus & Species Nativity Pu'uwaiau Asteraceae Taraxacum officinale Non-Native Poaceae Trisetum glomeratum Native Poaceae Unknown Non-Native & Native Road Corridor Poaceae Trisetum glomeratum Native TMT Site Poaceae Agrostis sandwicensis Native

TMT Compliance Survey Results7 Trap Location Order Family Genus & Species Nativity Batch Plant Araneae Lycosidae Lycosa hawaiiensis Native Hemiptera Lygaeidae Nysius spp. Non-Native & Native Hymenoptera Unknown Unknown Non-Native & Native Halepōhaku Araneae Clubionidae Unknown Non-Native Araneae Salticidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Araneae Unknown Unknown Non-Native & Native Coleoptera Coccinellidae Hippodamia convergens Non-native Collembola Entomobryidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Diptera Sciaridae Unknown Non-Native & Native Diptera Tephritidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Diptera Unknown Unknown Non-Native & Native Homoptera Aphididae Unknown Non-Native Homoptera Psyllidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Hymenoptera Unknown Unknown Non-Native & Native

7 TMT surveys were separate from OMKM’s annual sampling. TMT surveys were conducted throughout the year as required by their CDUP. Contact OMKM for TMT compliance details.

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Hymenoptera Apidae Apis mellifera Non-native Hymenoptera Braconidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Hymenoptera Ichneumonidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Lepidoptera Unknown Unknown Non-Native & Native Thysanoptera Thripidae Unknown Non-Native & Native TMT Site Araneae Salticidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Araneae Unknown Unknown Non-Native & Native Coleoptera Chrysomellidae Unknown Non-Native Coleoptera Coccinellidae Hippodamia convergens Non-native Coleoptera Scarabaeidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Coleoptera Staphylinidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Collembola Entomobryidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Diptera Drosophilidae Drosophila suzukii Non-native Diptera Muscidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Diptera Sciaridae Unknown Non-Native & Native Diptera Syrphidae Unknown Non-Native Diptera Unknown Unknown Non-Native & Native Hemiptera Geocoridae Geocoris pallens Non-native Hemiptera Geocoridae Geocoris punctipes Non-native Hemiptera Lygaeidae Nysius lichenicola Native Hemiptera Lygaeidae Nysius palor Non-native Hemiptera Lygaeidae Nysius wekiuicola Native Hemiptera Miridae Unknown Non-Native & Native Hemiptera Rhopallidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Homoptera Aphididae Unknown Non-Native Homoptera Cercopidae Unknown Non-Native Homoptera Psyllidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Hymenoptera Braconidae Apanteles spp. Non-native Hymenoptera Braconidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Hymenoptera Ichneumonidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Hymenoptera Trichogrammatidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Hymenoptera Unknown Unknown Non-Native & Native Psocoptera Psocidae Unknown Non-Native & Native Thysanoptera Thripidae Unknown Non-Native & Native

TMT Compliance Site Vegetation (includes HP)* Location Family Genus& Species Nativity TMT Site Asteraceae Hypochaeris radicata Non-native TMT Site Aspleniaceae Asplenium adiantum-nigrum Native TMT Site Poaceae Agrostis sandwichensis Native TMT Site Poaceae Trisetum glomeratum Native HP Staging Area Scrophulariaceae Verbascum thapsus Non-native HP Staging Area Geraniaceae Erodium cicutarium Non-native HP Staging Area Onagraceae Oenothera stricta Non-native *TMT surveys were separate from OMKM’s annual sampling. TMT surveys were conducted throughout the year as required by their CDUP. Contact OMKM for TMT compliance details.

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2013 Capture Abundance by Order The pie chart below shows the capture abundance by order for all trap types. The majority of individuals captured were wēkiu bugs, followed by flies.

2013 Capture Percentage by Trap Type The graph below shows the percentage of individuals in each order captured by trap type. The numbers on the top represent n (the number of individuals captured within that order). Yellow pans captured predominantly wasps and flies while the baited pitfall traps mainly captured wēkiu bugs and other crawling arthropods. The un-baited pitfall traps also captured crawling arthropods, while the PBJS stick only attracted ladybugs.

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2013 Arthropod Nativity By Locality The graph below shows the nativity (using abundance) of species captured by locality. Locations go from low elevation (at left) to high elevation (at right), grouped as previously disturbed habitats and un-disturbed habitats. Native species abundance increased with elevation in both disturbed and undisturbed habitats. The highest percentages of natives are found in wēkiu bug habitats.

Conclusion The majority of arthropods captured in 2013 were wēkiu bugs. A total of 6,133 individuals were captured, 3% identified as threats, 90% native, 3% non-native, and 7% with unknown nativity. The yellow pan traps captured the greatest diversity of orders with the majority being flies and wasps. Nativity increased with elevation in both disturbed and undisturbed habitats.

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Early Detection of Vertebrates Introduction Non-native vertebrates can pose threats to native ecosystems, therefore detection of non-native vertebrates is important. In 2013, OMKM early detection consists of documenting incidental catches and observations that are reported by Maunakea users. OMKM also collaborates with neighboring land owners about current invasive species issues on Maunakea.

Vertebrates include ungulates, cats, dogs, rodents, birds, reptiles and amphibians. Any new species not previously documented is considered a threat. This Early Detection section only identifies species that have not been previously documented on UH managed or neighboring lands.

Study Area The study site includes all UH managed lands and neighboring land owners including Natural Area Reserves, Forest Reserves, and Department of Hawaiian Home Lands.

Methods Our method of vertebrate detection is by incidental reports and observations by Maunakea users. Maunakea users include OMKM, researchers, Mauna Kea Support Services (MKSS) staff, Maunakea Rangers, Visitor Information Station staff, observatory staff, and neighboring land owners (DHHL, MKWA, NARS, DLNR). Maunakea users report anything that seems strange or out of place on the mountain to OMKM.

Once OMKM receives the report, we follow up with the lead agency that handles vertebrate incidents. The leading agency would then recommend management strategies to OMKM, or manage the issue themselves. See Vertebrate Monitoring section below for agencies that would be notified of vertebrate observations with previously documented species.

Results No new vertebrate threats were identified in 2013.

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MONITORING Monitoring of established species is important for understanding ecosystem changes through time. Monitoring goals include documentation of the current status of invasive species and their trends and determination of management effectiveness of both rapid response and control methods. This section includes wēkiu bug surveys, and vertebrate monitoring (all other types of monitoring are considered as early detection monitoring, and are found in the section above). In future years this report will be expanded to include other taxonomic groups (such as plants).

Annual Wēkiu Bug Surveys Introduction As part of the continuing long-term study started by Hawaii Biological Survey of the Bishop Museum, the Office of Mauna Kea Management (OMKM) continues monitoring wēkiu bug (Nysius wekiuicola) populations, a species endemic to the Maunakea summit area of Hawai'i Island. The objectives for the 2013 fieldwork were to document wēkiu bug populations found within UH managed lands and neighboring lands (NAR).

Study Area Wēkiu bug monitoring surveys were done concurrently with Alien Arthropod Monitoring to reduce impacts to the environment. See Early Detection section above for alien species monitoring methods and results. Wēkiu bug monitoring occurs in the alpine zone including both the MKSR and NAR beginning at about 11,200 feet encompassing core wēkiu bug habitat that extends to the summit at 4,205 m. See 2013 Sampling Locations table in the Appendices for sample locations, GPS coordinates, trap dates, and trap types associated with captured species. WGS 84 datum was used for recording GPS locations. Altitudes were determined by the GPS unit.

Unless otherwise stated, pu'u names were taken from the U.S. Board on Geographic Names. Many pu'u have not yet been given official names and when possible these cinder cones are identified by nearby landmarks or distinctive features. These names should not be viewed as official, but instead allow us to more easily identify specific areas of the vast summit region of Maunakea.

Methods We sampled previous trapping sites including core wēkiu bug habitats in the alpine region, focusing on various pathways whereby alien arthropods might first become introduced. We also sampled a wide variety of undisturbed habitat types where wēkiu bugs are historically known to have high concentrations and disturbed habitat types that are associated with past or present human activities. Each trapping area had between 1 and 12 sites, with each site containing at least one wēkiu bug trap. Trap locations (see Appendices, 2013 Sampling Locations) were defined using NRCS Soil Survey data (http://websoilsurvey.sc.egov.usda.gov/App/WebSoilSurvey.aspx). Exceptions were made to address logical management impacts such as the road corridor or TMT site.

All captured wēkiu bugs were recorded and released, while all other non-native species were collected kept for further analysis. Identifications were made of all arthropod species collected

2013 Invasive Species & Native Arthropod Monitoring Report Page 25 of 66 Office of Mauna Kea Management during the 2013 field trip with comparisons to previous catches, and by-catch was identified to the lowest possible taxonomic unit necessary to determine if the species was a threat.

Baited pitfall traps were used to capture wēkiu bugs. These traps keep wēkiu bugs alive by providing them with food and water until they are retrieved and were constructed as in previous alien arthropod and wēkiu bug trapping efforts. Traps were baited with tuna this year instead of shrimp paste because tuna is easier to work with, isn't quite as salty as shrimp paste, and studies have shown that tuna capture just as many wēkiu bugs as shrimp paste (J.Eiben[pers. comm], 2014). A shallow hole was dug in the determined location, and 2 plastic cups one with a hole and wick in the bottom, the other with no hole were placed level with the substrate. Once the cups were set, about 1 cm of water was placed into the bottom cup (with no hole), and the 2nd cup with the wick was placed in the bottom cup. A few rocks are placed in the cup (no more than ½ full), and the rim and cap rock is baited with tuna. The baited cap rock is placed over the trap to prevent rain or snow from filling the traps. Traps were retrieved within 3-4 days.

Results and Discussion A total of 5,290 wēkiu bugs were collected during the 2013 field survey, with a total of 290 trapping days for an average catch of 18.2 wēkiu bugs per day. Of those 5,290 individuals, 415 of them did not survive, whereas all other wēkiu bugs individuals were released back into their habitat. The 3 locations with the highest wēkiu bug concentrations include Poi Bowl, Pu`uwēkiu, and Pu`uhau`oki. See table below for wēkiu bug captures by location. Captured alien arthropod specimens are shown in the Early Detection section above, Annual Alien Arthropod Surveys. See 2013 Wēkiu Bug Capture Data table in the appendices for wēkiu bug concentrations, and capture rates per individual trap site.

2013 Wēkiu bug Captures by location Location Total Traps Wēkiu Captures Trap Dates Total Trap Days Pu‘uwēkiu 10 1,781 24-27 Jun 30 Pu’uwai‘au 2 7 25-28 Jun 6 Pu‘uhaukea 14 788 25-28 Jun 42 Pu‘upoli‘ahu 7 33 27 Jun- 1 July 26 Pu‘upōhaku 6 25 25-29 Jun 24 VLBA 13 45 21-24 Jun 39 25-28 Jun Pu‘uhau‘oki 8 850 25-28 Jun 25 TMT Site 9 122 27 Jun- 1 July 36 Batch Plant 7 8 25-28 Jun 21 Pu‘ukea 2 95 25-28 Jun 8 Poi Bowl 7 1,535 21-24 Jun 21 Road Corridor8 4 1 21-24 Jun 12 Totals 89 5,290 290

8 Only listed Road corridor traps within the MKSR in this table.

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Analysis Below is a summary of wēkiu bugs captured at Pu’uhaukea (within the Mauna Kea Ice Age Natural Area Reserve) cinder cone from Bishop Museum related studies since 2001. Data includes using a combination of glycol (inadvertent capture in invasive species traps) and shrimp pitfall data for all years except 2007, 2008, 2009, and 2010 when only shrimp paste was used. In 2013, traps were baited with tuna.

Pu’uhaukea Wēkiu bug Capture History Year & Month of Trapping Total Wekiu Trap Days Bugs/ trap day event bugs 2001 (June) (Polhemus 2001) 473 40 11.8 2002 (Sept) 13 48 0.1875 2004 (July) 0 90 0 2005 (April/May) 20 144 0.14 2006 (April/May) 56 80 0.7 2007 (June) 217 78 2.8 2008 (July) 43 60 0.7 2009 (July) 1 60 .02 2010 (June) 261 60 4.35 2011 (May/June) 207 60 3.4 2012 (July) 720 60 12.0 2013 (June/July) 788 42 18.8

Wēkiu bug Capture History- All trap locations9 Year of Trapping # Wekiu Captured Trap Days Bugs / trap day event 2007 537 252 2.13 2008 70 120 0.58 2009 118 285 2.42 2010 3,047 300 10.16 2011 3,084 300 10.28 2012 2,430 300 8.1 2013 5,290 290 18.2

Conclusion Wēkiu bugs were abundant in 2013 with the highest number of captures ever recorded in an individual field survey. Climatic factors and influences may have allowed for a more productive year.

9 The table above shows results starting from 2007, when methods and locations became consistent.

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Honey Bee Monitoring Introduction Monitoring for honey bee activity allows for understanding the growth and health of a population, while also keeping an eye on public safety. Honey bees in Hawaii have had many threats in the past few years including the varroa mite and the small hive beetle. The Hawai’i Department of Agriculture (HDOA) has a series of honey bee hives around the island, to monitor threats, and understand the health and growth of Hawai’i populations.

In May 2012, a honey bee swarm was reported inside of the VIS facility. HDOA came up and relocated the swarm, and placed two swarm traps near the VIS. The purpose of the swarm traps is to attract the honey bees away from areas of human activity. Once a swarm trap becomes populated, we allow for pupa establishment and HDOA tests for pests and diseases and relocates the swarm. OMKM monitors swarm traps at HP for honey bee activity.

Study Site The study site includes two swarm traps mounted to Māmane trees; one above the utilities building at HP and the other below the VIS near the ranger cabins.

Methods A vial of pheromones were placed in each swarm trap to attract honey bees. Swarm traps were monitored monthly for bee activity by simple observation. All activity was documented and reported to HDOA. Other incidental observations by Maunakea users were also documented.

Results and Discussion No bee activity was observed in 2013. We did have an issue with a spider in the upper swarm trap that was later removed. There was one incidental observation in late August 2013 from VIS staff whom reported 30-40 bees near the leaky water fountain at the VIS. We recommended to fix the leak, and eliminate any standing water. Once the fountain was fixed, bees were no longer observed in the area.

Vertebrate Monitoring Introduction OMKM records and documents incidental catches, and observations that are reported by Maunakea users. OMKM also collaborates with neighboring land owners about current issues on Maunakea.

Vertebrates include ungulates, cats, dogs, rodents, birds, reptiles, amphibians. Any new species not previously documented will be considered a threat and would be in the Vertebrate, Early detection section above. This section only covers species that are established.

Study Site The study site includes all UH managed lands, and neighboring land owners; NARS, DLNR, and MKWA.

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Methods Survey methods and reporting are not consistent throughout vertebrate types.

Ungulates Ungulates including mouflon sheep (Ovis musimon), domesticated sheep (Ovis aries), goats (Capra hircus), cattle (Bos taurus), and feral pigs (Sus scrofa) are sparse on UH managed lands, but are occasionally observed. Maunakea users report sightings and observations of ungulate activity to OMKM which is then documented for further analysis and reported to NARS and DLNR.

Cats Feral cats (Felis catus) are sparse at ~9,200 ft. and above, but are occasionally observed. When cats are observed, it is recorded and MKSS staff put out live traps that are checked daily for cat activity. Captured cats are documented and taken to the Hawai’i Island Humane Society.

Dogs Feral dogs (Canis familiaris) are rarely observed, with no reports in the past 2 years. Occasionally, hunting dogs will get lost. Feral dog sightings are reported to DOFAW, DHHL, and BIISC.

Rodents Rodents include mice, rats, and mongoose. There are 4 known established rodent species on UH managed lands; the black rat (Rattus rattus), mice (Mus musculus & Mus domesticus), and mongoose (Herpestes auropuntatus). Rats and mongoose are not very common and rarely observed. Mice seem to be more common on UH managed lands and observed in seasonal cycles, likely with food availability (seeds). When rodent sightings increase, VIS staff put out snap traps baited with peanut butter or granola bar around the inside of their facility. Snap traps are checked daily, and carcasses are disposed of in the rubbish can. Currently VIS snap trap captures are not documented, but will be documented in the near future. All other incidental rodent observations and captures by Maunakea users were documented.

Rabbits Rabbits (Lepus curpaeums) are rarely reported and we’ve only received reports on DHHL lands. When rabbits are observed they are reported to DOFAW, DHHL, and BIISC.

Birds See the Natural Resources Management Plan (NRMP) for bird species on UH managed lands. The occasional dead bird is not typically documented. Large mortality events of non-native birds are reported to DOFAW. All dead native or banded birds are collected in a ziploc bag and reported to OMKM and DOFAW.

Reptiles & Amphibians Reptiles are not known to be established, but the occasional coqui frog, gecko, or lizard does come up on vehicles. Reported sightings are documented.

Results and Discussion We didn’t receive many reports in the 2013 year. It should be assumed that not all dead reptiles and amphibians (coqui frogs) were documented. Based on our results, it seems like cats were

2013 Invasive Species & Native Arthropod Monitoring Report Page 29 of 66 Office of Mauna Kea Management common at HP in June, dead red-billed leiothrix and rodent sightings increased in the winter, and coqui frogs were common in the summer time. These results are by no means complete, but given the reports that were made, these are the results and patterns that we can assume. 2013 incidental vertebrate reporting results are shown below.

2013 Incidental Vertebrate Reporting Vertebrate Species Reporter Date(s) Location Report Reported Ungulates Mouflon sheep OMKM 2/5/13 DHHL Large heard of Mouflon sheep near runaway truck ramp on MK Access road Cats Feral Cats MKSS 5/10/13 Outside 1 cat trapped at each 5/14/13 HP date and taken to 5/31/13 Kitchen Hawai’i Island 6/4/13 Humane Society. 4 cats total Dogs None NA NA NA NA Rodents Mouse OMKM 2/21/13 HP & VIS Traps chewed 8/22/13 facilities 11/27/13 Rabbits None NA NA NA NA Birds Red- Billed Observatory 11/22/13 Summit Reports of dead birds Leiothrix Staff at the summit Reptiles & Coqui frog OMKM 6/25/13 HP Reports of live coqui, Amphibians Ranger, 6/26/13 and coqui sounds. Researcher

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RAPID RESPONSE Rapid response plans outline basic procedures to facilitate an efficient response to a new problem. While it would be impossible to anticipate every contingency, we can be prepared for new invasive species threats, and refer to established rapid response procedures. Rapid response procedures come into effect when a specimen is identified taxonomically to be a threat. The goal of a rapid response plan is to understand the invasive species life history, identify possible baiting and trapping methods, determine its range and extent on Maunakea, and using expert advice and opinion, formulate the most effective control options (if any) for dealing with this species. When rapid response procedures are accomplished in a timely manner, control and eradication are more applicable, thereby reducing threats to cultural and natural resources. This section discusses rapid response cases, for the 2013 year.

Case 1: Trechus obtusus In July 2012, Trechus obtusus, an invasive Carabid beetle was discovered at Lake Wai‘au and along Mana road on Maunakea by Bishop Museum Entomologists (Evenhuis& Eldredge, 2013). On December 19, 2012 the presence of Trechus obtusus was re-confirmed at Lake Wai‘au in the NAR by State Entomologist Cynthia King, UH Mānoa Entomologist Jesse Eiben, and OMKM staff Jessica Kirkpatrick. T.obtusus was found under rocks near vegetation in the moist substrate, along the shoreline of Lake Wai‘au while hand searching for arthropods. A total of 5 carabid specimens were collected on December 19, 2012. Around the same time arthropod studies at the lower elevation facility Halepōhaku found two T.obtusus individuals in pitfall traps under vegetation.

Life history studies and delineating surveys were conducted in March and April of 2013. T.obtusus was not observed in the surveys, but was detected at Lake Wai‘au before and after the survey. T.obtusus requires specific habitat (similar to HP and Lake Wai‘au; moisture and vegetation) that seems to be non- existent in all selected survey locations except Puʻuwai‘au and at Halepōhaku.

Management Recommendations Annual invasive arthropod monitoring should continue at Lake Wai‘au, throughout the MKSR, and at Halepōhaku, with specific attention on T.obtusus. At this point in time T.obtusus seems to have a minimal impact on habitat and native arthropods, and from our findings, is restricted to a specific area at Lake Wai‘au and to areas with vegetation and soil. No treatment or control actions are recommended at this time.

Case 2: Pheidole megacephala In April 2013, Pheidole megacephala (Big-headed ants) were observed on a delivery of speed humps destined for the county-maintained road in front of the Visitor Information Station (VIS). Ants were observed at the County Baseyard in Hilo.

Management Recommendations Consultation with the Hawai’i Ant Lab, recommended that the speed humps be pressure washed and treated with Talstar Professional insecticide prior to delivery at Halepōhaku. See Control section below.

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Case 3: Cardiocondyla kagutsuchi On May 22nd, 2013 Cardiocondyla kagutsuchi was observed in the lower parking lot at Halepōhaku facilities by OMKM staff while inspecting a wood delivery from Lowes. Cas Vanderwoude, HDOA tropical ant expert suggested that we conduct surveys, and spray Talstar insecticide around the area. C. kagutsuchi has also been found on the Haleakalā volcano on Maui. Surveys were conducted around the HP parking lot, and no ants were observed in the survey. Talstar was also applied in the affected area (even though we did not find the ants), and re-surveyed. No ants were observed.

On July 27th, 2013 C.kagutsuchi was once again observed while pulling weeds in the lower paved HP parking lot during a volunteer event. We conducted intense ant surveys throughout HP and along the road and found C.kagutsuchi all along the Maunakea Access road from Halepōhaku, down to the Saddle. This time we surveyed using a combination of baited vials and weed pulls. Ants were observed within the roots of invasive weeds and shrubs, but never observed at baited vials. Spot treatments of Talstar pesticide was applied to all areas on UH managed lands where ants were observed. The roadside was not treated although ants were observed along the roadside below Halepōhaku down to Department of Hawaiian Home Lands (DHHL). Peck & Banko (2011) reported C.kagutsuchi at Hakalau National Wildlife Refuge and access roads as early as 2009. See Control section below for pesticide application information. C.kagutsuchi has most likely been present at Halepōhaku and along the access road below this area for at least several years, going undetected as it is typically limited to intact plant root masses.

Management Recommendations Ant monitoring should continue at Halepōhaku, and throughout UH managed lands. At this point in time C.kagutsuchi should be considered a threat, and its range and extent should be observed carefully. When an area is observed to contain ants, it should be documented and treated in a timely manner with Talstar insecticide. Unfortunately, annual monitoring methods have not successfully detected this ant.

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CONTROL Control may be applicable to invasive species that are too widespread to eradicate. The goal of control and management efforts is to reduce invasive species to more acceptable levels, with effective management that prevents their spread or re-emergence. Once control and management efforts are implemented monitoring must be documented through time to understand effects of management efforts.

Arthropods are difficult to control because of their size, and mobility. The most common control methods for arthropods include chemical treatment and biological control. We controlled both vegetation and arthropods this year, somewhat as a test run to see if methods work and accommodate management goals.

Vegetation Control Introduction Vegetation was controlled mechanically by volunteers, OMKM staff, and Maunakea rangers around Halepōhaku and MKSR facilities. Removing weeds reduce habitat for invasive arthropods (such as Cardiocondyla kagutsuchi), help detect new arthropods threats, and help to reduce the spread of invasive species on UH managed lands. We are looking into other control options such as herbicide application for long term management.

Study Area Vegetation control focused on human pathways and traffic areas. Sites included parking areas around Halepōhaku and the Visitor Information Station (VIS), along the Access Road, and around facilities in the MKSR and Astronomy Precinct.

Methods Vegetation control was achieved monthly through hand removal by volunteers, OMKM staff, and Maunakea rangers. Hand removal served two purposes; the removal of the invasive (reduces seed spread & habitat for arthropod threats) and detection of invasive arthropods associated with the roots of removed vegetation. The most effective way to observe ants is by simply pulling weeds because ants require invasive vegetation for habitat.

Volunteers were given vegetation removal instructions that included invasive plant identification, proper removal and disposal methods, and identifying and reporting ants if observed. OMKM staff supervised volunteer activities. Hand tools such as hand trowels, picks, and weeders were used to remove vegetation and their roots. Removed vegetation was observed for ants, the excess dirt was shaken off, and vegetation placed in trash bags taken to the South Hilo Sanitary Landfill. When volunteers reported ants, the location was flagged, and documented for future survey locations, and arthropod control (if applicable).

OMKM Rangers observe and remove invasive weeds in the MKSR and Astronomy precinct throughout the year. When weeds are observed they are pulled and the species, number of individuals along with their location are documented. The rangers record observations in a ranger report sent daily to OMKM staff. Staff then review, and document invasive species observations.

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Results and Discussion The volunteer program engaged 236 volunteers, working 1,747 hours, removing about 363 bags of invasive weeds. Invasive weed species that were pulled are shown in the table below. On one of our volunteer events in May 2013, a volunteer observed ants in an area that had not been previously known to contain ants. See section above, Case 2: Cardiocondyla kagutsuchi. See Arthropod Control section below for control methods for this case.

Invasive Weed Species Pulled by Volunteers Targeted invasive weeds that were pulled on volunteer events.

Family Genus & Species Common Name Asteraceae Heterotheca grandiflora Telegraph Weed Asteraceae Hypochaeris radicata Cats Ear Asteraceae Scenicio madagascarensis Fireweed Asteraceae Taraxacum officinale Common Dandelion Gerainiaceae Erodium cicutarium Pin Clover, Alfilaria Onagraceae Oenothera stricta Chilean Evening Primrose Polygonaceae Rumex acetosella Sheep sorrel Scrophulariaceae Verbascum thapsus Common Mullein Scrophulariaceae Verbascum virgatum Wand Mullein

Invasive Weed Species Pulled by Maunakea Rangers Maunakea Rangers observed and pulled 3 invasive weed species; Fireweed (Senecio madagascariensis), Pin Clover (Erodium cicutarium), and Common Mullein (Verbascum thapsus) in the MKSR. See graphs below for the Number of Individuals Pulled Monthly, and the Elevation of Individuals Pulled. Mullein numbers were relatively low throughout the year, while the pin clover and fireweed displayed seasonal variation. Pin clover increased during the spring while fireweed increased in the spring, stayed consistent throughout the year, and increased again in the fall. When plotted against elevation, mullein was observed at Park 1 (3617m) and Park 2 (3905m), pin clover was only observed at Park 1, while fireweed was found at all elevations, with the highest number of individuals observed at Park 1 and Park 2.

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Number of Invasive Individuals Pulled Monthly 45 40 35 30 25 20 15

NumberIndividuals of 10 5 0 Jan Feb Mar April May June July Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Month

Mullein Pin Clover Fireweed

Elevation of Individuals Pulled 60

50

40

30

20

NumberIndividuals of 10

0 3568 3599 3617 3635 3747 3780 3842 3905 4028 4034 4051 4068 4070 4148 4194 Mullein 1 0 6 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Pin Clover 0 0 55 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Fireweed 0 4 41 11 2 1 9 48 10 8 1 1 4 5 9 Elevation (m)

Mullein Pin Clover Fireweed Linear (Fireweed)

Conclusion Volunteers and Maunakea Rangers serve as effective vegetation control and early detection agents on UH managed lands. These efforts are essential for long-term control of invasive species on Maunakea. Vegetation control along with occasional spot treatment for ants around Halepōhaku and VIS facilities have been effective. Areas that have been pulled for invasive weeds, reduce the risk of dispersal by Maunakea users, and eliminate ant habitat for at least a few months until more

2013 Invasive Species & Native Arthropod Monitoring Report Page 35 of 66 Office of Mauna Kea Management weeds sprout up again. Eventually, continued vegetation control will allow for possible restoration of native plant species, a management goal for Halepōhaku.

Arthropod Control Introduction As explained in the introduction paragraph of this section, arthropods are difficult to control, and available options are few. This year we detected two invasive species Pheidole megacephala (Big- headed ant) and Cardiocondyla kagutsuchi (a common ant). Control for both these species seemed reasonable because the ants were confined to one area or found in patchy distributions in very specific habitat. We controlled both ant species with Talstar Professional insecticide a liquid formulation with Bifenthrin as the active ingredient, using a spot treatment method. All applications were recorded in a detailed pesticide log, and all applicators were pesticide certified by HDOA.

Pheidole megacephala Study Area See Rapid Response section Case 2: Pheidole megacephala for detection information. Speed humps were treated at the County Base yard in Hilo, and Halepōhaku lower parking lot.

Methods As recommended by entomologists, all speed humps materials were pressure washed, and treated with Talstar Professional insecticide. Insecticide was diluted to 1 ounce per gallon. After application treatment dried, it was loaded onto new wooden pallets, and taken up to Maunakea for use in front of the VIS.

Results & Discussion Pheidole megacephala has not been observed on speed humps or on Maunakea.

Cardiocondyla kagutsuchi Study Area A total of 4 main sites were treated. The sites that were controlled includes areas near the Halepōhaku kitchen and lower HP parking lot, one site along the maintenance road, and one site below the Ranger Station. Before applying insecticide, these areas were intensely surveyed to determine species range, and identify areas to apply treatment.

Methods Ant Surveys We conducted intense surveys throughout HP, along roadways, parking lots and facility perimeters. When ants were observed, we conducted micro-surveys in the detection area to understand the amount of area we need to cover to determine accurate pesticide formulations and to be successful at controlling the population.

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Vials were baited with Peanut Butter, Spam, and Jelly, and placed throughout survey areas (roads, parking lot, facility, and staging area perimeters), and observed within 15 minutes for any signs of ant activity. While vials were being placed, invasive weeds were also pulled and observed for ants. This particular species of ant C.kagutsuchi aren’t always attracted to the bait. Pulling weeds is our most effective method for detecting ants. Ants are associated with the roots of invasive plants, and appear to feed on aphids and mealybugs found on the roots. In many cases we found ants entirely by pulling weeds, even when vials were less than a foot away. Areas that contain ants were flagged off for later treatment.

Control Ant areas were spot treated with Talstar Professional insecticide. Insecticide dilution followed all label requirements and quantities applied were determined by the amount of area that needed to be treated.

Results & Discussion Monitoring for C.kagutsuchi continues.

Acknowledgements We thank the Bishop Museum for their years of effort monitoring both invasive species and wēkiu bugs on Maunakea. We appreciate all the hard work put into the survey design, making the survey much easier for us. We thank Cynthia B. King for necessary collecting permits, Jesse A. Eiben for his field assistance and arthropod identifications, field assistants Marleena Shefield, Domonique Easter- Green, Amber Stillman, and Kerri Nakatsu. We would also like to thank the Maunakea Rangers for keeping us safe, and Casper Vanderwoude and Springer Kaye for their efforts towards the Maunakea Invsive Species Management Plan. Mahalo nui!

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REFERENCES Preston, D.J., R. A. Englund, N.L Evenhuis, & C. Imada (2013). Results of the 2012 alien species and Wekiu bug (Nysius Wekiuicola) surveys on the summit of Mauna Kea, Hawaii Island. Final report. Honolulu, Bishop Museum.

Evenhuis, N. L. and L. G. Eldredge (2013). Bishop Museum Occasional Papers: Records of the Hawaii Biological Survey for 2012. N. Evenhuis. Honolulu, Bishop Museum Press. 114: 57.

Kavanaugh, D. H. and T. Erwin (1985). "Trechus obtusus Erichson (Coleoptera: Carabidae), a European Ground Beetle, on the Pacific Coast of North America: Its Distribution, Introduction, and Spread." Pan-Pacific Entomologist 61(2): 170-179.

Liebher, J. K. and R. Takumi (2002). "Introduction and Distributional Expansion of Trechus obtusus (Coleoptera: Carabidae) in Maui, Hawaii." Pacific Science 56(4): 365-375.

Liebherr, J. and P. Krushelnycky (2007). Unfortunate encounters? Novel interactions of native Mecyclothorax, alien Trechus obtusus (Coleoptera: Carabidae), and Argentine ant (Linepithema humile, Hymenoptera: Formicidae) across a Hawaiian landscape. Beetle Conservation. T. R. New, Springer Netherlands: 61-73.

Lovei, G. L. and K. D. Sunderland (1996). "Ecology and Behavior of Ground Beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae)." Annual Review of Entomology 41: 231-256.

Peck, R. W. and P. C. Banko (2011). Survey of Invasive Ants at Hakalau Forest National Wildlife Refuge, Hawaii Cooperative Studies Unit University of Hawaii at Hilo, Pacific Aquaculture and Coastal Resources Center (PACRC).

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APPENDICES

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Annual Survey Locations

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2013 Annual Alien Arthropod & Wēkiu bug Trap Locations* Location Site ID Trap Date Altitude Latitude Longitude Trap Type (meters) Halepōhaku HP01 24-27-June-2013 2851 19.76058994 -155.45603997 Alien Halepōhaku HP02 24-27-June-2013 2853 19.76085992 -155.45626997 Alien Halepōhaku HP03 24-27-June-2013 2865 19.76130995 -155.45597996 Alien Halepōhaku HP04 24-27-June-2013 2868 19.76179996 -155.45600996 Alien Halepōhaku HP05 24-27-June-2013 2832 19.75932998 -155.45575993 Alien Halepōhaku HP06 24-27-June-2013 2833 19.75940994 -155.45586999 Alien Halepōhaku HP07 24-27-June-2013 2833 19.75943995 -155.45616000 Alien Halepōhaku HP08 24-27-June-2013 2831 19.75914993 -155.45583998 Alien Pu’uhaukea Hkea01 25-28-June-2013 none 19.81571944 -155.47350000 Wēkiu Pu’uhaukea Hkea02 25-28-June-2013 none 19.81621944 -155.47388056 Wēkiu Pu’uhaukea Hkea03 25-28-June-2013 4124 19.81454996 -155.47332999 Wēkiu Pu’uhaukea Hkea04 25-28-June-2013 4120 19.81462992 -155.47338992 Wēkiu Pu’uhaukea Hkea05 25-28-June-2013 4116 19.81435994 -155.47324995 Wēkiu Pu’uhaukea Hkea06 25-28-June-2013 4125 19.81425994 -155.47346000 Wēkiu Pu’uhaukea Hkea07 25-28-June-2013 4118 19.81382995 -155.47321994 Wēkiu Pu’uhaukea Hkea08 25-28-June-2013 4128 19.81364999 -155.47335992 Wēkiu Pu’uhaukea Hkea09 25-28-June-2013 4124 19.81322997 -155.47260999 Wēkiu Pu’uhaukea Hkea10 25-28-June-2013 4115 19.81341999 -155.47260999 Wēkiu Pu’uhaukea Hkea11 25-28-June-2013 4116 19.81357992 -155.47191999 Wēkiu Pu’uhaukea Hkea12 25-28-June-2013 4126 19.81368000 -155.47150995 Wēkiu Pu’uhaukea Hkea13 25-28-June-2013 4070 19.81257000 155.47385000 Wēkiu Pu’uhaukea Hkea14 25-28-June-2013 4043 19.81190000 155.47429000 Wēkiu Pu’upoli’ahu Poli01 25-28-June-2013 none 19.82389000 -155.47977000 Wēkiu Pu’upoli’ahu Poli02 27-June-1-July-2013 4150 19.82214999 -155.48134997 Wēkiu Pu’upoli’ahu Poli03 27-June-1-July-2013 4152 19.82249994 -155.48130998 Wēkiu Pu’upoli’ahu Poli04 27-June-1-July-2013 4162 19.82271996 -155.48115995 Wēkiu Pu’upoli’ahu Poli05 27-June-1-July-2013 4160 19.82293999 -155.48087999 Wēkiu Pu’upoli’ahu Poli06 27-June-1-July-2013 4139 19.82305993 -155.47997994 Wēkiu Pu’upoli’ahu Poli07 25-28-June-2013 none 19.82405 -155.48028333 Alien(Dry) Pu’u’hau’oki Oki01 24-28-June-2013 4174 19.82636995 -155.47480999 Alien( Dry) Pu’u’hau’oki Oki02 25-28-June-2013 4151 19.82607993 -155.47585999 Wēkiu Pu’u’hau’oki Oki03 25-28-June-2013 4164 19.82592998 -155.47606995 Wēkiu Pu’u’hau’oki Oki04 25-28-June-2013 4171 19.82627993 -155.47492993 Wēkiu Pu’u’hau’oki Oki05 25-28-June-2013 4162 19.82653993 -155.47506999 Wēkiu Pu’u’hau’oki Oki06 25-28-June-2013 none 19.82658997 -155.47548993 Wēkiu Pu’u’hau’oki Oki07 25-28-June-2013 none 19.8271528 -155.47595278 Wēkiu Pu’u’hau’oki Oki08 25-28-June-2013 none 19.82490000 -155.47691667 Alien(Dry) Pu’uwēkiu Wēkiu01 24-27-June-2013 4196 19.82157994 -155.46893000 Wēkiu Pu’uwēkiu Wēkiu02 24-27-June-2013 4214 19.82125992 -155.46811997 Wēkiu

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Pu’uwēkiu Wēkiu03 24-27-June-2013 4225 19.82054000 -155.46798997 Wēkiu Pu’uwēkiu Wēkiu04 24-27-June-2013 4215 19.81998998 -155.46805996 Wēkiu Pu’uwēkiu Wēkiu05 24-27-June-2013 4207 19.81912999 -155.46801997 Wēkiu Pu’uwēkiu Wēkiu06 24-27-June-2013 4186 19.81847998 -155.46905992 Wēkiu Pu’uwēkiu Wēkiu07 24-27-June-2013 4159 19.81916998 -155.47016993 Wēkiu Pu’uwēkiu Wēkiu08 24-27-June-2013 4148 19.81926997 -155.46979995 Alien(Dry) Pu’uwēkiu Wēkiu09 24-27-June-2013 4178 19.82049993 -155.46970993 Wēkiu Pu’uwēkiu Wēkiu10 24-27-June-2013 4183 19.82115992 -155.46944993 Wēkiu TMT Site/SMA TMT01 27-June-1-July-2013 4044 19.83111997 -155.48087999 Alien TMT Site/SMA TMT02 27-June-1-July-2013 4058 19.82980996 -155.48046995 Alien TMT Site/SMA TMT03 27-June-1-July-2013 4068 19.82837993 -155.47996997 Alien TMT Site/SMA TMT04 27-June-1-July-2013 none 19.82413333 -155.47705000 Alien(Dry) TMT Site/SMA TMT05 27-June-1-July-2013 none 19.8248667 -155.47776667 Alien(Dry) TMT Site/SMA TMT06 27-June-1-July-2013 4106 19.82494 -155.47755000 Alien(Dry) TMT Site/SMA TMT07 27-June-1-July-2013 none 19.8251667 -155.47783333 Alien(Dry) TMT Site/SMA TMT08 27-June-1-July-2013 none 19.8258 -155.47808333 Alien(Dry) TMT Site/SMA TMT09 27-June-1-July-2013 none 19.8261333 -155.47816667 Alien(Dry) Road Corridor Rd01 21-24-June-2013 3753 19.80173998 -155.45600996 Alien Road Corridor Rd02 21-24-June-2013 3667 19.79344994 -155.45844994 Alien Road Corridor Rd03 21-24-June-2013 3032 19.76709992 -155.45774996 Alien Road Corridor Rd04 21-24-June-2013 3390 19.77747998 -155.45165992 Alien Road Corridor Rd05 21-24-June-2013 3658 19.79534995 -155.45929994 Alien Road Corridor Rd06 21-24-June-2013 3932 19.81033998 -155.46769995 Alien Batch Plant Batch01 25-28-June-2013 4106 19.82278995 -155.47686992 Alien Batch Plant Batch02 25-28-June-2013 4056 19.81975998 -155.47407992 Alien Batch Plant Batch03 25-28-June-2013 4082 19.82088994 -155.47425996 Alien Batch Plant Batch04 25-28-June-2013 4064 19.81937994 -155.47415000 Alien Batch Plant Batch05 25-28-June-2013 4080 19.82089000 155.47459000 Wēkiu Batch Plant Batch06 25-28-June-2013 4067 19.81939000 155.47476000 Wēkiu Batch Plant Batch07 25-28-June-2013 4063 19.82001000 155.47474000 Wēkiu VLBA, N. Pu’u VLBAN01 25-28-June-2013 none 19.80153000 -155.45708000 Wēkiu VLBA, N. Pu’u VLBAN02 25-28-June-2013 3776 19.80278998 -155.45694999 Wēkiu VLBA, N. Pu’u VLBAN03 25-28-June-2013 3819 19.80311997 -155.45804995 Wēkiu VLBA, N. Pu’u VLBAN04 25-28-June-2013 3860 19.80324998 -155.45891999 Wēkiu VLBA, N. Pu’u VLBAN05 25-28-June-2013 3858 19.80357997 -155.45908998 Wēkiu VLBA, N. Pu’u VLBAN06 25-28-June-2013 3864 19.80378994 -155.45934998 Wēkiu VLBA, N. Pu’u VLBAN07 25-28-June-2013 3824 19.80540999 -155.45862998 Alien VLBA, S. Pu’u VLBAS01 21-24-June-2013 none 19.80002000 -155.45662000 Wēkiu VLBA, S. Pu’u VLBAS02 21-24-June-2013 3770 19.79993996 -155.45563999 Wēkiu VLBA, S. Pu’u VLBAS03 21-24-June-2013 3786 19.79963000 -155.45562993 Wēkiu VLBA, S. Pu’u VLBAS04 21-24-June-2013 3811 19.79900999 -155.45517999 Wēkiu

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VLBA, S. Pu’u VLBAS05 21-24-June-2013 3809 19.79918995 -155.45557997 Wēkiu VLBA, S. Pu’u VLBAS06 21-24-June-2013 3806 19.79904000 -155.45604994 Wēkiu Pu’ukea Kea01 27-June-1-July-2013 4223 19.82291996 -155.46995996 Alien Pu’ukea Kea02 27-June-1-July-2013 4213 19.82379000 -155.46937994 Alien Pu’upōhaku Poha01 25-29-June-2013 4001 19.82537996 -155.48993999 Alien(Dry) Pu’upōhaku Poha02 25-29-June-2013 4026 19.82494997 -155.49038993 Wēkiu Pu’upōhaku Poha03 25-29-June-2013 4035 19.82482994 -155.49058992 Wēkiu Pu’upōhaku Poha04 25-29-June-2013 4036 19.82453993 -155.49077994 Wēkiu Pu’upōhaku Poha05 25-29-June-2013 4033 19.82431998 -155.49112997 Alien Pu’upōhaku Poha06 25-29-June-2013 4044 19.82453993 -155.49201996 Alien Poi Bowl Poi01 21-24-June-2013 none 19.82376000 -155.47563000 Wēkiu Poi Bowl Poi02 21-24-June-2013 none 19.82381000 -155.47549000 Wēkiu Poi Bowl Poi03 21-24-June-2013 4168 19.82562999 -155.47489992 Wēkiu Poi Bowl Poi04 21-24-June-2013 4153 19.82535993 -155.47478995 Wēkiu Poi Bowl Poi05 21-24-June-2013 4144 19.82501996 -155.47471996 Wēkiu Poi Bowl Poi06 21-24-June-2013 4123 19.82446994 -155.47494996 Wēkiu Poi Bowl Poi07 21-24-June-2013 4105 19.82392997 -155.47500998 Wēkiu Pu’uwai‘au Waiau01 25-28-June-2013 3990 19.81121999 -155.47690999 Alien Pu’uwai‘au Waiau02 25-28-June-2013 none 19.80999900 -155.47645400 Wēkiu *Alien trap types include all traps, PBJS Sticks, Yellow Pan, Un-baited wet pitfall, and Baited Pitfall. *Alien(Dry) trap types include 3 traps PBJS Sticks, Yellow Pan, and Baited Pitfall. *Wēkiu trap types include only Baited Pitfalls. *Almost all locations were derived from Bishop Museum Monitoring Surveys

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2013 Wēkiu Bug Capture Data Location Site ID Altitude Latitude Longitude # Wēkiu Trap (meters) Captures Type Pu’uhaukea Hkea01 none 19.81571944 -155.47350000 43 Wēkiu Pu’uhaukea Hkea02 none 19.81621944 -155.47388056 68 Wēkiu Pu’uhaukea Hkea03 4124 19.81454996 -155.47332999 28 Wēkiu Pu’uhaukea Hkea04 4120 19.81462992 -155.47338992 8 Wēkiu Pu’uhaukea Hkea05 4116 19.81435994 -155.47324995 86 Wēkiu Pu’uhaukea Hkea06 4125 19.81425994 -155.47346000 6 Wēkiu Pu’uhaukea Hkea07 4118 19.81382995 -155.47321994 160 Wēkiu Pu’uhaukea Hkea08 4128 19.81364999 -155.47335992 0 Wēkiu Pu’uhaukea Hkea09 4124 19.81322997 -155.47260999 150 Wēkiu Pu’uhaukea Hkea10 4115 19.81341999 -155.47260999 96 Wēkiu Pu’uhaukea Hkea11 4116 19.81357992 -155.47191999 29 Wēkiu Pu’uhaukea Hkea12 4126 19.81368000 -155.47150995 92 Wēkiu Pu’uhaukea Hkea13 4070 19.81257000 155.47385000 20 Wēkiu Pu’uhaukea Hkea14 4043 19.81190000 155.47429000 2 Wēkiu Pu’upoli’ahu Poli01 none 19.82389000 -155.47977000 10 Wēkiu Pu’upoli’ahu Poli02 4150 19.82214999 -155.48134997 0 Wēkiu Pu’upoli’ahu Poli03 4152 19.82249994 -155.48130998 13 Wēkiu Pu’upoli’ahu Poli04 4162 19.82271996 -155.48115995 9 Wēkiu Pu’upoli’ahu Poli05 4160 19.82293999 -155.48087999 0 Wēkiu Pu’upoli’ahu Poli06 4139 19.82305993 -155.47997994 0 Wēkiu Pu’upoli’ahu Poli07 none 19.82405 -155.48028333 1 Alien(Dry) Pu’u’hau’oki Oki01 4174 19.82636995 -155.47480999 8 Alien( Dry) Pu’u’hau’oki Oki02 4151 19.82607993 -155.47585999 14 Wēkiu Pu’u’hau’oki Oki03 4164 19.82592998 -155.47606995 171 Wēkiu Pu’u’hau’oki Oki04 4171 19.82627993 -155.47492993 402 Wēkiu Pu’u’hau’oki Oki05 4162 19.82653993 -155.47506999 50 Wēkiu Pu’u’hau’oki Oki06 none 19.82658997 -155.47548993 168 Wēkiu Pu’u’hau’oki Oki07 none 19.8271528 -155.47595278 20 Wēkiu Pu’u’hau’oki Oki08 none 19.82490000 -155.47691667 17 Alien(Dry) Pu’uwēkiu Wēkiu01 4196 19.82157994 -155.46893000 796 Wēkiu Pu’uwēkiu Wēkiu02 4214 19.82125992 -155.46811997 218 Wēkiu Pu’uwēkiu Wēkiu03 4225 19.82054000 -155.46798997 185 Wēkiu Pu’uwēkiu Wēkiu04 4215 19.81998998 -155.46805996 143 Wēkiu Pu’uwēkiu Wēkiu05 4207 19.81912999 -155.46801997 2 Wēkiu Pu’uwēkiu Wēkiu06 4186 19.81847998 -155.46905992 6 Wēkiu Pu’uwēkiu Wēkiu07 4159 19.81916998 -155.47016993 182 Wēkiu Pu’uwēkiu Wēkiu08 4148 19.81926997 -155.46979995 15 Alien(Dry) Pu’uwēkiu Wēkiu09 4178 19.82049993 -155.46970993 93 Wēkiu Pu’uwēkiu Wēkiu10 4183 19.82115992 -155.46944993 141 Wēkiu TMT Site/SMA TMT01 4044 19.83111997 -155.48087999 1 Alien TMT Site/SMA TMT02 4058 19.82980996 -155.48046995 0 Alien TMT Site/SMA TMT03 4068 19.82837993 -155.47996997 0 Alien TMT Site/SMA TMT04 none 19.82413333 -155.47705000 4 Alien(Dry) TMT Site/SMA TMT05 none 19.8248667 -155.47776667 21 Alien(Dry) TMT Site/SMA TMT06 4106 19.82494 -155.47755000 3 Alien(Dry) TMT Site/SMA TMT07 none 19.8251667 -155.47783333 15 Alien(Dry) TMT Site/SMA TMT08 none 19.8258 -155.47808333 69 Alien(Dry)

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TMT Site/SMA TMT09 none 19.8261333 -155.47816667 9 Alien(Dry) Road Corridor Rd01 3753 19.80173998 -155.45600996 1 Alien Road Corridor Rd02 3667 19.79344994 -155.45844994 0 Alien Road Corridor Rd05 3658 19.79534995 -155.45929994 0 Alien Road Corridor Rd06 3932 19.81033998 -155.46769995 0 Alien Batch Plant Batch01 4106 19.82278995 -155.47686992 1 Alien Batch Plant Batch02 4056 19.81975998 -155.47407992 0 Alien Batch Plant Batch03 4082 19.82088994 -155.47425996 1 Alien Batch Plant Batch04 4064 19.81937994 -155.47415000 0 Alien Batch Plant Batch05 4080 19.82089000 155.47459000 1 Wēkiu Batch Plant Batch06 4067 19.81939000 155.47476000 5 Wēkiu Batch Plant Batch07 4063 19.82001000 155.47474000 0 Wēkiu VLBA, N. Pu’u VLBAN01 none 19.80153000 -155.45708000 2 Wēkiu VLBA, N. Pu’u VLBAN02 3776 19.80278998 -155.45694999 1 Wēkiu VLBA, N. Pu’u VLBAN03 3819 19.80311997 -155.45804995 21 Wēkiu VLBA, N. Pu’u VLBAN04 3860 19.80324998 -155.45891999 2 Wēkiu VLBA, N. Pu’u VLBAN05 3858 19.80357997 -155.45908998 1 Wēkiu VLBA, N. Pu’u VLBAN06 3864 19.80378994 -155.45934998 0 Wēkiu VLBA, N. Pu’u VLBAN07 3824 19.80540999 -155.45862998 0 Alien VLBA, S. Pu’u VLBAS01 none 19.80002000 -155.45662000 1 Wēkiu VLBA, S. Pu’u VLBAS02 3770 19.79993996 -155.45563999 4 Wēkiu VLBA, S. Pu’u VLBAS03 3786 19.79963000 -155.45562993 11 Wēkiu VLBA, S. Pu’u VLBAS04 3811 19.79900999 -155.45517999 1 Wēkiu VLBA, S. Pu’u VLBAS05 3809 19.79918995 -155.45557997 1 Wēkiu VLBA, S. Pu’u VLBAS06 3806 19.79904000 -155.45604994 0 Wēkiu Pu’ukea Kea01 4223 19.82291996 -155.46995996 1 Alien Pu’ukea Kea02 4213 19.82379000 -155.46937994 94 Alien Pu’upōhaku Poha01 4001 19.82537996 -155.48993999 9 Alien(Dry) Pu’upōhaku Poha02 4026 19.82494997 -155.49038993 3 Wēkiu Pu’upōhaku Poha03 4035 19.82482994 -155.49058992 9 Wēkiu Pu’upōhaku Poha04 4036 19.82453993 -155.49077994 0 Wēkiu Pu’upōhaku Poha05 4033 19.82431998 -155.49112997 4 Alien Pu’upōhaku Poha06 4044 19.82453993 -155.49201996 0 Alien Poi Bowl Poi01 none 19.82376000 -155.47563000 76 Wēkiu Poi Bowl Poi02 none 19.82381000 -155.47549000 400 Wēkiu Poi Bowl Poi03 4168 19.82562999 -155.47489992 31 Wēkiu Poi Bowl Poi04 4153 19.82535993 -155.47478995 16 Wēkiu Poi Bowl Poi05 4144 19.82501996 -155.47471996 62 Wēkiu Poi Bowl Poi06 4123 19.82446994 -155.47494996 212 Wēkiu Poi Bowl Poi07 4105 19.82392997 -155.47500998 738 Wēkiu Pu’uwai‘au Waiau01 3990 19.81121999 -155.47690999 1 Alien Pu’uwai‘au Waiau02 none 19.80999900 -155.47645400 6 Wēkiu

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Wēkiu Bug Abundance

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*Abundance represents the number of individuals

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Wēkiu Bug Capture Per Trap Day

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Arthropods Captured in 2013 Annual Survey Arthropod threats, as defined in the Maunakea Invasive Species Management Plan, are identified in bold font. New species records10 are shaded. Species that are both threats and new records are shaded with bold font. Nativity can either be non-native, native, or non-native & native within the lowest identified taxonomic group.

Taxa Order Family Genus & species Nativity 1 Acari Bdellidae Unknown Non-Native & Native 2 Araneae Unknown Unknown Non-Native & Native 3 Araneae Clubionidae Unknown Non-Native 4 Araneae Lycosidae Lycosa hawaiiensis Native 5 Araneae Salticidae Unknown Non-Native & Native 6 Coleoptera Coccinellidae Unknown Non-Native 7 Coleoptera Coccinellidae Coccinella septempunctata Non-Native 8 Coleoptera Coccinellidae Hippodamia convergens Non-Native 9 Coleoptera Curculionidae Unknown Non-Native & Native 10 Coleoptera Dermestidae Unknown Non-Native & Native 11 Coleoptera Tenebrionidae Tribolium spp. Non-Native 12 Collembola Unknown Unknown Non-Native & Native 13 Collembola Entomobryidae Unknown Non-Native & Native 14 Dermaptera Forficulidae Forficula auricularia Non-Native 15 Diptera Unknown Unknown Non-Native & Native 16 Diptera Agromyzidae Unknown Non-Native & Native 17 Diptera Calliphoridae Unknown Non-Native & Native 18 Diptera Drosophilidae Unknown Non-Native & Native 19 Diptera Drosophilidae Drosophila suzukii Non-Native 20 Diptera Muscidae Unknown Non-Native & Native 21 Diptera Mycetophilidae Unknown Native 22 Diptera Phoridae Unknown Non-Native & Native 23 Diptera Sarcophagidae Unknown Non-Native 24 Diptera Sciaridae Unknown Non-Native & Native 25 Diptera Sepsidae Unknown Non-Native 26 Diptera Stratiomyidae Unknown Non-Native 27 Diptera Syrphidae Unknown Non-Native 28 Hemiptera Lygaeidae Unknown Non-Native & Native 29 Hemiptera Lygaeidae Geocoris pallens Non-Native 30 Hemiptera Lygaeidae Neacoryphus bicrucis Non-Native 31 Hemiptera Lygaeidae Nysius blackburni Native 32 Hemiptera Lygaeidae Nysius palor Non-Native 33 Hemiptera Lygaeidae Nysius spp. Non-Native & Native 34 Hemiptera Lygaeidae Nysius terrestris Native 35 Hemiptera Lygaeidae Nysius wekiuicola Native 36 Hemiptera Miridae Unknown Non-Native & Native 37 Homoptera Aphididae Unknown Non-Native 38 Homoptera Cicadellidae Unknown Non-Native & Native 39 Homoptera Psyllidae Unknown Non-Native & Native 40 Hymenoptera Apidae Apis mellifera Non-Native 41 Hymenoptera Bethylidae Sierola spp. Native 42 Hymenoptera Braconidae Unknown Non-Native & Native 43 Hymenoptera Chalcididae Unknown Non-Native & Native 44 Hymenoptera Colletidae Unknown Non-Native & Native 45 Hymenoptera Encyrtidae Unknown Non-Native & Native 46 Hymenoptera Formicidae Tapinoma melanocephalum Non-Native 47 Hymenoptera Ichneumonidae Diadegma blackburni Non-Native

10 New records to the Management Area

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48 Hymenoptera Pompilidae Unknown Non-Native 49 Hymenoptera Pteromalidae Unknown Non-Native & Native 50 Hymenoptera Sphecidae Ectemnius spp. Native 51 Hymenoptera Vespidae Unknown Non-Native & Native 52 Hymenoptera Vespidae Nesodynerus spp. Native 53 Lepidoptera Unknown Unknown Non-Native & Native 54 Lepidoptera Noctuidae Unknown Non-Native & Native 55 Lepidoptera Oecophoridae Thyrocopa spp. Native 56 Lepidoptera Pieridae Pieris rapae Non-Native 57 Lithiobiomorpha Lithobiidae Lithobius spp. Non-Native & Native 58 Psocoptera Psocidae Unknown Non-Native & Native 59 Thysanoptera Unknown Unknown Non-Native & Native *Only includes species from the annual alien arthropod and wēkiu bug survey, does not include TMT compliance surveys.

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